工程英語(yǔ)期末考試復(fù)習(xí)資料

一、詞匯及語(yǔ)法(20points)(老師上課講的選詞填空，考試估計(jì)不會(huì)是原句，但

要知道這些詞的意思用法，其他再看看課后單詞。第1.369.11.13單元)

1,Theymaderegularvisitstotheparkonthesuburbsduringtheweekends.

2,Shewaspromotedtodivisionmanagerlastyear.

3,Wetriedtowalktotheparkbutendeduptakingataxithere.

4,Themoviereceivedgenerallyfavorablereviews.

5、Theearthquakesurvivorsareindesperateneedofhelp.

6,Achild'characterisgreatlyinfluencedbyhishomeenvironment.

7,Ifyouareindoubtabouthisabilitytodothetask,don'entrusthimwithit.

8,TheMexicanminorityinthesouthwesternpartoftheUnitedStatesnumbersup

tothreemillion.

9、Thecompanywentoutofbusinessbecauseitcouldn'sellitsproducts.

10,Apoliticaldisputeinvolvingsixnationsmaybesettledbyanagreementbetween

them.

11,Allthisoccurredinanalreadydesperatelypoorcountry.

12、Effortshavebeenmadetopreventtheextinctionofthebuffalo.

13,Thenewinterestratebecomeseffectivenextmonth.

14,Thedeviceisusedtomeasuretherangeofthegun.

15,Theartistspentmanyyearsonhismonumentalpainting,whichcoveredallthe

wallsoftheexhibitionhall.

16、Thedesignisworthlessforallpracticalpurposes.

17、ThecompanyhasexpandeditsoperationsinStanfordbyopeninganewbranch

officethere.

18,Insystemdevelopment,thespecificationreferstoadescriptionofhowthe

designofasystem,device,orprogramistobeimplemented.

19,Hiswifelefthimwhenthechildrenweresmall,soheeffectivelybroughtupthe

familyhimself.

20、WCrdookingforsomeonewhowillbeabletomotivatethestafftoworkhard.

21、Listentobothsidesandyouwillbeenlightened.

22、Hetendstoviewmostissuesfromaphilosophicalperspective.

23、Harlemhasbeenadvancedtoahigherposition.

24、Scientistssuccessfullyfoundthatsomekindsofbacteriagrowveryfastbecause

theycanreplicatebythemselves.

25、Theunionisonstrikeinpursuitofa10%payincrease.

26、Thehousestrikesyouaswelcomingwhenyougoin.

27、Hetriedhardtoliveuptohisparent'expectations.

28、Marriageisasignificantcommitment.

29、Theyhavebarelyenoughtopaytherenthismonth.

30、Whentheoldladyenteredtheapartment,thethiefhadescapedalready.

31、Bythetimehegetshome,hisfatherwillhaveleftforshanghai.

32、IrenehastaughtEnglishatourschoolfortwoyears.Shewillrenewhercontract

tomorrow.

33、From3to5yesterday,theywererepairingthecaronthewaytothepark.

34、Accordingtothetimetable,thetrainforLondonleavesat7intheevening.

35、It'baenalongtimesincelsawyoulast.Howareyou?

36、ThisisthefirsttimeIhaveseenthiskindofrefrigerator.

37、Beforelong,shewillforgetallaboutthematter.

38、Intermsofcustomersatisfaction,thepolicycannotbecriticized.

39、Howmuchyougetpaidisdependentonhowmuchyouproduce.

40、Thedispensewiththeformalities.

41、I，skepticaloftheteam'chancesofwinning.

42、Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.

43、Hardlyhadtheplanelandedwhenthepeoplerantowardit.

44、Thereexistedacertaindoubtamongthestudentastothenecessityofthework.

45、SeldomdidImakeanymistakesduringmypastfiveyearsofservicehere.

二、完型填空(10points)(第6.11單元，瞎劃的線，還是全文都了解，記住)

1,

Engineeringistheprofessionthatputsscientificknowledgetopracticaluse.

Engineersuseprinciplesofsciencetodesignstructures,machines,andproductsofall

kinds.Theylookforbetterwaystouseexistingresourcesandoftendevelopnew

materials.Engineershavehadadirectroleinthecreationofmostofmodern

technology-thetools,materials,techniques,andpowersourcesthatmakeourlives

easier.

Thefieldofengineeringincludesawidevarietyofactivities.Forexample,

engineeringprojectsrangefromtheconstructionofhugedamstothedesignoftiny

electroniccircuits.Engineersmayhelpproduceguidedmissiles,industrialrobots,or

artificiallimbsforthephysicallyhandicapped.Theydevelopcomplexscientific

equipmenttoexplorethereachesofouterspaceandthedepthsofoceans.Engineers

alsoplanoutelectricpowerandwatersupplysystems,anddoresearchtoimprove

automobiles,televisionsets,andotherconsumerproducts.Theymayworktoreduce

environmentalpollution,increasetheworld'sfoodsupply,andmaketransportation

fasterandsafer.

Thehistoryofengineeringisrecordofhumaningenuitythroughtheages.Even

inprehistorictimes,peopleadaptedbasicengineeringtechniquesfromthingsthat

wereavailableinnature.Forexample,sturdysticksbecameleverstoliftlargerock,

andlogswereusedasrollerstomoveheavyloads.Thedevelopmentofagriculture

andthegrowthofcivilizationbroughtaboutanewwaveofengineeringefforts.

Peopleinventedfarmingtools,designedelaborateirrigationnetworks,andbuiltthe

firstcities.TheconstructionofthegiganticEgyptianpyramidsatGizaduringthe

2500sB.C.wasoneofthegreatestengineeringfeatsofancienttimes.Inancient

Rome,engineerbuiltlargeaqueductsandbridgesandvastsystemsofroads.During

the200sB.C.,theChineseerectedmajorsectionsofthemonumentalGreatWallof

China.

Earlyengineersusedsuchsimplemachinesastheinclinedplane,wedge,and

wheelandaxle.DuringtheMiddleAges,aperiodinEuropeanhistorythatlasted

fromtheA.D.400stothe1500s,inventorsdevelopedmachinestoharnesswater,

wind,andanimalpower.Thegrowinginterestinnewtypesofmachinesandnew

sourceofpowertodrivethemhelpedbringabouttheIndustrialRevolutionofthe

1700sand1800s,duringwhich,theirroleexpandedrapidly.Thepracticalsteam

enginedevelopedbytheScottishengineerJamesWattinthe1760srevolutionized

transportationandindustrybyprovidingacheap,efficientsourceofpower.New

iron-makingtechniquesprovidedengineerswithmaterialtoimprovemachinesand

toolsandtobuildbridgesandships.Manyroads,railroads,andcanalswere

constructedtolinkthegrowingindustrialcities.

DistinctbranchesofengineeringbegantodevelopduringtheIndustrial

Revolution.Thetermcivilengineerwasfirstusedabout1750byJohnSmeaton,a

Britishengineer.Mechanicalengineersemergedasspecialistsinindustrialmachinery,

andminingandmetallurgicalengineerswereneededtosupplymetalsandfuels.By

thelate1800s,thedevelopmentofelectricpowerandadvancesinchemical

processinghadcreatedthefieldsofelectricalandchemicalengineering.Professional

schoolsbegantobefoundedasthedemandforengineersteadilyincreased.

Since1900,thenumberofengineersandofengineeringspecialitieshas

expandeddramatically.Artificialhearts,airplanes,computers,lasers,nuclearenergy,

plastics,spacetravel,andtelevisionareonlyafewofthescientificandtechnological

breakthroughsthatengineerhavehelpedbringaboutinthiscentury.Becausescience

andtechnologyareprogressingandchangingsorapidly,today'sengineersmuststudy

throughouttheircareerstomakesurethattheirknowledgeandexpertisedonot

becomeobsolete.Theyfacethechallengingtaskofkeepingpacewiththelatest

advanceswhileworkingtoshapethetechnologyofthefuture.

Thefieldofengineeringoffersabroadrangeofjobopportunities.Engineersmay

workinfactories,offices,andgovernmentlaboratoriesoratconstructionsites.Some

engineersareinvolvedintheresearchanddevelopmentofnewproducts.Othersare

responsibleforturningplansandspecificationsfornewstructures,machines,or

systemsintoreality.Stillothersusetheirbackgroundandtrainingtosellandservice

technicalequipment.Manyengineersworkonprojectsinteamsthatincludescientists,

technicians,andotherengineers,however,someengineersactasindependent

consultantswhoselltheirservicestopeoplewhoneedengineeringassistance.

Engineersmayalsoholdteachingpositionsormoveupintomanagementpositionsin

business.

Certainabilitiesandtraitshelpqualifyapersonforanengineeringcareer.

Engineersmusthavetechnicalaptitudeandskillinmathematicsandthesciences.

Theyshouldbecuriousaboutthe"how"and"why"ofnaturalandmechanicalthings

andcreativeinfindingnewwaysofdoingthings,abletoanalyzeproblems

systematicallyandlogicallyandtocommunicatewell-bothorallyandinwriting,and

willingtoworkwithinstrictbudgetsandmeettightdeadlines.Inaddition,skillin

directingandsupervisingotherworkersisanimportantpartofmanyengineering

jobs.

2、

Thecommercialexploitationofcrudeoilhasbeenamongthemostliberating

technologiestheworldhaseverknown.Whenpumpedthoughaninternalcombustion

enginestuckinametalbox,refinedoilhasgivenfreedomofmovementtobillions.

Beforetheautomobile,thelifeexperiencesofmostofthosewholivedintherich

worldwerelimited—asinmuchofthepoorworldtheyremain—toneighborhood

andfamily.Whenshotthroughgasturbinesonwings,oilhasshrunktheplanetina

waythatwasoncethestuffofsciencefiction.Neitherofmyparentseverflew;both

mychildrenhadflown30,000milesbeforetheywere2yearsold.

ButonSept.11,2001,theworldwasremindedthatoilisalsoadangerousdrug.

Thecheapest,mosteasilyaccessibleoilreservesareintheMiddleEast,themost

volatileregiononearth.Futuresuppliesofoilwillbecostlynotsimplyintermsof

dollarsandcentsbutalsointheireffectontheenvironment.Asthoseinpoor

countriesdreamofthesamefreedomofmovementthatthewealthyhaveenjoyedfor

acentury,oil'spollutingeffectswillonlygetworse.ThenumberofcarsinBeijing,

forexample,isgrowing15%ayear,contributingtotheyellowy-grayhazethatoften

envelopsthecity.

Forallthesereasons,itmakessensetodreamofaworldthatisfar,farless

dependentonoilthanitisnow.WinningtheOilEndgame:AmericanInnovationfor

Profits,JobsandSecurity,writtenbyateamledbyAmoryLovinsoftheRocky

MountainInstituteinSnowmass,Colo.,isoneofthebestanalysesofenergypolicy

yetproduced.Lovins,whohasbeenpreachingtheneedforfuelefficiencyforsome

30years,thinksbig.Hisaimistopromoteasetofpoliciesthatoverthenexttwo

decadeswouldsavehalftheoiltheU.S.uses,beforemovingtoahydrogen-based

economythatdispenseswithoilaltogether(saveforpossibleuseasafueltoproduce

hydrogen.)IfthatseemshopelesslyUtopian,Lovinsremindsusthatwehavedone

somethingverylikeitbefore.Spurredbytheoilpriceshocksofthe1970s,theU.S.

between1977and1985increasedefficiencyandcutoilconsumption17%(andnetoil

imports50%)whiletheeconomygrew27%.Thekeytothatrevolutionwasahuge

increaseinaveragemiles-per-gallonoftheU.S.automobilefleet.Ifwehad

continuedtoincreaseenergyefficiencyatthesamerate,thestabilityofIraqand

SaudiArabiawouldbynowbeofminorconcerntoU.S.policymakers.Instead,we

boughtSLIVsandwastedtwodecades.

ThoseSUVsarenojoke.IntheU.S.,where70%ofoilisusedfor

transportation,anyenergypolicyisnecessarilyalsoanautomobilepolicy.The

singlekeyinsightofLovins'reportistofocusontheneedtoreducetheweightofcars

(withoutsacrificingsafety)byusingadvancedmaterialslikecarbonfiberand

compositesinsteadofheavysteel.Whenpoweredbyhybridtechnologiesthat

combineelectricitywiththeinternal-combustionengine,suchlightvehicleswill

produceenormousoilsavings.Lovinsproposesaniftyschemewhichwouldreduce

theconsumerpriceofsuchenergy-efficientcarswhileincreasingthepriceofgas

guzzlers.

Sofar,Japanesefirms,especiallyToyotaandHonda,havetakentheleadin

advancedautomobiletechnology.TheJapanesecarindustry,Lovinssaidtomelast

week,has"uninhibitedvisionaryleadersinacountrywhichhasnooilandisacutely

awareofitsoildependence."IftheU.S.automobileindustrywaitsforyearstoseeif

lightweightfuel-efficientcarsaremorethananichebusiness,Lovinsargues,itwill

onedaydiscoverthatithaslostanothermarkettooverseasfirms.Thereisaneedtoo

forpoliticalleadership.Lovinsinsiststhestudy'srecommendationsrequire"no

majorfederallegislation."Butattheveryleast,theyneedaFederalGovernment

preparedtoencouragestatesandlocalitiestoexperimentwithpoliciesthatincrease

energyefficiency.

Allreportsthatpromiseaneasysolutiontoacomplexproblemneedtobetaken

withadegreeofskepticism,andWinningtheOilEndgameisnoexception.Theusual

pork-barrelpoliticscouldquicklybogdownsomeofthepolicyprescriptionsinthe

book,likeloanguaranteesforthedevelopmentofnewenergy-savingtechnologies.

Butinasensiblepresidentialelection,therecommendationsofWinningtheOil

EndgamewouldbediscussedanddebatedfromnowthroughNovember.Don'thold

yourbreath.

三、閱讀理解(30points)(3篇課外文章，就沒(méi)法準(zhǔn)備了。)

四、英譯漢(15points)(老師講的課文中的內(nèi)容，尤其注意第139.13單元的

句子).

1、IhaveneverthoughtIwasbetterthananyoneelse.butIhavealwaysbelievedI

couldnotbeoutworked.

參考譯文：我從不認(rèn)為我那時(shí)比其他任何人強(qiáng)，但我一直相信我當(dāng)時(shí)干的活兒別

人都趕不上。

2,Excepttheyarenolongerwomenpurchasingcosmeticfromme;instead,theyare

kidswhotellmewhichtoystheywouldliketoseedesignedanddeveloped.

參考譯文：只不過(guò)她們不再是從我這兒買(mǎi)化妝品的婦女，而是那些孩子們，他們

對(duì)我說(shuō)喜歡哪些設(shè)計(jì)和開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)的玩具。

3、Humansarethoughttoberesponsibleforalargenumberofenvironmental

problems,rangingfromglobalwarmingtoozonedepletion.

參考譯文：人類(lèi)被認(rèn)為應(yīng)在為一系列環(huán)境問(wèn)題負(fù)責(zé)：從全球溫度上升到臭氧大大

減少。

4,Unlikeglobalwarmingandozonedepletion-which,ifthepoliticalwillwasthere,

couldbereducedbycuttinggasemissions-preservingbio-diversityremainsan

intractable.

參考譯文：和全球溫度上升到臭氧大大減少這些問(wèn)題不一樣，如果政府進(jìn)行干

預(yù)，這兩種情況可以通過(guò)減少?gòu)U氣的排放得以減弱，而保護(hù)生物的多樣性卻依然

是一個(gè)十分棘手的問(wèn)題。

5,Engineershavehadadirectroleinthecreationofmostofmoderntechnology

-thetools,materials,techniques,andpowersourcesthatmakeourliveseasier.

參考譯文：工程師在絕大部分現(xiàn)代科技的創(chuàng)新中發(fā)揮著直接的作用，例如：為使

生活更加輕松自如，我們靠他們才有了工具、材料、技術(shù)和能源等。

6,Eveninprehistorictimes,peopleadaptedbasicengineeringtechniquesfrom

thingsthatwereavailableinnature.

參考譯文：甚至是在史前時(shí)期，人們就利用自然界里可獲得的事物作為原始的工

程手段。

7,Thegrowinginterestinnewtypesofmachinesandnewsourcesofpowertodrive

themhelpedbringabouttheIndustrialRevolutionofthe1700sand1800s,during

which,theirroleexpandedrapidly.

參考譯文：對(duì)新型機(jī)械和驅(qū)動(dòng)這些機(jī)械的動(dòng)力源不斷增長(zhǎng)的興趣促使他們引發(fā)了

18和19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)革命，在工業(yè)革命時(shí)期，工程師的作用得到迅速的擴(kuò)展。

8、Becausescienceandtechnologyareprogressingandchangingsorapidly,today

engineersmuststudythroughouttheircareerstomakesurethattheirknowledgeand

expertisedonotbecomeobsolete.

參考譯文：因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)技術(shù)在飛速的發(fā)展和變化，工程師在從事其事業(yè)的過(guò)程中必

須不斷學(xué)習(xí)以確保他們的知識(shí)和專(zhuān)門(mén)技能不過(guò)時(shí)。

9、Theglobalizationoftheworld'capitalmarketsthathasoccurredinthepast10

yearswillreplicatedrightacrosstheeconomyinthenextdecade.

參考譯文：過(guò)去十年世界資本市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)的全球化在未來(lái)十年中，也將在整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)

中重現(xiàn)。

10、Demographyandchangingsocialmoresmeanthatwhitemaleswillbecomea

smallerfractionoftheworkforceaswomenandminoritiesgrowinimportance.

參考譯文：人口統(tǒng)計(jì)和不斷變化的社會(huì)習(xí)俗意味著，隨著婦女和少數(shù)民族重要性

的增加，白人男子在勞動(dòng)力群體中所占比例將會(huì)減少。

11,Inaddition,theneedtoproducegoodsandservicesatqualitylevelspreviously

thoughtimpossibletoobtaininmassproductiona