專題04七選五

1.（2023上?北京昌平?高二統(tǒng)考期末）Ecoducts:TheSafeWaytoCrosstheRoad

Howdoesananimalcrossaroadsafely?Theshortansweris:itoftendoesn't!Everyyeararoundtheword,

thousandsofanimalsarekilledorinjuredbycars,trucks,andtrainsonourbusyroadsandrailwaysystems.

Francewasthefirstcountrytobuildwildlifecrossingstohelpanimalsgetacrossroadssafely.TheFrench

designedthesestructurestoprotectanimalsfromthebusytraffic.Sincethen,manyothercountrieshavealso

builtwildlifecrossings.1

Ecoducts,alsocalled〃greenbridges”,arestructuresthatengineersbuildoverbigroadsandhighways.2

Cars,vans,andtrucksgoundertheecoducts,throughatunnel,andtheanimalswalkovertheecoduct,abovethe

roadorhighway.

AtBanffNationalPark,inAlberta,Canada,parkemployeeshavelaboredhardtomakemorethan40ecoducts.

SomeoftheecoductsinBanffarebridgesthatcrossoverthehighway.3Othersarecalledunderpasses.

Thesearetunnelsthatgounderaroad.Mostecoductshavesoilandplantsonthemwhichprovideagood

environmentforwildlifeandencourageanimalstousethestructures.Someecoducts,includingmanyinCanada

andinFlorida,aremadeextremelybigsothatblackbears,deer,andtheFloridapantherwillusethem.

4Perhapsyou'redistrustfulaboutthisidea.Youshouldn'tbe,becauseanimalsdousethem!Atfirst

animalscanbealittleunsettledofthecrossings.Expertssaythatsomebearscantakeaslongasfiveyearstostart

usingthem.Whenanimalsrealizethattheecoductsaresafe,theyusethemalot!Sofar;sinceBanffNationalPark

begantomakenotesabouttheecoductsin1997,elevendifferentspeciesofmammalshaveusedtheoverpasses

andunderpassesmorethan200,000times!

Ecoductsareagreatwaytoprotectwildlifefromtraffic.5Butfornowevensnakescangetitselfacross

aroadsafelythankstoecoducts!

A.Wereendangeredanimalssavedfromdyingout?

B.Butdoanimalsreallyusetheseman-madebridges?

C.Thesearecalledoverpassesbecausetheygooveraroad.

D.Theyallowmanydifferenttypesofanimalstocrosssafelytotheotherside.

E.IntheNetherlandsthereareover600specialbridgesandtunnels,calledecoducts.

F.Countrieswillbebuildingmanymoreofthesestructuresaroundtheworldinthefuture.

G.Franceusedtobeknownforitsdangerouscarcrasheswithanimalsuntiltheroadswereupgraded.

2.（2023上?北京平谷?高二統(tǒng)考期末）SixTipsforFreshmen

Startingcollegecanbeastressfulexperience.Itintroducesalotofbigchangesinyourlife.Herearesixtips

forfreshmen.

1.6

Ofallthetipsforcollege,thisonemightbethemostpractical.Makesuretoconsiderwhatuseathomeona

dailyorweeklybasis,andtakealookatwhatacollegestudenthassuggestedyoubring!

2.Becomfortablebeingonyourown.

7Thetasksforwhichyouoncereliedonyourparentsarenowyourresponsibility,soitisimportant

thatyoucometoschoolknowingbasicskills,howtodolaundry,andhowtofollowaroutine.

3.Haveanideaofwhatyouwanttostudy.

Declaringyourmajorimmediatelyupongettingacceptedintocollegeisnotlifeordeath.8

Internships（實習期）arealsoagreatwaytodipyourtoesinthewaterandfindoutwhetherornotyouare

interestedinacertaincareer.

4.Putyourselfoutthere.

Forthosewhostruggletomakefriends,findingpeoplewhoyoushareinterestswithisalwaysagoodplaceto

start.Joiningalocalcluboractivitythatyouenjoycanhelpyoutomeetnewpeoplethatlikethesamethingsthat

youdo.

5.Practicegoodhabits.

Beingawayfromhomeandthestructureofmiddleschoolforthefirsttimecausesmanycollegefreshmento

formbadhabits.9Thesewillhelpensureyoustayingoodhealthandmakeyourcollegeexperience

muchsmoother.

6.10

Budgeting（預算）canbeaverysimplewaytounderstandandmonitoryourspendinghabits.Asimple

spreadsheetwithyourmonthlyexpensesandincomeisagreatwaytostartlistingyourspending.

A.Learntomanageyourfinances.

B.Makesuretotakeclassesthatinterestyou.

C.Makinggoodfriendisveryimportantincollege.

D.Knowwhatthingsyouneedforacollegedorm.

E.Establishahealthysystem,andeatabalanceddiet.

F.Youcoulddoaparttimejobtoearnmoremoney.

G.Inmostcases,collegeisthefirsttimethatyouwillbecompletelyonyourown.

3.（2023上?北京房山?高二統(tǒng)考期末）HowtoFindYourMuseThroughCreativePursuits

Haveyoueverheardthefamousquote“Geniusis1percentinspirationand99percentperspiration"?11

Someartists,writers,poets,musicians,andevenscientistslooktoamuseasthesourceoftheircreativityorgenius.

Thefollowingtipscanhelpyoutofindyourmuse.

Listentomusic.

Songs,andmusicingeneral,canhelpyourelax.12Music,specificallylyrics,canalsotransportyoutoa

specifictimeorplaceandprovideyouwithideastohelpsparkyourowncreativity.

Writewhatevercomestomindtogetyourcreativityflowing.

Youmaynothaveanyconcreteideas,butsimplywritingsomethingdowncanhelpgeneratecreative

thoughts.Consideritaformofbrainstorming.Rememberthatyoucanalwaysstartoverorreviseprevious

thoughtsbeforeyoufinishafinaldraft.Writing,inandofitself,canhelpyougeneratethoughts.13Itisbest

ifyoudothistypeofwritingbyhand,becauseitwillconnectyoumorefullytothewritingprocess.

14

Evenifyousticktoonetypewhenyouwrite,youcanborrowsmallerconcepts,thelatesttrend,personality

preferences,sceneryideas,andsomuchmorefromreadingdifferenttypesofbooks.Eachstorywasprobably

inspiredfromtheauthor'sownexplorationofotherbooksortalesandthingsthathappenedtooraroundhimin

hisdailylives.

Trydoodling（涂鴉）ordrawingtorelaxandstimulateyourcreativity.

15Instead,tryspontaneous（自發(fā)的）activities,suchasdoodlingorabstractdrawing,asawaytobe

creativewithoutthepressurethatcancomewithcreatingfinishedart.

A.Peoplefindinspirationinallsortsofcreativeactivities.

B.Readalotofdifferentstoriestofindcreativeinspiration.

C.Tryfreewritingorjournalingfor15minuteseveryday.

D.Inspirationissomethingthatcomeseasilyforsomepeople,butisastruggleforothers.

E.Thelyricsandthemelodiesyoulistentocanlightenthoughtsthatmightweighyoudown.

F.Havefunandencounteryourartisticsidewithoutworryingaboutfindinginnovativeideas.

G.Youcanexpressyourselfartisticallywithoutproducingaprofessionaldrawingeverytime.

4.（2023上?北京通州?高二統(tǒng)考期末）Imagineachildstandingonadivingboardfourfeethighandaskinghimself

thequestion:"ShouldIjump?"Thisiswhatmotivationorthelackofitcando.16Withoutmotivation,

youcanneithersetagoalnorreachit.Likethechildonthedivingboard,youwillstayundecided.

Sohowshouldyoumotivateyourself?17First,youneedtoevaluateyourself,yourvalues,your

strengths,yourweaknesses,yourachievements,yourdesires,etc.Onlythenshouldyousetyourgoals.

Youalsoneedtojudgethequalityanddepthofyourmotivation.Thisisquiteimportant,becauseitisdirectly

relatedtoyourcommitment.Therearetimeswhenyourheartisnotinyourwork.18So,slowdownand

thinkwhatyoureallywanttodoatthatmoment.Clarity（清晰）ofthoughtscanhelpyoumoveforward.

Anotherwayofsettingrealisticgoalsistoanalyzeyourshortandlongtermobjectiveskeepinginmindyour

beliefs,valuesandstrengths.Rememberthatgoalsareflexible.19Theyalsoneedtobemeasurable.You

mustkeepthesepointsinmindwhilesettingyourgoals.

Yourpersonalcircumstancesareequallyimportant.Forexample,youmaywanttobeapilotbutcan't

becomeonebecauseyoureyesightisnotgoodenough.20Youshouldreassessyourgoals,andmotivate

yourselftosetafreshgoal.

Youwillsurelyneedtoovercomesomedifficulties,someplanned,butmostunplanned.Youcannotovercome

themwithoutenoughmotivation.Makesurethatyouplanforthesedifficultiesatthetimeofsettingyourgoals.

A.Theycanchangeaccordingtocircumstances.

B.Communicationhelpstounderstandeachother.

C.Thiscanaffectyourwork.

D.Motivationandgoalsettingarethetwosidesofsamecoin.

E.Sowhyshouldwetrytofindsupportingevidence?

F.Morethanthat,howshouldyoustaymotivatedtoachievethegoal?

G.However,thisshouldnotdiscourageyou.

5.（2023上?北京石景山?高二統(tǒng)考期末）Doyouknowwhataresolutionis?21Mostofthetime,we

makepromisestootherpeople—"Mom,IpromiseI'mgoingtotidymyroomwhenIgetbackfromschool".

However;promisesyoumaketoyourselfareresolutions,andthemostcommonkindisNewYear's

resolutions.Thestartoftheyearisoftenatimeformakingresolutions.Whenwemakeresolutionsatthe

beginningoftheyear,wehopethatwearegoingtoimproveourlives.22Thishelpsthemtoremember

theirresolutions.Otherstelltheirfamilyandfriendsabouttheirwishesandplans.

Therearedifferentkindsofresolutions.Someareaboutphysicalhealth.Forexample,somepeoplepromise

themselvestheyaregoingtostartanexerciseprogramoreatlessfastfood.23Theseareaboutmaking

yourselfabetterperson.Somepeoplemightsaytheyaregoingtotakeupahobbylikepaintingortakingphotos,

orlearntoplaytheguitar.Someresolutionshavetodowithbetterplanning,likemakingaweeklyplanfor

schoolwork.24

Althoughtherearedifferences,mostresolutionshaveonethingincommon.Peoplehardlyeverkeepthem!

Therearegoodreasonsforthis.Sometimestheresolutionsmaybetoodifficulttokeep.Sometimespeoplejust

forgetaboutthem.Forthisreason,somepeoplesaythebestresolutionistohavenoresolutions!25

A.It'sakindofpromise.

B.Howaboutyou—willyoumakeanynextyear?

C.Manyresolutionshavetodowithself-improvement.

D.Forexample,astudentmayhavetofindmoretimetostudy.

E.Doyouknowhowtosticktoyourresolutionaslongaspossible?

F.ANewYear'sresolutionisthegoalthatissetatthestartofanewyear.

G.Somepeoplewritedowntheirresolutionsandplansforthecomingyear.

6.（2023上北京海淀?高二統(tǒng)考期末）TheBenefitsofMakingFunofYourself

Beingabletolaughatyourselfisn'talwayseasy.However,makinglightofyourweaknessesandlifechallenges

canhaveanumberofbenefits.Whileitmightsoundsurprising,beingabletomakefunofyourselfcanbegoodfor

yourself-esteem（自尊）.26

Makingfunofyourselfisaformofself-criticalhumor,whichcaninvolvebeingtoomodest,orevenlaughing

atyourselfhumorously.27However;researchsuggeststheytendtobemoreself-confident.Whenthis

typeofhumorisusedtomaintainapositiveattitudeindifficultsituations,itcanhelpenhancewell-beingand

self-esteem.

28Makingfunofyourselfmayhelpmakeyoumorelikableandbuildstrongerrelationshipswith

others.Interestingly,researchsuggeststhatbothmenandwomenthinkthatbeingabletomakefunofyourselfis

anattractivetrait,despitedifferencesintheirwaysofusinghumor.

Laughterhasbeenshowntohaveanumberofstress-fightingbenefits.29Whenyouviewsituations

asthreats,stresslevelsincrease.Shiftingtoamindsetthatallowsyoutoseethesesituationsaschallengescan

transformthisintowhatisknownas“goodstress"thathelpsyoufeelmoreempowered.

Makingfunofyourselfcanhavesomebenefits,butit'simportantnottotakethingstoofar.Ifmakingfunof

yourselfstartsnegativelyimpactingyourmentalhealthorwell-being,it'stimetotakeastepback.30If

youembraceyourweaknessandimperfectionstoareasonabledegree,youwillfeelhappierandimproveyour

relationshipsandoverallwell-being.

A.Findabalancethatworksforyou.

B.Laughingatyourselfhelpsacceptyourself.

C.Peoplearemoredrawntootherswhocanlaughatthemselves.

D.Beingabletolaughatyourselfcanrelievestressbychangingyourview.

E.Makingfunofyourselfindifficultsituationscanreduceyourstressgreatly.

F.Peoplewithsuchasenseofhumoraresometimesregardedashavinglowself-esteem.

G.Itmightevenimproveyourrelationshipsandhelpyoufacechallengesmoreeffectively.

7.（2023上?北京東城?高二統(tǒng)考期末）ThePowerinAcceptingYourErrors

Itpaystobekindtoyourself.Anewstudyshowsthatbeingcompassionate（同情的）withyourselfwhenyou

makemistakescanreducedepression.

Itisgenerallygoodtoholdyourselftohighstandardsandstrivetodoyourbest.Butsometimespeoplehave

unrealisticviewsofwhattheyshouldachieve.31Thenwhentheymakeamistake,theymaybetoo

unforgivingofthaterror.Itisanunhealthyformofperfectionism.Thisiswhenapersonviewsanythingimperfect

asunacceptable.32

However,self-compassioncanhelpprotectpeoplefromsuchnegativeimpacts,anewstudyfinds.33

"It'softeneasytosaykindandsupportivethingstoourfriendswhenthingsgowrongforthem/saysMadeleine

Ferrari.She/sapsychologistatAustralianCatholicUniversityinSydney.z/lfwecansaythesethingstoourselves,we

willstillreachourgoalsbutwillhavebettermentalhealth/shesays.

34Ferrari/steamwantedtoseeifself-compassionmightweakenthatlink.Theresearcherssurveyed

541teenagersand515adults.Theyaskedthesepeopletofilloutasetofthreequestionnairesandaskedthe

participantstoratetheirlevelsofperfectionism,depressionandself-compassion.

Inbothgroups,peoplewhowerekindertothemselveswerelesslikelytoexperiencesadnessanddepression,

theresearchersfound.35Andthatcouldbeespeciallytrueforperfectionists.

A.Theysetstandardsthataretoohigh.

B.Eventhemostintelligentandproductivepeoplemakemistakes.

C.Thisisagoodexampleofimprovingandchangingbasedonamistake.

D.Self-compassionistreatingyourselfthewayyouwouldtreatagoodfriend.

E.Suchfeelingscanincreasestressandleadtosymptoms（癥狀）ofdepression.

F.Solearningself-compassioncouldimprovetreatmentforthosewithdepression.

G.Previousresearchhasshownthatpeoplewhoareperfectionistsaremorelikelytobecomedepressed.

8.（2023上?北京朝陽?高二統(tǒng)考期末）Inprinciple,itsoundssimple:eatlessandmovemore.36Yet,

despiteallthecaloriecounting,dietingandexercising,worldwideobesity（月巴胖）ratesjustkeepspeedingup.

PeopleintheUSwereheavierin2021thantheywerein2020,placingmanymorepeopleatriskfromserious

diseases.

Sowhyhasn/tthisapproachtoweightcontrolworked?Onepossibilityisthatwehaven'ttriedhardenough.

37Orperhapstheproblemisthefocuson"caloriebalance“itself.Inarecentpaper,mycolleaguesandI

questionthebasicassumptionofwhethertakinginmorecaloriesthanyouburnreallyisthechiefcauseofobesity.

Wearguethattheevidenceactuallypointstheotherway:wearedriventoovereatbecausewearegettingfatter.

38Astheirgrowthratespeedsup,teenagersmayeathundredsofcaloriesmoreeachdaythanthey

usedto.Doesthis"overeating“causetherapidgrowth?Ordoestherapidgrowth,whichrequiresmorecaloriesto

buildnewbodytissues,maketeenagershungriersotheyeatmore?Clearlythelatter,asadultswon'tgrowtaller;

nomatterhowmuchtheyeat.

Thekeytohowthisworksinobesityishormones（激素），especiallythefat-storagehormone.Processed,

rapidlydigestiblehigh-carbonfoodslikepotatochipsandsugarydrinksraiseourhormoneleveltoohigh.39

Afewhoursaftereatingahigh-carbonmeal,thenumberofcaloriesinthebloodstreamfallsrapidly,soweget

hungriersooneraftereating.

Therefore,inordertopreventandtreatweightproblems,theemphasisshouldbeplacedonwhattoeat

insteadofhowmuchweeat.Replacingprocessedhigh-carbonfoodswithhigh-fatfoods-suchasnuts-lowersthe

hormoneobtainablefortherestofthebody.40

Althoughmuchmoreresearchwillbeneededtotestthisidea,itistimetoquestionthebasicassumptions

aboutcauseandeffect,caloriesandweightgainthathavedominatedourthinkingfordecades.

A.Weightcontrolbecomesabattlebetweendietingandexercising.

B.Thismayseemincrediblebutconsidertherapidgrowthofteenagers.

C.Thedietaryadvicefordealingwithobesityhasbeenaroundfordecades.

D.Wehavelackedwillpowertomaintainhealthydietaryandexercisehabits.

E.Alow-caloriedietfurtherrestrictsanalreadylimitedsupplyofenergytothebody.

F.Thiscausesourfatcellstostoretoomanycalories,leavingfewerfortherestofthebody.

G.Infact,high-fatfoodsmayhelpdecreasebodyfat,apossibilitysupportedbymedicalpractices.

9.（2022.上?北京石景山?高三統(tǒng)考期末）Doyoulovefood?Whetheryou'reafoodieorsomeonewhojustlikes

eating,thereissomuchtochoosefrom.Weknowthattoomuchofthewrongkindoffoodcanbebadforour

health,butforsomepeoplehavingafoodallergymeansthateatingcertainthingscanactuallybeharmful.Such

casesmayseemuncommon.41

Anallergyiscausedbytheimmune（免疫的）systemfightingsubstancesinthe

environment.42Itmeansthatpeoplehavetofollowstrictdietaryrestrictions,otherwisetheirlivesmaybe

putatrisk.AllergyspecialistDr.AdamFoxsays“ifyoulookbackover,say,30or40years...therearemuchmore

seriousallergicproblemsaroundnowthantherewere/43Lastyearateenagerdiedaftersufferingan

allergicreactionfromeatingapieceofbreadcontainingpeanuts.Thisledtoacallforbetterfood-labelinglaws.

Researchhasfoundthatthisproblemisparticularlyaffectingchildren.44Dr.AlexandraSantosfrom

King'sCollegeLondonsays“foodallergynowaffectsabout7%ofchildrenintheUKand9%ofthoseinAustralia,

forexample.AcrossEurope,2%ofadultshavefoodallergies/

Sowhatmightbethecause?Dr.Santossays,theincreaseinallergiesisnotsimplytheeffectofsociety

becomingmoreawareofthemandbetteratdiagnosingthem.45Sheaddsthatpossiblefactorsare

pollution,dietarychangesandlessexposuretobacteria,whichchangehowourimmunesystemsrespond.She

pointsoutthatit'sverycommonformigrantswhomovetoanothercountrytodevelopfoodallergiesintheirnew

location.

A.Itseemstobemoreenvironmental.

B.Afoodallergycanaffectyouatanyage.

C.Foodallergiescancauselife-threateningreactions.

D.Yetinfact,foodallergiesareaffectingmoreandmoreofus.

E.Moreandmoreofthemarehavingallergicreactionstocertainfood.

F.Alotofworkisbeingdonetotryandfindacure,butthat'snoteasy.

G.Weoftenhearaboutpeoplehavingallergiestodairyproductsortonuts.

10.（2022上?北京朝陽?高三統(tǒng)考期末）Somepeopleprefertohaveabitetoeatbeforehittingthegym,

knownasafedworkout.Otherswouldliketowaituntilafterexercisingtorefueltheirbodies,calledafasted

workout.46Manyexpertssaythere'snoeasyanswerbecauseitdependsontheperson.

Ifyouwantenergyandstrengthforanidealworkout,youneedfuel.Afedworkoutwillprovideyourbody

withpower.Eatingbeforeexercisemayhelpyousustainlongersessionsandliftheavierweights.47Muscle

preservationisalsoanessentialcomponentofstrengtheningyourbody.Nitrogen（氮）iscriticalforprocessing

proteinthatbuildshealthymuscles.Peopletendtoloselessnitrogenduringafedworkoutthanafastedone.

Manyfitnessenthusiastsarenotonboardwiththisidea.Theyreportfeelingsickandinactivewhiletryingto

exerciseaftereating.Withafastedworkout,youmaynotgettheusualindigestion.Expertsforfastedworkouts

furtherclaimthateatingafterwardsmakesyourbodyuseitsfatreservesforenergy,meaningyouwillburnmore

fat.48Itcancauseasuddendropinyourbloodglucose（葡萄糖）levels,andyoumayfeeldizzy.Youmay

evenbemorelikelytoovereat.

49Notallfoodsarecreatedequal.Forexample,ifyouchooseafedworkout,you'llprobablylosealot

ofwaterduringanintensetraining,soyoushouldconsiderdrinkingsomebeforehand.Withafastedworkout,it

wouldhelpifyouhadsomenutritionrightafteryoursessioniscomplete.Drinksomewater.Then,havealight

mealornutritionalsnack.

Decidingwhentoeatforanidealworkoutisapersonalchoice.Bothfastedworkoutsandfedactivitieshave

theirbenefitsandshortcomings.50

A.However,afastedworkoutmightnotworkforyou.

B.Howyourbodywillrespondisbasedonyourworkoutintensity.

C.Thesebenefitscanresultinburningmorefatandshapingaslimmerbody.

D.Toeatornottoeat,thatisthequestiononmanyfitnessenthusiasts'minds.

E.Thinkthoroughlyanddiscusswithyourfitnessinstructorbeforetakingachoice.

F.Knowingwhattoeatforanidealworkoutisjustasimportantasknowingwhentoeat.

G.Apersondoinga30-minutesessionadaymaynothaveaproblemwithfastedworkouts.

優(yōu)選提升提

11.（2023上?北京東城?高二統(tǒng)考期末）Doyoufeellikeyoucanrememberthingsbetterwhenyouactively

engagewiththeinformationandcreateyourownversionofit?51Thisphenomenonhasimportant

implicationswhenitcomestounderstandinghowpeoplelearn.

Testsonthegenerationeffectshowthatwhenusersencounteralistofwordspresentedintheformof

fragments（片段），theywillengageseveralareasofthebraintocreatewordstofillintheblanks.52

Researchersbelievethisisbecauseofthedeeperlevelofcognitive（認矢口的）engagementinvolvedintheprocess

ofcreatingnewwords.

Teachersandinstructorsneedtobeawareoftherolethegenerationeffectcanplayintheclassroom.

Studentswhojustreceivewrittenmaterialtheycanreadmaynotunderstanditasfullyasstudentswhoengage

withitbytakingnotes,completingwritingexercises,andsoforth.53Ratherthangivingstudentsalistof

correctlyspelledwordsandaskingthemtomemorizeit,theteachercanaskstudentstocompleteworksheets

wheretheymustfillinblankstospellthewords.

54Ifastudentsimplyreadsatextbook,he/shewillnotabsorbtheinformationaswellaswhen

he/shetakesnotesandrecreateschartsandothermaterialspresentedinthebook.Studentspreparingforan

examinationmayfindithelpfultowriteoutmaterialfromthetext,rephrasingintheirownwordsasappropriate

tomakesuretheyfullyunderstandthematerial.55

Inaword,itallboilsdowntoactivelearningversuspassivelearning.Spendingafewminutesactively

producingcontentmayjustbethethingyouweremissinginyourlearningroutine.

A.That'scalledtheGenerationEffect.

B.Forstudents,thegenerationeffectcanalsobeimportant.

C.Whentheyareaskedtorepeatthelistlater,theirrecallwillbebetter.

D.Acommonexampleofthegenerationeffectcanbeseeninspellinglessonsfory