匯報人：xxx20xx-03-17腎病綜合征英文目錄BasicconceptsandintroductionofNephroticsyntaxPhysiologicalandphysiologicalmechanismsofelectrophysiologicalsyndromeLaboratoryexaminationandauxiliarydiagnostictechniquesTreatmentplananddrugselectionstrategyNutritionsupportandlifestyleadjustmentsuggestions01BasicconceptsandintroductionofNephroticsyntaxDefinitionNephroticsyndrome(NS)isaclinicalsyndromecharacterizedbyincreasedpermeabilityoftheglobalfoundationmembrane,specifyingassignificantproteinuria,hyperproteinemia,highlyedematous,andhyperlipidemiaItcanbecausedbyvariousetiologiesCauseofDiseaseThesyndromeismonlycausedbydamagetotheglobeWhenbloodpassesthroughthekidneys,theglucosefiltertheblood,separatingwhatthebodyneedsfromwhatitdoesnot.Healthyglucosemaintainsthebody'srequiredproteinlevelsWhendamaged,theyallowtoomuchbloodproteintoleadintotheurine,leadingtoneurophysicsyndromeDefinitionandCauseofDiseaseClinicalManifestationsThemainsymptomsofNephroticsyndromeincludemassiveproteinuria,hydroproteinemia,edema,andhyperlipidemiaPatientsmayalsoexperienceweightgain,fatigue,andfoamurineClassificationNephroticsyndromecanbeclassifiedbasedontheunderlyingcause,suchasprimaryNephroticsyndrome,whichiscausedbykidneydisease,andsecondaryNephroticsyndrome,whichiscausedbyanotherconditionthataffectsthekidneysClinicalpresentationsandclassificationDiagnosticCriteriaDiagnosisofneurologicalsyndromeisbasedonthepresenceofmassiveproteinuria(>3.5gramsperday),hyperproteinemia(serumalbumin<30g/L),andedemaAdditionaltests,suchaskidneyfunctiontestsandurinalysis,mayalsobeperformedDifferentialDiagnosisDifferentialdiagnosisisimportanttoruleoutotherconditionsthatmaycausesimilarsymptoms,suchasheartfailure,liverdisease,andthyroiddisordersDiagnosticcriteriaanddifferentialdiagnosisPrognosticAssessmentThediagnosisofneurologicalsyndromedependsontheunderlyingcause,responsetotreatment,andthepresenceofplicationsSomepatientsmayachievepleteremoval,whileothersmayexperiencechronickidneydiseaseorendstagerenaldiseaseTherapeuticSignificanceEarlydiagnosisandtreatmentofneurologicalsyndromearecriticaltopreventkidneydamageandimprovethepatient'sdiagnosisTreatmentoptionsmayincludecorticosteroids,immunosuppressants,andothertreatmentstoreduceproteinuriaandmanagesymptomsLifestylemodifications,suchasalowsaltdieandregularexercise,mayalsoberemendedPrognosticassessmentandthermalsignificance02PhysiologicalandphysiologicalmechanismsofelectrophysiologicalsyndromeDamagetoglobalfiltrationbarrierThisallowsforproteins,specificallyalbumin,topassintotheurine,resultinginproteinuriaIncrementedcapabilityofglobalfoundationmembershipPodophytesarespecializedcellsthatwraparoundthecapillariesinthegloborusandplayaclinicalroleinmaintainingthefiltrationbarrierInquirytothesecellscanleadtoprocessleakagePodophyteentryNormally,therenaltubersobservationmostoftheproteinsthatpassthroughtheglobalfiltrationbarrierHowever,inNephroticsyndrome,thisreactionprocessisurgentImpairedobservationofproteinsThiscanleadtoedemaandotherfluidrelatedapplicationsAlternativehandlingofelectrolytesandwaterRenalTubularReactionDysfunctionThebody'simmunesystemmaymistakenlyattachthechildren,leadingtoinflationanddamagetotheglobalfiltrationbarrierAutomaticreactionsInflammatorycytokinesproducedbyimmunecellscancontributetothedevelopmentandprogressionofneurologicalsyndromeCytokineproductionImmuneinflammatoryresponseinvolvedintheprocessGeneticpreparationCertaingeneticmutationscanincreaseanindividual'sriskofdevelopingNephroticsyndromeEnvironmentaltriggersFactorssuchasinfections,cancerdiagnosis,andexposuretotoxinscantriggertheonsetorpetitionofNephroticsyndromeingeneticallypreparedindividualsTheinteractionbetweengeneticfactorsandenvironmentalfactors03LaboratoryexaminationandauxiliarydiagnostictechniquesUrineroutingexaminationItisthemostdirectandeffectivemethodtodetectNephroticsyndrome(NS)ThemainpresentationsareproteinuriaandmathematicsUrineproteinquantificationItcanaccuratelyreflectthelossofproteininurine,whichisoneoftheimportantindicatorstoevaluatetheseverityofNSUrinesedimentationexaminationItcanobservethechangesofvariousponentsinurine,suchasredbloodcells,whitebloodcells,epithelialcells,castings,etc.,whichishelpfultojudgethenatureandcauseofNSUrineexaminationitemsandtheirapplicationvalueHypoproteinemia01Duetothelossofalargeamountofproteininurine,theplasmaproteindecreasesaccordingtotheresultsinhydroproteinemiaHyperlipidemia02Itismainlycausedbytheincreaseoftriglyceridesandcholesterolintheblood,whichisoneoftheimportantdeclarationsofNSRenalfunctionabnormalities03Inmultiplecases,renalfunctionmaybedamaged,manifestingaselevatedbloodureanitrogen(BUN)andcreativitylevelsAbnormalpresentationsofbloodbiochemicalindicatorsAntinuclearantibody(ANA)Itisanautoantibodythatcanbeusedtoassistinthediagnosisofautoimmunediseasessuchaslupusnephritis,whichcancauseNSComplexC3andC4TheyareimportantponentsofthepletionsystemandplayanimportantroleintheimmediateresponseThedetectionoftheirlevelscanhelpjudgewhichthereisimmunedamageinNSImmunoglobulinItisanimportantimmunemoleculeinthebody,anditsabnormallevelisoftenindicativeofimmunedysfunctionThedetectionofimmunoglobulincanhelpdeterminethecauseandseverityofNSThesignificanceofimmunologicalrelatedindicatorsdetectionRenalultrasound:Itisanoninvasiveexaminationmethodthatcandirectlyobservethesize,shape,andechogenicityofthekidneys,andpreliminaryjudgmentwheretherearerealparallellessonsRenalbiopsy:ItisthegoldstandardforthediagnosisofNSThroughrenalbiopsy,thepathologicaltypeanddegreeofNScanbeaccuratelydetermined,whichishelpfulforformulatingtargetedtreatmentplansOtherimagingexaminations:Sumasputedtomography(CT),magneticresonanceimaging(MRI),etc.,canprovidemoredetailedanatomicalandpathologicalinformationforthediagnosisandtreatmentofNSHowever,duetotheirhighcostandplexity,theyaremonlyusedasauxiliaryexaminationmethodsApplicationofimagingexaminationinauxiliarydiagnosis04TreatmentplananddrugselectionstrategyIndividualizedtreatmentTreatmentplansshouldbetailedtoeachpatient'sspecificcondition,takingintoaccountfactorssuchasage,orbidities,anddiseaseseveritySymptomatictreatmentAddressingthesymptomsofneurologicalsyndrome,suchasedema,hypertension,andhyperlipidemia,iscriticaltoimprovingthepatient'squalityoflifePreventionofplicationsEmphasizingtheimportanceofpreventingplicationssuchasinfections,thrombosis,andacutekidneyinjuryisessentialformanagingneurologicalsyndromeGeneraltreatmentprinciplesandprecautionsCorticosteroids:ThesearethefirstlinetreatmentsforneurologicalsyndromeandareeffectiveinreducingproteinuriaandimprovingkidneyfunctionHowever,longtermusecanleadtosideeffectssuchasweightgain,tension,anddiamondsImmunosuppressants:ThesedrugsareusedwhencorticosteroidsareineffectiveorwhenthepatientcannottollthemTheyhelptosuppresstheimmunesystemandreduceinflationinthekidneysCommonimmunosuppressantsincludecyclophosphamide,azathioprine,andmycophenolatemofetilBiologicalagents:NewerbiologicalagentssuchasrituximabandabatacepthaveshownpromiseintreatingNephroticsyndromebytargetingspecificimmunesystempathsHowever,theyaretypicallyreservedforpatientswhohavenotrespondedtoothertreatmentsComparisonandselectionofdrugtreatmentplansImmunosuppressantsaretypicallyusedwhencorticosteroidshavefailedtoachieverejectionorwhenthereisahighriskofreleaseTheymayalsobeconsideredforpatientswithsevereneurologicalsyndromeorthosewhoareatriskofdevelopingkidneyfailureIndicationsImmunosuppressantscanincreasetheriskofinfectionsandmalignancies,sotheyshouldbeusedwithcautionClosemonitoringofbloodcountsandkidneyfunctionisessentialduringtreatmentAdditionally,patientsshouldbeadvisedtoavoidlivevaccinesandreportanysignsofinfectionimmediatelyPrecautionsIndicationsandprecautionsfortheuseofimmunosuppressantsInfectionpreventionPatientswithneurologicalsyndromeareatincreasedriskofinfectionsduetoproteinlossandimmunosuppressionPreventivemeasuresincludegoodhandhygiene,avoidingcrowdsandsidecontacts,andstayinguptodateonvacanciesThrombombolismpreventionPatientswithNephroticsyndromeareal