1、英語文體、閱讀與解題高考英語閱讀理解解題指導(dǎo)之二 說明文說明文的題材：社會(huì)文化、歷史地理、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技自然，幾乎無所不包。是高考英語閱讀的主打文體。說明文的分類：事物說明文，說明事物特征，包括事物的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)、種類、功能等；事理說明文，揭示問題的本源、實(shí)質(zhì)、內(nèi)在規(guī)律等。說明文三要素：說明對象、說明方法、說明順序 說明方法：舉例子、列數(shù)字、打比方、作比較、分類別、下定義、作詮釋、配圖表、引資料、引觀點(diǎn) 說明順序：時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序說明文的結(jié)構(gòu)：與說明順序密切相關(guān)。包括總分式、承接式、遞進(jìn)式。文章各部分之間呈并立、對比或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。說明文的閱讀與解題 1. 弄清說明對象，抓住對象特征；

2、要說明的事物或事理往往在首段出現(xiàn)。事物說明文標(biāo)注形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)、種類、功能等事物特征及評價(jià)；事理說明文標(biāo)注起因、后果、現(xiàn)象、實(shí)質(zhì)、規(guī)律等內(nèi)容。 2. 分析說明順序，理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)； 初讀時(shí)標(biāo)注方位詞、年份；注意區(qū)分原因與結(jié)果、現(xiàn)象與本質(zhì)，等 3. 歸納說明方法，分析說明作用； 關(guān)鍵在于弄清作者使用什么方法說明什么事物或問題。檢測 In the 1800s, service work also absorbed a great number of women who arrived in the cities from the country. Young women especially took

3、jobs as servants in middle-class and upper-class homes; and as more and more men were drawn into industry, domestic service（家庭服務(wù)）became increasingly a female job. In the second half of the century, however, chances of other service work also opened up to women, from sales jobs in shops to teaching a

4、nd nursing. These jobs came to be done mainly by women and low paid. Domestic service because a female job mainly because_. A. more and more women began to work in domestic service B. women mainly worked as servants, nurses, and miners C. service and industrial jobs absorbed more women than men D. w

5、omen enjoyed working as sellers, teachers, and miners1 1. You can love them or hate them, but no matter which tourist destination you visit, chances are that youll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook. 2. Lonely Planet is one of the worlds largest travel guide brands, publ

6、ishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows, websites and podcasts(播客)all devoted to travel. 3. Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you dont miss the b

7、est things. 4. They also provide the reviews of hostels, hotels, restaurants and ticket information about your destination. 5. This can be great if youre a nervous traveler, or if you havent traveled by yourself before. If youre in a country where you dont speak the language, sometimes theres nothin

8、g better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel thats cheap and clean, with friendly staff and cold beer. 6. But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the f

9、un and spontaneity(自發(fā)性)out of traveling, and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen. They also regret that if you follow a guidebook, youll end up doing the same thing and having the same experience as everyone else. You might end up seeing the same group o

10、f people over and over, because everyone is reading the same book and following the same route. 7. Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example, some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. They pretend to live a t

11、raditional lifestyle, wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses in order to attract the tourist dollar.本文通過引用正反兩方觀點(diǎn)，說明planet guidebook的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。 66. Which of the following best shows the structure of the text? ( stand for Paragraph 17 )2654317111222555444333777666ABCD本文 In the United States

12、, there were some well-constructed houses for native Indians, ranging from the simple brush shelter to the five-storied pueblo. In the eastern United States, one of the existing types was that commonly known under the Algonkian name of wigwam in which the Iroquois Indians livedThe wigwams were of wa

13、gon-top shape with straight sides and ends, made by bending young trees to form the round shape.Over this shape pieces of tree bark were laid to protect the Indians from bad weather. Over the bark dried grass was addedA small hole allowed smoke to escape from the top. Doorways at each end served als

14、o as windows, The Iroquois Indians built trunk walls all around their villages.Thewall had only one opening. They could quickly close this opening if their enemies came near. Interestingly, the Choctaw Indians in Mississippi also lived in a wigwam of a most primitive（原始的）construction, but different

15、from those of the Iroquois Indians. The Choctaw Indians wigwams, made from mud, cane and straw, were in the form of a bee-hive. The covering was made of a long, tough grass. A post in the centre supported the roof. A hole in the top admitted the light, and allowed the smoke to pass out. The tipi ten

16、t-housing of the upper lake and plains area was put up with poles set lightly in the ground, tied together near the top, and covered with bark andgrass in the lake country. It was easily portable, and two women could set it up or take it down within an hour. The Pawnee, Mandan and other Indian tribe

17、s along the Missouri built solid ring-shaped structures of trunk, covered with earth and dried grass, housing a dozen families. The Wichita and other tribes of the Texas border built large ring-shaped houses covered with dried grass. Apart from the regular housing, almost every tribe had some style

18、of housing.本文通過舉例和比較的方法介紹well-constructed houses for the native Indians.3.All the native Indian houses described in the passage were_.Aof the same shapeBcovered with grassCbuilt with a post in the centreDbuilt with doorways at each end4. The passage suggests that _Aall the native Indians built trunk

19、 walls all around their housesBall the native Indian houses were built with poles tied togetherCthe Iroquois Indians took safety into account while building their wigwamsDthe Choctaw Indians in Mississippi built their wigwams with straight sides and ends本文 Think about the different ways that people

20、use the wind. You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat. Wind is one lf our cleanest and richest power sources , as well as one of the oldest. Evidence shows that windmills (風(fēng)車) began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC. They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100

21、s, when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power. For many centuries, people used windmills to grind (磨碎) wheat into our or pump water from deep underground. When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s, people living in remote areas began to use them to produce e

22、lectricity. This allowed them to haveelectric lights and radio.However, by the1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas

23、 are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher costs. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.本文通過舉例法介紹了不同時(shí)期人們對于風(fēng)能的利用。61.

24、 What was a new use for wind power in the late 19th century?A. Sailing a boat.B. Producing electricityC. Grinding wheat into flour. D. Pumping water from underground62. One of the reasons wind was rediscovered in the 1970s is that_.A. wind power is cleanerB. it is one of the oldest power sourcesC. i

25、t was cheaper to create energy from windD. the supply of coal and gas failed to meet needs本文 注意說明某個(gè)現(xiàn)象或問題的文章。這類說明文通常含有如下要素：what, forms / classification, causes, effects, suggestions / solutions.閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)留意并標(biāo)注這些內(nèi)容 。 In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources, the harm from the traditio

26、nal business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decades has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable ways. That means growth with low carbon

27、 or develop-ment of sustainable products. In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources. Today, sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries. According to a recent study, the global market for low-carbon energy will become three times big

28、ger over the next decades. China, for example, has set its mind on leading that market, hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy revolution. It is now trying hard to make full use of wind and solar energy, and is spending a huge amount of money making electric cars and high-spee

29、d trains. In addition, we are also seeing great growth in the global markets for sustainable products such as palm oil (棕櫚油), which is produced without cutting down valuable rainforest. In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by over 50%. Governments can fully develop the pot

30、ential of these new markets. First, they can set high targets for reducing carbon emissions (排放) and targets for saving and reusing energy. Besides, stronger arrangement of public resources like forests can also help to speed up the development. Finally, govern- ments can avoid the huge expenses tha

31、t are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of growing population within the limits of this single planet. That is no small t

32、ask, but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.41. The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that _. A. It makes the world warmer B. it consumes natural resources C. it brings severe damage to forests D. it makes growth hard to continue

33、43. To fully develop the low-carbon markets, governments can _. A. cut public expenses B. forbid carbon emission C. develop public resources D. encourage energy conservation本文回顧 Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Fo

34、od poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.Certain microorganisms cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs

35、, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release poisons that make people sick.Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on c

36、rops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops. Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty