BEC中級(jí)寫作電子講義

第一講BEC寫作概述

本課程安排簡(jiǎn)介

寫作共6次課，第1次講概述。

BEC寫作簡(jiǎn)介:

寫作目的與規(guī)定

1Canmakenotesthatarcusefultobothhim/herselfandtocolleagues.

2Canwritemostlettershe/sheislikely(obeasked(odo;sucherrorsasoccurwillnot

preventunderstandingofthemessage.

3Canwriteasimplereport.

寫作考試共進(jìn)行45分鐘，占總成績(jī)的25%,小作文占10分，大作文占20分。

更多的報(bào)名信息和成績(jī)查詢措施請(qǐng)上網(wǎng)理解：皿_教育部考試中心

2測(cè)試范圍與選材

I身份簡(jiǎn)介(PersonalIdentificalion)

2、工作環(huán)境與平常事務(wù)(Theoffice,generalbusiness,environmentandroutine)

3、接待與閑暇活動(dòng)(Entertainmentofclients?freelime,relationshipswithcolleaguesand

clients)

4、商務(wù)旅行(Travel)

5、健康(Health)

6、購(gòu)置與銷售(Buyingandselling)

7、企業(yè)構(gòu)造、系統(tǒng)及程序(Companystructures,systems,processes)

8、產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)(Productsandservices)

9、成果與成就(Resultsandachievements)

其外，還會(huì)波及其他歐J一般商務(wù)話題(Businessissues)

3測(cè)試題型分析

AnOverviewofBECVantageWriting

PARTFunctions/CommunicativeInputResponseRegister

Task

1BusinessCorrespondence:Rubriconly(pluslayoutofNote,message,memoorNeutral/

e.g.givinginstructions,outputtexttype)e-mail(40-50words)informal

explainingadevelopment,

askingforcomments,

requestinginformation,

agreeingtorequests

2Correspondence:OneormorepiecesofinputBusinesscorrespondenceNeutral/

e.g.explaining,apologising,from:business(mediummaybeletter,faxformal

reassuring,complainingcorrespondence(mediumore-mail)orshortreport

maybeletter,faxore-mail),orproposal(mediummay

Report:internalcommunicationbememoore-mail)

describing,summarising(mediummaybenote,(120-140words)

memo,ore-mail),notice,

Proposal:advert,graphs,chart,etc.

describing,summarising,(pluslayoutifoutputisfax

recommending,persuadingore-mail)

題型：1.商務(wù)便條類；2.商務(wù)便函類；3.商務(wù)書信類；4.商務(wù)匯報(bào)類

注意：BEC不是單純的英語(yǔ)考試，也不是考察商務(wù)知識(shí)。

對(duì)策：學(xué)習(xí)、模仿高水平的論文

例題解析：

?Youworkforacompanywhichproduceslaserprinters.Youarevisitinganother

company,Soflcell,tobuysomecomputersoftwareforyourdepartment.Theyhave

expressedaninterestinyourcompany'sprintersandyouwouldliketotaketwenty

brochuresandthreesampleprinterswithyou.

有關(guān)詞匯：laser,inkjet,projector(Barco),photocopier(Xerox),faxmachine,scanner,computer,

monitor

有關(guān)詞匯：companyliterature;brochure;leaflet;flyer;whilebook;datasheet;prospectus

?WriteashortnotetoMr.JimAsano,theSalesManager.

?Askingforhispermissiontotaketheseitems.

?Explainingwhyyouwantthem.

?Mentioningthetimeanddatewhenyouwanttocollectthem.

Write40-50wordsonyourAnswerSheet.

便函便條類題目日勺構(gòu)造

Input:situationdescription

Task:memo,note,email

contentpoints

Write:internalmessage(40-50words)

注意：格式；發(fā)揮部分要確切

評(píng)分原則

BEC寫作評(píng)分措施

級(jí)別第一部分分?jǐn)?shù)

5所有完畢答題規(guī)定

?所有內(nèi)容點(diǎn)都已包括在內(nèi)并在答題規(guī)定容許的八十⑺八

狀況下加以發(fā)揮9或I。分

?語(yǔ)言規(guī)范、自然；錯(cuò)誤至少，均屬小錯(cuò)。

?多樣化的語(yǔ)言構(gòu)造和豐富日勺詞匯量。

?組織效果好，注意前后呼應(yīng)。

?語(yǔ)域和格式完全合適。

給讀者的印象極佳。

4很好的完畢答題規(guī)定

?所有內(nèi)容點(diǎn)都處理得不錯(cuò)工

?大體精確：運(yùn)用復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言時(shí)有錯(cuò)誤。

?構(gòu)造合理，用詞精確。7或8分

?大體上組織很好，注意邏輯關(guān)系。

?語(yǔ)域和格式總體來(lái)說(shuō)合適。

給讀者的印象良好。

3尚能到達(dá)答題規(guī)定

?所有的重要內(nèi)容點(diǎn)已包括進(jìn)去，遺漏了某些次要

的內(nèi)容。

?出現(xiàn)某些錯(cuò)誤，但不阻礙交流。

5或6分

?構(gòu)造和詞匯掌握范圍適度。

?組織和安排總的來(lái)說(shuō)令人滿意。

?語(yǔ)域和格式尚可，雖然并不完全成功。

給讀者的I印象很好。

2不能完全到達(dá)答題規(guī)定

?遺漏了某些重要的內(nèi)容點(diǎn)或者處理得不充足，也

許有些不切題。

?有時(shí)錯(cuò)誤影響清晰交流，錯(cuò)誤較多，使讀者感到

困惑。3或4分

?構(gòu)造、詞匯掌握范圍有限。

?內(nèi)容條理不清、不連貫，導(dǎo)致理解困難。

?語(yǔ)域和格式不合適。

給讀者的印象不佳。

I未能到達(dá)答題規(guī)定

?明顯的內(nèi)容遺漏/或大量?jī)?nèi)容不有關(guān)，也許由于對(duì)

題目規(guī)定口勺誤解。

?嚴(yán)重不規(guī)范，常常出現(xiàn)基本錯(cuò)誤。

1或2分

?題目規(guī)定日勺構(gòu)造和詞匯幾乎沒(méi)有提到。

?缺乏組織，導(dǎo)致交流失敗。

?幾乎沒(méi)有使用合適的語(yǔ)域和格式。

給讀者口勺印象極差。

0什么規(guī)定也沒(méi)到達(dá)。字?jǐn)?shù)少于所需字?jǐn)?shù)的25%,或是

0分

完全不能識(shí)別或是完全不切題。

注意：content;accuracy;conciseness

【例題】

?Christmasiscoming.YourcompanyisgoingtoholdtheannualChristmasparty.Asthe

secretaryofthegeneralmanager,youhelparrangethepreparationforit.

?Wriceamemotoallemployees.

?Announcingtheplannedparty.

?Welcomingallemployeestojoinit.

?Introducingtheprogramsofit.

?Mentionthetimeandplacethatittakesplace.

?Write40—50wordsonyourAnswerSheet.

商務(wù)書信類

這一題型規(guī)定考生根據(jù)所提供H勺短文，如書信、、便函、留言條(留言條)等，起草

一封書信，字?jǐn)?shù)規(guī)定到達(dá)120—140詞左右。

題目構(gòu)造：

Input:Isituationdescription

2task

3targetreader

Reading:textsinnote,letter,fax,memo+contentpoints(handwrittennotes;secondletter)

Write:businessletter(120-140words)

注意英美拼寫問(wèn)題

【例題】

?Youhaveorganisedaproductionconferenceforyourcompanywhichwillbeheldon10

October2023.ThefollowingistheletterofconfirmationyoureceivedfromtheConference

Centre.

?Readtheletterandfaxbelow,whichgivesdetailsoftheconference.

?Then,usingallinformationfromthefax,writeyourlettertoJohnSmithattheNuffield

ConferenceCentre,explainingthechangestothearrangements.

?Donotincludepostaladdresses.

?Write120-140wordsonseparatesheet.

DearConferenceOrganiser.

Iamwritingtoconfirmthearrangementsfortheconference.

DATEANDTIME:10thOctober-10a.m.to5p.m.

NUMBEROFGUESTS:50

ROOMSRESERVED10a.m.io12:30p.m.

CONFERENCEHALL3

2p.m.to5p.m.

SEMINARROOMS1,2,and3

CATERING:Coffee-11a.m.to11:30a.m.

Lunch-12:30p.m.to2p.m.

ConferenceCentreRestaurant

Tea-4p.m.

WelookforwardtowelcomingyourcompanytotheNuffieldConferenceCentre.

Yoursfaithfully,

JohnSmith

TodayyourProductionManagerhassentyouthefaxbelowwithchangeshewouldliketo

maketotheconferenceanaiigements

FAX

I'mafraidwchavetomakesomelast-minutechangestothearrangementsforourproduction

conference.

1.Tenmoreguestshaveaccepted.

2.ThePresidentwantscnlyonehourforlunch,andjustasimplebuffet-notseatedinthe

restaurant.

TheConferenceSpeaker(TomMoors)can'tcomeuntil2pm.Sohewillgivehispresentationin

(heafternoon.Canwemovetheseminarstothemorning?

Sorryaboutthis!

Sam

注意：1不要跑題

2合適發(fā)揮

3目日勺讀者

4不要抄襲

三種對(duì)策：

a換句型

e.g.Thisruleappliesinererycase.

Therearenoexceptionstotherule.（肯定句變否認(rèn)句）

b換同義詞

e.g.Theargumentsputforwardbythesetwoauthorsarenearlythesame.

Theviewsexpressedbythetwowritersarcalmostidentical,

c改詞性

e.g.TheEnglishlanguagehashadamajorimpactondevelopingotherworldlanguages.

Otherworldlanguageshavebeengreatlyaffectedby（heEnglishlanguageintheir

developments.

商務(wù)匯報(bào)類

【例題】

?Yourecentlyattendedaone-daycourseonofficemanagement.Belowisthecourse

programme,withtheCDinnicntsyouwroteonit.

?WriteashortreportaboutthecoursefbryourManager.Includeallyourcommentsandsay

whetheryourcompanyshouldsendotherstaffonthiscourse.Write120-140words.

WriteonyourAnswerSheet.Donotwriteincapitalletters.

oood.practical...

tooshortto

i*\

第二講BEC寫作日勺語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)法、組織和文體

評(píng)分五個(gè)方面：

Icontent

2language

3structure&vocabulary

4organisation

展開(kāi)論述上面的5個(gè)方面

1內(nèi)容的完整性

2語(yǔ)言

6C原則

1.精確(correctness)

包括四層意義，即閱讀人能理解?、接受的英語(yǔ)水平：使用精確措詞，傳達(dá)精確信息；對(duì)

的地使用語(yǔ)法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)；拼寫對(duì)的。

(D恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言風(fēng)格

請(qǐng)比較下面兩組例詞：

FormalInformal

approximatelyAbout

inquireAsk

ascertainfindout

obtainreceive

assisthelp

participateshare

constructbuild

purchasebuy

contributegive

sufficientenough

difficulthard

utilizeuse

(2)精確的措詞和信息

下面列出的是一系列極易混淆的單詞及詞組，請(qǐng)注意辨別：

alot/allotallright/alrightcannot/cannotdifferentfrom/differentthan

.dueto/becauseofeffect/affectfewer/lesslie/lay

principal/principlethat/whichtheir/them/they're

waitfor/waitonwho/whom

(3)對(duì)的的語(yǔ)法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)(4)對(duì)的的拼寫

2.清晰(Clarity)

(I)邏輯布局(LogicalOrganization)

常用的邏輯布局措施包括：

①因果關(guān)系(Cau$e&Effect)

②時(shí)間次序(ChronologicalDevelopment)

③序列次序(SequenlialDevelopment)

④比較(Comparison)

⑤一般到特殊(FromGeneraltoSpecific)

⑥特殊到一般(FromSpecifictoGeneral)

(2)合理構(gòu)架句群與段落(Well-WrittenSentences&Paragraphs)

例句：

I多改前：MarshallCorporationwasfoundedfortyyearsago,anditnowhasbranchofficesin

fourstates,anditemploysnearly400individuals.

修改后：MarshallCorporationwasfoundedfortyyearsago.Withbranchofficesinfour

states,itnowemploysnearly400individuals.

⑶統(tǒng)一性與一致性(UnilyandCoherence)

(4)強(qiáng)調(diào)(Emphasis)

①位置②反復(fù)③數(shù)量④技巧

(5)將句中關(guān)系緊密的詞盡量靠近。

比較下面三對(duì)句子：

A.TheyboughtabicycleinBeijinginasmallshopwhichcosts$25.00.

Theyboughtabicyclefor525.00inasmallshopinBeijing.

B.Hewaswarnednottodrinkwatereveninarestaurantwhichhadnotbeenboiled.

Hewaswarnednottodrinkwalerwhichhadnotbeenboiled.

C.Thosewhoworkrapidlygetillintheseconditions.

Tliuscvvhuwuikinllicsccuiidiliunsmpidlygelill.

(6)防止在同一種句子中使用意義不一樣的同一種字。

Weshalltakeafirmlinewiththefirm.

Weshalltakeastronglinewiththefilm.

3.簡(jiǎn)潔(Conciseness)

A.Wchavebeguntoexportourmachinetocountriesabroad.

Wehavebeguntoexportourmachines.

B.IntheeventthatyouspeaktoMr.Woodinregardtoproduction,askhimtogive

consideralionto(hedeliveryschedule.

IfyouspeaktoMr.Woodaboutproduction,askhimtoconsiderthedeliveryschedule.

C.Werequirefurniturewhichisof(henewtype.

Werequirenew-typefurniture.

(1)使用簡(jiǎn)潔日勺語(yǔ)言(Usesimplelanguage)

盡量使用防止使用

pleasewillyoubegoodenoughto

preferexpressapreferencefor

becausefor(hereasonthat

(2)少用陳詞濫調(diào)(Oiuilliilcexpressions)

asthecasemaybeduetothefactthat

ithascometomyattentionthankingyouinadvance

atanearlyageenclosedherein

availyourselfofthisopportunitythisistoinformyou

previoustounderseparatecover

crackofdawnwithkindestregards

pursuanttoyourrequestIwishtostate

takethelibertyto

(3)防止冗長(zhǎng)口勺體現(xiàn)方式和不必要日勺反復(fù)(avoidwordyexpressions&unnecessaryrepetition)<.

WordyConcise

1.Wewouldliketoplease

2.ForthemonthofAugustforAugust

3.Pursuanttotheendofthisweeknow

4.Alongperiodoftimealongtime

5.Atthistimenow

6.Isatthistimeis

7.Theweightwashigherthantheweightwasgreaterthan

8.Iexpectedittobeexpected

9.Duringtheyearof1995during1995

10.Forthedevelopmentoffordeveloping

11.InthecityofDallasinDallas

12.Theproblemwasthatthecarwouldnotthecarwouldnotstart

start

13.Squareinshapesquare

14.inaccordancewithyourrequestyourequested

15.Signonthefrontofthisformsignthisform

16.Duringthetimethatwhile

17.Consensusofopinionweagree

18.Rememberthefactthatremember

19,Heldameetingmet

20.thisisthesituationatthistimenow

(4)刪改無(wú)關(guān)緊要H勺成分(Removeunneededfacts)

A.Itshouldbenotedthatthisisthebestwecando,

B.Foryourinfoimationweencloseacatalogue.

C.Pleasebeadvisedthatwchavereceivedyourinvoice.

1.assoonaspossiblebyJuly10

2.asyouindicatedinyourletterasyouindicated

3.atalltimesalways

4.at(histimenow

5.continuetoutilize(heoldfbnnuntilstartusing(henewformonFebruary

suchtimeasthenewformisavailable

6.despitethefactthatdespite

7.forthemonthofAprilforApril

8.fbrobviousreasonthatbecause

9.1wouldaskthatyouplease

10.inconjunctionwithwith

11.inthemererecentpastrecently

12.intheunlikelyeventthat

13.intheunlikelyeventthatIamunabletoifIamlate,pleasedelaythemeeting

beontime,pleasedelaythemeeting

14.inviewofthefact:hatbecause

15.itwillbegreatlyappreciatedifyouplease

16.ourproductionofthenewproductwillproductionwillbeginonJuly1

commenceonJuly1

17.pleasebeadvisedthatweexpectyoutopleasereviewthecontract

reviewtheenclosedcontract

(5)多使用枳極語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子構(gòu)造以明確體現(xiàn)意思。

PaymentoftheiraccountswillbemadebyJohnsonsnextweek.

Johnsonswillpay(heiraccountsnextweek.

4.詳細(xì)(Concreteness)

(1)盡顯地提供明確、詳細(xì)的信息。

A.Thesebrakescanstopacarwithinashortdistance.

TheseGoodsonpowerbrakescanstopa2-loncarwithin24feet.

B.Wehopetheequipmentwillbedeliveredtoourcompanyassoonaspossible.

PleasedelivertheequipmenttoourcompanybeforenextFriday.

C.Sheisafasttypist.

Shetypesa(thefastrateof85wordsperminute.

(2)使用品體詞匯

A.Wehavenohesitationinadvisingyou...

Wcadviseyou...

B.Thepreparationofnewpricescaleisinhand.

Newpricescalesarebeingpreparedthisweek.

C.Duetotheunusualnatureoftherequest,...

Astherequestisunusual,...

agreatdealoftime,bad,large,good,small,around,old,convenient,young,little,majority,

minority,most,less

5.完整(Completeness)

自查：誰(shuí)(Who)?什么(Whai)?什么時(shí)候(When)?在哪里(Where)?為何(Why)?怎么樣

(How)?

6.禮貌(Courtesy)

例如：

DearMrs.Walters,

Becauseyoudelayedsolonginyourresponse,ModelGSFisoffstock.Ifyouareinterested,

wchavesomesimilarmodelsonhand

Yourstruly,

修改：

DearMrs.Walters

IfIhadknownyourneedsbeforeMay20,IcouldhaveshippedModelGSPimmediately.

However,thespringsaledrainedourstock.

TheModelGSK,asimilarinstrument,isinstock,andyoucouldhaveitatthesamepriceas

theGSF.Itnormallysellsfor$10,000more,wewillshipitassoonasyougiveustheword.

Yourssincerely

(1)使用禮貌友好的詞匯

A.說(shuō)“Thankyou"，例如：

Thankyouforyourletterofyesterday.

Thankyouforyourpromptreply.

Thankyouforhelpingusinthisrespect.

Thankyouforyourinformation.

(2)體諒對(duì)方日勺寫作態(tài)度(You-Attitude)

Writeremphasis:WeareshippingyourorderonFriday.

Readeremphasis:YouwillreceiveyourorderbyMonday,October10.

Writeremphasis:Toreduceourcosts,wearechanging(hebillingsystem.

Readeremphasis:Toprovideyouwithclearrecords,wearechangingourbillingsystem.

Writeremphasis:Iwaspleasedtohearthattheprojectwascompleted.

Readeremphasis:Congratulationsonsuccessfullycompletingtheproject

Writeremphasis:Weregretthatyouclosedyouraccountwithusaweekago.Webelievethat

peoplemaycomebacktoourbankagainsoonerorlatersincewehavea

goodcreditamongourcustomers.

Readeremphasis:Aweekagoyouclosedyouraccountwithus.Whateverthereason,wcarc

pleasedtohaveplayedsomesmallpartinyourprogram.Youarccordially

invitedtouseour'otherserxicesasoccasionmayrequire.

(3)措辭得體(AppropriateWording)

a.防止采用消極性11勺詞匯或句式

NegativeWording:TheofficeisclosedafterfourO'clock,

PositiveWording:TheofficeisopenuntilfourO'clock.

NegativeWording:WhenIreceivedyourcomplaint,Icheckedourrecords.

PositiveWording:WhenIreceivedyourletter,Icheckedourrecords.

NegativeWording:Becauseyoufailedtoconnectthecable,thepicturewasblurred.

PositiveWording:ThepicturewasblurredbecausetheV-2cablewasnotconnectedtothe

terminal.

NegativeWording:Youdidnotreadmyrecentletter.

PositiveWording:PleaserefertomyJune10thletter.

NegativeWording:TheExecutiveBoarddidnotreceivenotification.

PositiveWording:SeveralmembersoftheExecutiveBoardinquiredaboutthetimeofour

Decembermeeting.Willyoupleasesendthemafollow-up?

NegativeWording:Yourletterwasnotclear.

PositiveWording:Iwouldappreciateanoutlineofourmarketingdifferencesthatyou

mentionedinyourOctober14thletter.

b.有失禮貌的言詞

Wedenyyourclaimcomplaint

Wedonotbelieveconfusion

Wcarcnotsurecontrary

Wefinditdifficulttounderstandcontrivance

Weexpectdelinquent

Weinsistdeny

Weareforceddisagreeable

Wetakeissueexasperate

Youforgotfailure

Youneglectedignorance

Youfailedtoimpatience

Youmisunderstoodincompetent

Youmustincredible

Youshouldknowinexcusable

Youdonothaveinference

Youarcdelinquentinsincere

Youinsistthatinsinuate

Youdidnotsayinsulting

Yourignoringintolerable

Yourcreditrefusalirresponsible

Yourrecentcomplaintirritated

Yourfailuretolack

Yourmisunderstandingneglect

Yourneglectfulattitudeobjection

Yourdisregardforobnoxious

Yourinsinuationoffensive

Yourlackofcommunicationunbelievable

Yourdelinquentaccountuncooperauve

(4)防止使用有性別歧視之嫌的詞語(yǔ)

A.用“person”替代第三人稱單數(shù)。

例如:

Insteadof:Pleasesharethisreportwithyoursupervisor.Hewillfinditinteresting.

Say:Pleaseshare(hisreportwithyoursupervisor,whowillfinditinteresting.

B.有某些常用的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞匯有性別歧視之嫌，應(yīng)當(dāng)稍加變化。

InsteadofSay

Businessmanbusinessperson

workmenemployees/worker

Chairmanchairperson

Foremensupervisors

Salesmansalesrepresentative/salesperson

Spokesmanspokesperson

Stockboystockclerk

Workmanemployee/worker

(5)及時(shí)答復(fù)(TimelyResponse)

例：Wewillexamineyourcameratodeterminetheshuller-responseproblemandhaveitback

toyouwithinthreeweeks,ifrepairsaxeneeded,Iwillcallyouforapprovaltomaketherepairs.

例：Mr.Smithisoutoftheofficeuntiltheendofthemonth.Iamsurehewillbeableto

provideyouwithalloftheinformationyourequestedwhenhereturns.

連貫和銜接

(一)連貫(coherence)

常見(jiàn)連接詞有：

1表達(dá)羅列增長(zhǎng)

First,second,third,

First,then/next,afterthat/next,finally

Foronething...fbranother...,

On(the)onehand...ontheotherhand,

Besides/whal'smore!inaddition/furthermore/moreover/another/also,

Especially/Inparticular,

2表達(dá)時(shí)間次序

now,atpresent,recently,

after,afterwards,afterthat,afterawhile,inafewdays,

atfirst,inthebeginning,tobeginwith,

later,next,finally,

immediately,soon,suddenly,allofasudden,atthatmoment,assoonas,themoment

fbrmnowon.fromthenon.

al111csameliinv,mcaiiwliilc,

till,not...until,before,after,when,while,asduring,

3表達(dá)解釋闡明

now,inaddition,fbrexample,forinstance,inthiscase,moreover

furthermore,infact,actually

4表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

but,however,while,though,or,otherwise,onthecontrary,ontheother

hand,incontrast,despite,inspiteof,even(hough,except(for),instead,ofcourse,afterall,

5表達(dá)并列關(guān)系

or,and,also,too,notonly...butalso,aswellas,both...and,either...or,neither...nor

6表達(dá)因果關(guān)系

because,becausesince,nowthat,as,thanksto...,dueto...,therefore,asaresult(of),

otherwise,so...that,such...that

7表達(dá)條件關(guān)系

as(so)longas,onconditionthat,if,unless

8表達(dá)讓步關(guān)系

though,although,as,eveneventhough,whether...or...,however,whoever,

whatever,whichever,wherever,whenever,nomatterhow(who,what,which,where,when.

whom)

9表達(dá)舉例

fbrexample,fbrinstance,suchas...,take...fbrexample

10表達(dá)比較

besimilarto,similarly,thesameas,incontrast,comparedwith(to)...justlike,justas,

11表達(dá)目的

forthisreason,,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto,

12表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)

indeed,infact,surely,certainly,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,

obviously,aboveall.

13表達(dá)概括歸納

inaword,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,generallyspeaking,inmyopinion,asfarasIknow,

Asweallknow,ashasbeenstated,asIhaveshown,finally,atlast,insummary,inconclusion,

(二)銜接(cohesion)

1返指(referringback)

M：Davisopenedadoor."Hereisyourroom.Iamafraiditisabituntidy."Hepickedadirty

handkerchiefoffthefloorandstuffeditinadrawer.

Thekeepercamelopingsoftlyupthelanewiththedogpaddingathisheelsandwewatched

themthroughthehedgeastheywentby.

Iheldherveryclose.Mycheekwasagainsthers.

例：Thewomenwereaskedtoleave.Someofthemrefused.

Theearthquakekilled24,000peopleandinsured77,000.

例：Amanandawomanwerestrugglingupthedune.Themanworeshorts.Thewomanwore

aprintdress.

2預(yù)指(referringforward)

有多種措施可用來(lái)指代將要提及日勺事務(wù)°

例如：Thischapterwillfollowthesamepatternasthepreviousone.

Inthenextchapter,wewillexaminethistheoryindetail.

Theoverlapcanbeseeninthetablebelow.

3省略(Ellipsis)

例如：Theycandistinguishfinerdetailthanwecan.

例如：Theywouldstopiftheycould.

IneverdidgotoStratford,althoughIprobablyshouldhave.

例如：Ithinkwcwantitmorethantheydo.

例如：AtlastheagreedtodowhatIaskedhimto.

文體：

非正式文體

Thankstoryourletter.1gotit14Sept.TvesentacopytocompHQalongwithamemoreyour

financialsituation.I'vesetameetingfor3OctatIlamtotalkaboutanotherbankloan.So,please

letusknowifyoucanmakeita.s.a.p.

Butwemightaskyouafewthingstodowithyourinc.andexp.beforegivingyoualoan.AlsoI

needtogetintouchwiththeGMtookayit.Plus,wellfirsthavetothinkaboutthelasttimeyou

didn'tkeeppwithpayments.

Anyway,in(hemeanlime,youneed(ofillinthisbusinessplan.Bringit(othemeetingwithyou.

正式文體

Thankyouforyourletterreceived14September2023.Acopyhasbeensenttothecompany

headquartersinadditiontoamemorandumconcerningyourfinancialsituation.Ameetinghas

beenscheduledfor3October2023atIlamtodiscussyourrequestforafurtherbankloan.

Therefore,pleaseinformusofyouravailabilityfor(hismeetinga((heearliestopportunity.

However,anumberofissuesconcerningyourincomeandexpendituremaybequeriedpriortoa

loanbeinggranted.FurthermoretheGeneralManagerneedstobecontactedinordertoauthorise

bankloansofthisnature.Moreover,yourpreviousfailuretomeetpaymentarrangementswillfirst

havetobeconsidered.

Nevertheless,intheinterimyouarerequiredtocompletetheenclosedbusinessplan,whichshould

bebroughttothemeeting.

e.g.I'mkeenonBritishhistory

IamparticularlyinterestedinBritishhistory.

e.g.I'msorry,Ican,tcome.

Iregret(oinfbrmyouthatIwillbeunabletoattend.

有關(guān)選詞，見(jiàn)活頁(yè)。

有關(guān)文體，還應(yīng)當(dāng)注意:

歷來(lái)不要用And引導(dǎo)一種句子。不要one-wor