2021年北京中考沖刺?回答問(wèn)題類(lèi)閱讀理解專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)

（一）

Weneedtoberesponsiblefbrourenvironment.Beingafrugalconsumer（節(jié)儉的消費(fèi)者）is

onewaytohelp.But,whatexactlydoesthatmean?

UseItUp

Youcanusethingsupinsteadofwastingthem.Squeezethatlastbitoftoothpasteoutofthe

uibc.Usethelastlittlepieceofsoap.Don'tthrowawayanybiisofthebiscuitatthebonomofthe

box.

WearItOut

Youdonotalwaysneedtohavenewthings.Supposeyoursneakershavebrokenlaces,but

theystillfityou.Repairthemandwearthemlonger.Youdon'thavethelatestiPhoneuntiltheold

onedoesn'tworkanymore.Thenyoucangetanewone.Thinktwicebeforereplacingsomething

thatstillworks.

MakeItDo

Whensomethingyouwantisnotonhand,lookfbrsomethingelsethatyoualreadyhaveto

takeitsplace.Supposeyouarepackingyourlunchfbrtomorrowandwantabuttersandwich.You

areoutofbutter.Haveacheesesandwichinsteadsothatyoucanuseallofthecheese.Learn:ofix

brokentoysinsteadofjustthrowingthemaway.Withalittlethought,youcanmakesomethingdo,

insteadofbuyingsomethingnew.

DoWithout

Thinkaboutallthosethingsthatyouwouldliketohave.Doyoureallyneedthem?Howlong

willyoureallyplaywiththatnewtoyyousawonTV?Makingthethingsthatwcwantusesup

yourworld'sresources（資源）.And,gettingridofthethingswedon'twantanymoretakesupeven

moreresourcesandspace.

i.Doweneedtoberesponsiblefbrourenvironment?

2.Howdowedealwiththelastlittlepieceofsoap?

3.WhendowcneedtogetanewiPhone?

4.Whatshouldwcdowhensomethingwcwantisnotonhand?

5.Whatdoesthewriterwanrtotellus?

Keys:

i.Yes.

2.Usethelastlittlepieceofsoap/Useit.

3.Theoldonedoesn'tworkanymore

4.Lookfbrsomethingelsethatyoualreadyhavetotakeitsplace.

5.Whatweshoulddotobeafrugalconsumer,inordertoberesponsiblefbrourenvironment.

（三）

This12-year-oldGirlBuiltaRobottoFindPlasticsintheOcean

AnnaDuwaswalkingalongthebeachwhenshenoticedplasticsthere.Shereacheddownto

pickthemup,andquicklyrealizedthereweremanymoretinypiecesthanshecoulddealwith.It

seemedimpossibletocleanthemallup.

Du,12yearsoldatthetime,triedtosolvetheproblemlikeanygoodscientist—first,by

doingalittleresearch.That'showshelearnedthat8milliontonsofplasticsendupintheoceans

everyyear.

Thenshegottoworkbuildingsomethingthatcouldhelpsolvetheproblem;a

remote-operatedvehicle（遙控潛水器），orROV.IlerROVcanmovethroughwaterandfind

plasticsontheoceanfloor.

TheactuallycoolpartofDu'sROVisthedetection（探測(cè)）system.Sheusesacameraalong

withthreedifferentkindsoflighttofindtheplastics.Shealsousesvisible（可見(jiàn)的）lighttofind

unnaturalcolorsthatmightmaketheplasticsstandout.

“Shehasaverygoodengineeringsensetobreakdownaproblemlikethisandthengoafter

it,“saysengineerCaseyMachado."Itsoundssimple,butit'salevelofthinkingthat'sreally

amazing.M

Dustartedattendingpubliceventsandworkshopsatauniversitywhenshewasfiveyearsold,

andsoshepickeduptheengineeringskillsnecessarytobuildherROV.Shesaysactuallygetting

herROVtomovethroughv/aterwellwasnoteasy.Shefailedmanytimes,butshenevergaveup

tryingandtesting.

Whenaskedaboutfutureplans,shementionswantingtoaddresstheeffectsofclimate（氣候）

change.thinktherearcalotofproblemsthatcouldbesolvedwithnewinvcntions,^^saysDu.

Duthanksherparents,whofbryearshavetakenhertostudentoutreachactivities,fbr

supportingherinterestinscience,technology,engineeringandmath（STEM）.Shesaysshehas

beenabletomeetstudentsandscientiststhere.

“IknowIwanttobeanengineerbecauseIlikebuildingthingstohelpsolveworldproblems,“

saysDu."ButI'mnotsurewhatkindofengineerIwanttobeyet.”

i.WhatdidAnnaDunoticewhilewalkingalongthebeach?

2.HowoldwasDuwhenshedidalittleresearchtosolvetheproblem?

3.WhatcanDu'sROVdo?

4.WhydocsDuwanttobeanengineerinthefiiturc?

5.WhatmadeDusucceedinbuildingherROV?

Keys:

1.Shenoticedplastics.

2.Attheageof12./Whenshewas12yearsold.

3.Itcanmovethroughwaterandfindplasticsontheoceanfloor.

4.Becauseshelikesbuildingthingstohelpsolveworldproblems.

5.Hergoodengineeringsensetobreakdownaproblem,theengineeringskillsnecessarytobuild

it,herpersistence（notgivingup）andherparents*support.（另外答出thecarefulobservation,the

awarenessofprotectingtheoceans也可酌情給分）

（四）

HugeWavesDestroyingArcticIccFasterthanExpected

IcecoversmuchoftheArcticOcean（北冰洋）.Somepiecesoficearehuge,likemoving

islands.Astemperatureshaveincreased,however,someoftheicehasbeguntodisappear.

Scientistshavediscoveredhugewaves（海浪）inthearcticwaters.

ThewaveswerediscoveredbyaccidentinMay,2010.ScientistAlekseyMarchenkoandhis

studentssetoutonatrip.Theywantedtostudytheicywaters.

OnMay2,（lieshiptraveledcastandsloppedncxltoalargechunkuficcaruund50inilc?

fromthesmallislandofHopcn.MarchenkopreparedtoleadhisstudentsoutontotheIcc.

"WewerereadytogobutwhenIwentout,Idiscoveredmanycracks（裂縫）around,"he

remembers.

Hedecidedtomovetheshipdeeperintotheicetokeepsafe.Thefartherintheywent,he

thought,thehardertheicewouldbecome.Astheypushedforward,however,theshipexperienced

smallwaves,andthenbiggerones.Soon,thewavesbrokeuptheicearoundtheshipinto

thousandsofsmallerpieces.

Withinanhour,Marchenkoandhisteamsawawavethatwasabout13feethigh.Theship's

navigation（航行）systemfinallyrecordedthelargestwaves.Theyweremorethan20feetinheight.

Thewavesweresostrongthatthey（breedhugepiecesoficetojumpupanddown,breakingthe

iceintosmallerpieceswithinjustonehour.Scientistshadneverimaginedthattheprocesscould

happensofast.Thewavesintheseareasusedtobesmall.

Thespeedandforceofthehugewavestheremakesitimpossibletoknowinadvancewhen

theyarecoming.Thatcouldbedangerousfbrnavigatorsandlocalcommunitieswhoare

unpreparedfbrhugewavesordependonseaicetoprotectthem.Wildlifelikepolarbearsand

walrusesthatdependonseaicetoliveisalsoindanger.

Somescientiststhinkpeoplewillsoonseeevenbiggerwavesintheseicywaters.Aswaves

breakupice,theseaswillbecomemoreopen,andthewaveswillgetevenstronger.Therearc

stonnytimesahead.

I.WhendidMarchenkoandhisstudentsdiscoverhugewavesinthearcticwaters?

2.WhydidMarchenkoandhisstudentssetoutonthetrip?

3.WhatdidMarchenkodecidetodotokeepsafe?

4.1lowhighwerethelargestwavesrecordedbythenavigationsystem?

5.WhatisParagraph7mainlyabout?

Keys:

I.InMay.2010.

2.Becausetheywantedtostudytheicywaters.

3.Hemovedtheshipdeeperintotheice.

4.Morethan20feet.

5.ThedamageofthehugewaterstopeopleandwildlifeinArctic.

（五）

Whenitcomestothelettergradeonyourtestorhomework,youmightnoticethatthereisno

letterE.Haveyoueverthoughtaboutwhythatisso?

IntheA,B,C,DandFgradingsystem,thefirstfourlettersaretypicallyconsideredpassing

grades.AnFinthissystemsimplystandsfbr'論iF'.Theword"girhappenstostartwiththeletterF,

whichseemstoleaveoutthsletterE.Ihetacf\SomeschoolshaveUgradefor、'unsaUsfiaclory'',or

Igradefbr“incomplete”.

Evenwithallthissaid,weshouldalsopointoutthatEgradeactuallyhasbeen

usedprettycommonlythroughoutthehistoryoflettergradesintheUS.

ThefirstcollegeintheUStousealettergradingsystemliketheonesweusetodayisMount

HolyokeCollege,in1897,theybegantousethefollowinggradingscale:

A:95-100%(excellent)B:85-94%(good)C:76-84%(fair)

D:75%(barelypassed)E:below75%(failed)

WecanseetheinclusionofEinsteadofF.

Gradually,thelettergradingsystembecamemorepopularthroughouttheUS.However,many

schoolsdecidedtodroptheEgradeandgostraighttoF.Thereisnoevidence(證據(jù))toreally

supportthis,butonepossibleexplanationisthatteacherswereworriedthatsomestudentsand

parentsmightmistakeEfbr“excellent”.

Whydowehavelettergrades?WeiI,partofthereasonisthattheymadegradingsimpler

duringatimeofgreatchangefbrschools.Asthe20thcenturybegan,growingcitiesandan

increaseinimmigrationledtolargerschoolclassrooms.Mostteachersatthattimethoughtthis

newlettergradingsystemwasaneasy,fairandclearwaytogradestudents.

Today,moreandmorepeoplearguethatlettergradesdon'tfullyreflect(反映)student

learningvHowever,asteacherstrytoimprovegradingmethods,manyparentscontinuetofavorthe

lettergradestheygotaskids,theyarefamiliar(熟悉)andeasyfbrparentstounderstand.Sowhile

theymightnotbeperfect,thelettergradesprobablyaren'tgoingawayanytimesoon.

1.whatdocsanFstandfbrintheAsB、C、DandFgradingsystem?

2.whenwasthelettergracingsystemfirstusedintheUScollege?

3.whatisonepossibleexplanationfbrdroppingtheEgrade?

4.wlialdidniublIcadicib(liinkufllicletlvigiadingbyslcminthe20lliuciiluiy?

5.whydomanyparentsstillpreferthelettergradestoday?

Keys:

1.Itstandsfbr“fhil”

2.in1897

3.TeacherswereworriedthatsomestudentsandparentsmightmistakeEfbr“excellent'

4.Iheythoughtthisnewlettergradingsystemwasaneasyfairandclearwaytogradestudents

5.Becausethelettergradesarcfamiliarandeasyforparentstounderstand

（六）

What'sinaName?

ManyAmericannamescomefromEngland.ButwheredidmostEnglishnamescomefrom?

Centuriesago,mostpeopleinEnglandhadonlyonename—theirfirstname.Inthei1th

century,fiveorsixofthe50peopleinavillagemightbenamedWilliam,anditwaseasytoget

confused.ButintheMiddleAges,peoplefoundawaytodescribeeachpersonexactly.Ifthere

werefourWilliamsinonevillage,onemightbereferredtoasWilliamthesonofJohn.Asecond

mightbecalledWilliamfromthehill.Athird,Williamtheblacksmith（鐵匠）.Andafourth.

Williamthebrownhaired.Inconversation,peoplemightrefertothefourWilliamsasWilliam

John'sson,Williamhill,Williamsmith,andWilliambrown.

Itwas300or400yearsbeforetheextra（附加的）namesgraduallydevelopedintolast

names,orsumames.Theyv/erepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Bythe1300s,Robert,

thesonofWilliamsmith,hadthenameRobertsmith,evenifhewasnotablacksmithlikehis

father.Asthelastnamebecamewidelyaccepted,thefirstletterwascapitalized,asinRobert

Smith.Bythe15thcentury,mostpeopleoftheupperandmiddleclasseshadsurnamcs.Many

surnameswerebasedonfather-sonrelations.The“sonof'partwasaddedtothefather'sfirstname,

likeJohnson,meaningJohn'sson.Sometimesitwasshortenediojust"s”,asinJonesor

Evans.SumameslikeHilldescribedtheplacewhereapersonlived.Theyarethemostcommon

typeofsurname.Athirdkindofsurnamewasbasedonaperson'sjob.Foresterwassomeonewho

lookedaftertheforest.IntheMiddleAges,occupationnamessuchasBaker,Carpenter,andMiller

becamecommon.Thefourthkindofsurnamewasnickname（綽號(hào)）.Amanwhosesurnamewas

Bearmightbeasfierceasabear.

Haveyoueverwonderedwhysomesurnamesarcsocommon?Themostcommonsurnameinthe

EnglishlanguageisSmith.Beingabletomakemetals（金屬）intotoolswasanimportantskillin

theMiddleAges,andmanypeopleweretrainedasblacksmiths.ThemostcommonAmerican

sumamesareSmith,Johnson,WilliamandBrown.

I.WheredomanyAmericannamescomefrom?

2.Whendidpeoplefindawaytodescribeeachpersonexactly?

3.Howlongdidittakefbrextranamestodevelopintolastnames?

4.Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?

5.WhyweremanypeopletrainedblacksmithintheMiddleAges?

Keys:

1.England

2.Inthemiddleages.

3.300or400years.

4.Manysurnameswerebasedonfather-sonrelations.

5.BecausebeingabletomakemetalsintotoolswasanimportantskillintheMiddleAges.

（七）

Campinginyourbackyardisfulloffiin,whateveryourage.Ifsgreatfbrkeepingusrelaxed.

Itofferschancestocheckthenightskyandtobenoisierthanusual.Itletsushavefriendsoverto

staywhomightnotfitinsidethehouse!Followtheseinstructionsandyou'llhaveanightyou'll

neverforget!

Putupyourtent.

Dependingonthenurriberoffamilymembersandguests,youmayneedmorethanonetent.

Tellyourfriendstobringtheirtentsifneeded.Followth