長(zhǎng)篇閱讀SijiaYe閱讀部分原來(lái)的快速閱讀理解在2013年12月改革后調(diào)整為長(zhǎng)篇閱讀理解。和原快速閱讀的長(zhǎng)度和難度比沒(méi)有太大的改變。文章約1000-1200詞，閱讀速度要求每分鐘約100詞。文章后面有十個(gè)句子，每個(gè)句子所含的信息出自文章的某個(gè)段落，要求找出與這十個(gè)句子相匹配的段落，所以該題型也可簡(jiǎn)稱為段落信息匹配題。這個(gè)題型的難點(diǎn)在于所給的句子與文章的段落不是一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系：有的段落可能對(duì)應(yīng)其中的兩個(gè)句子，有的段落則可能不對(duì)應(yīng)任何一個(gè)句子。從改革后的四級(jí)樣題來(lái)看，該題型的閱讀文章篇幅較長(zhǎng)，而做題時(shí)間只有十分鐘。一般的英語(yǔ)閱讀理解能力要求為基本讀懂一般性題材的英語(yǔ)文章，閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘70詞?？焖匍喿x篇幅較長(zhǎng)、難度略低的材料時(shí)，閱讀速度要更快，所以要學(xué)會(huì)略讀和尋讀。文章詞匯范圍參照《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課程教學(xué)要求》一般要求的詞匯表。如不在詞表范圍需加注，加注的超綱詞不超過(guò)5個(gè)。題材很多，人文社科類(lèi)占大多數(shù)，常見(jiàn)教育、文化、風(fēng)俗、社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、工商經(jīng)濟(jì)類(lèi)等文章。科普類(lèi)文章的比重近年來(lái)有所提高，但都為常見(jiàn)學(xué)科，如交通、生物、醫(yī)療等，且涉及專業(yè)性不強(qiáng)，比較通俗。文章大部分以美國(guó)為背景。在710分滿分制里長(zhǎng)篇閱讀占10%。（三個(gè)閱讀部分加起來(lái)為35%。）段落的首句和尾句往往能提供與該段落主題相關(guān)的信息，閱讀首、尾句能幫助大致了解每個(gè)段落的主要內(nèi)容?？焖贋g覽題干句子，抓住其主要意思；快速瀏覽段首句或尾句，比對(duì)相關(guān)性大小；根據(jù)相關(guān)性大小，判斷確定答案所在段落。根據(jù)題干句子的意思與各段首句比對(duì)，發(fā)現(xiàn)D段最有可能說(shuō)及第46題題干句子的內(nèi)容，故選D段。此法適合英語(yǔ)水平較高、閱讀速度快的人。方法1快速掌握文章脈絡(luò)理解中心句。中心句一般出現(xiàn)在首位句；如果有轉(zhuǎn)折詞如but或者因果關(guān)系連接詞如asaresult等，中心句則在它們引導(dǎo)的句子里；還有問(wèn)句后面的答句。找到中心句后再讀一下末句，可以更精確地掌握段意。若無(wú)明顯中心句則通過(guò)首尾句來(lái)理解段意。例題：ConcernaboutexcessiveInternetuseisn’tnew.Afarbackas1995,articlesinmedicaljournalsandtheestablishmentofaPennsylvaniatreatmentcenterforoverusersgeneratedinterestinthesubject.There’sstillnoconsensusonhowmuchtimeonlineconstitutestoomuchorwhetheradditionispossible.哪些句子不讀？同位語(yǔ)和較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)（如人物身份、句子中間的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句），很長(zhǎng)的專有名詞（如機(jī)構(gòu)名稱）等。這些信息可以跳過(guò)去不讀。某些具體的實(shí)例不讀（沒(méi)有細(xì)節(jié)定位詞的前提下）。例題Peopleassumethatofficepoliticsinvolvessomemanipulative（工于心計(jì)的）behavior,”saysDeborahComer,anassistantprofessorofmanagementatHofstraUniversity.Arecentstudy,publishedinlastweek’sJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,offersapictureofhowriskyitistogetaliftfromateenagedriver.找定位詞：劃出題干關(guān)鍵詞或信息詞，則題干句子中出現(xiàn)的小標(biāo)題、專有名詞（人名、地名、組織名、報(bào)刊雜志名等首字母大寫(xiě)或斜體詞）時(shí)間、數(shù)詞、連字符詞、動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)、長(zhǎng)詞、不常見(jiàn)詞（有些有中文標(biāo)注）等定位原則，找出含有定位詞的段落句子，對(duì)照該段落句子與題干句子，如果兩個(gè)句子意思相同或相近，該句所在段落便是答案。該段若不能確定，先看其它段。此法適合英語(yǔ)水平一般，閱讀速度較慢，甚至有些句子都讀不太懂的同學(xué)。仔細(xì)閱讀里的選擇題往往是題文同序，只需按順序在原文定位答案即可；而段落信息匹配正好相反，所以要理解每題的中心思想才能定位。方法2例題：Newsweekrankedhighschoolsaccordingto…Whatshouldonedowhenseeingotherpeople’skidsmisbehaveaccordingtoAndrewFuller?Thechiefpurposeofrankings-consciouscollegesinofferingmeritaidistodosth…AndrewFullersuggeststhat,whenkidsbehaveinappropriately,peopleshouldnotpunishthem.1.一些拼寫(xiě)較長(zhǎng)的詞如internship,competitiveness,globalization,integration,sustainability,innovative,immigration等。這些詞屬于低頻詞，多為名詞，是題目或文章的討論對(duì)象，同義替換可能性較小。一般不會(huì)大篇幅出現(xiàn)，利用這些詞可以高效地查找匹配段落。有些詞還會(huì)作為生詞在文中標(biāo)注，如internship在原文中用括號(hào)備注了中文，選它做關(guān)鍵詞瞬間能找到原文出處。2.數(shù)字包括年代、百分比、特殊事件等。如mid-1970s,3.9percent,20percent,September11等。數(shù)字定位準(zhǔn)確率很高。同義替換可能性非常小。3.以連字符連接的特殊詞匯如university-based,one-child,hard-to-grasp等。這些詞是由兩個(gè)或三個(gè)單詞連接的新單詞，一般當(dāng)做形容詞使用。這些詞也屬于低頻詞，一般不會(huì)大篇幅出現(xiàn)。有時(shí)候需要將這些詞拆開(kāi)來(lái)定位，如one-child在六級(jí)樣題原文中是沒(méi)有的，原文是Theyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild.原文的onechild是作名詞用，而題干的one-child是作形容詞用。4.研究、報(bào)告、書(shū)籍型詞匯如report,study,books等。一般來(lái)說(shuō)研究、報(bào)告等內(nèi)容是易考點(diǎn)。這些信息經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在特定段落里，所以根據(jù)這些詞匯作為關(guān)鍵詞也很容易定位。還有其他一些專有名詞同義替換或轉(zhuǎn)述的可能性幾乎沒(méi)有。如TheNationalRetailFederation(NRF)如關(guān)鍵詞不止一次在文中出現(xiàn)定位了關(guān)鍵詞后還需結(jié)合原段落大意和題干內(nèi)容進(jìn)行比對(duì)，如果感到不符，則需要繼續(xù)向下尋找。5.最高級(jí)如best,worst,most等。最高級(jí)常常是考點(diǎn)。匹配原則 1)同義改寫(xiě) 2)正話反說(shuō) 3)反話正說(shuō) 4)概括歸納

由于長(zhǎng)篇閱讀主要考察閱讀速度，所以只要能在原文找出與題目相對(duì)應(yīng)的段落，就可以選出正確答案。樣題UniversitiesBranchOut來(lái)自于2007年12月四級(jí)真題的快速閱讀原文。這符合本次改革官方說(shuō)法"原快速閱讀理解調(diào)整為長(zhǎng)篇閱讀理解，篇章長(zhǎng)度和難度不變。"而題目實(shí)則與之前考法異曲同工。此文先引出話題；中間部分主要談?wù)搩煞矫娴膬?nèi)容——大學(xué)在全球網(wǎng)羅人才和開(kāi)展合作，同時(shí)大學(xué)也在重塑研究方法；最后是大學(xué)全球化的影響和作用。這樣把文章分成四部分后就可以根據(jù)題目在文章中大體定位。準(zhǔn)確理解題目的內(nèi)容，每一道題都是原文信息的再現(xiàn)或轉(zhuǎn)述。理解題目?jī)?nèi)容的關(guān)鍵是：抓句子的主干。找準(zhǔn)題目中的定位關(guān)鍵詞46.Americanuniversitiespreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareersbygivingthemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship.

原文：DUniversitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.….AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships(實(shí)習(xí))abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunityandprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.

先根據(jù)兩組關(guān)鍵詞定位到D段，再檢查一下大概意思，發(fā)現(xiàn)題干句是對(duì)該段第3、4句的意思同義轉(zhuǎn)述。所以答案為D。47.Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateof3.9percent.原文：COftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from8000,000in1975to2.5millionin2994.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesidgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,…第47題題干句子：“Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateof3.9percent.”可以用特征明顯的兩個(gè)數(shù)字themid-1970s和3.9percent作為題干定位詞回原文定位，并可迅速找到與之匹配的C段的第二句：“Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.“再檢查一下大意：題目theenrollmentofoverseasstudents對(duì)應(yīng)于原文thenumberofstudentsleavinghome.而題目tostudyabroadincreased就對(duì)應(yīng)于原文的grown.由此確定該題答案為C。48.TheenrollmentofinternationalstudentswillhaveapositiveimpactonAmericaratherthanthreatenitscompetitiveness.原文：IMostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation'swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects：andlikeimmigrantsthroughouthistory-strengththenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍視)valueswhentheyreturnhome.…定位后發(fā)現(xiàn)題目為對(duì)原文進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)潔的同義轉(zhuǎn)述概括總結(jié)。49.Thewayresearchiscarriedoutinuniversitieshaschangedasaresultofglobalization.

原文：EGlobalizationisalsoreshaping

thewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalShanghai‘sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.team.先題目通常是原話的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，以同義詞或近義詞取代部分原話內(nèi)容，或者調(diào)整句型結(jié)構(gòu)。用定位詞thewayresearch和globalization定位到E段，檢查原文首句“Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone”和第49題的句子“Thewayresearchiscarriedoutinuniversitieshaschangedasaresultofglobalization”表達(dá)的意思相近，carriedout=done,changed=reshaping。由此可以判斷出第49題的句子與段落E相匹配。50.OfthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringintheUnitedStates,twentypercentcomefromforeigncountries.原文：COftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.0percent,from8000,000in1975to2.5millionin2994.…IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.定位后發(fā)現(xiàn)題目come

from

foreign

countries

就對(duì)應(yīng)于

最后一句的are

foreign-born51.ThenumberofforeignstudentsapplyingtoU.S.universitiesdecreasedsharplyafterSeptember11duetochangesinthevisaprocess.

原文：HAmericanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.日期定位后發(fā)現(xiàn)題干句是H段第三句信息的同義轉(zhuǎn)述52.TheU.S.federalfundingforresearchhasbeenunsteadyforyears.原文：GForallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearchuniversitymodel.Mostpoliticianrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearch

fundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationssincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.53.Aroundtheworld,governmentsencouragethemodeloflinkinguniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplication.原文：FAsaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledoftheworldintheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheinternetinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofhismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,where…54.Present-dayuniversitieshavebecomeapowerfulforceforglobalintegration.原文：AAsneverbeforeintheirlongstory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantages.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.55.WhenforeignstudentsleaveAmerica,theywillbringAmericanvaluesbacktotheirhomecountries.原文：IMostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation'swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.Theyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentsandlikeimmigrantsthroughouthistory-strengththenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍視)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewInstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.根據(jù)I段的首句“MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation‘swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome”，大致可以推斷出第55題的句子“WhenforeignstudentsleaveAmerica,theywillbringAmericanvaluesbacktotheirhomecountries”所表達(dá)的信息在該段可能找到。再細(xì)看一下，便可在段落中看到這樣的信息：“…andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍視)valueswhentheyreturnhome.”由此可以斷定第55題與段落I相匹配。樣題定位詞總結(jié)其他例題同義轉(zhuǎn)述：題目：Becauseoftheeconomicdownturn,moreandmorepublicschoolsareconfrontedbybudgetproblems.原文：Asthenationaleconomycontinuestonose-dive,agrowingnumberofpublicschoolshavefoundthemselvesfacingsimilarsituations…同義轉(zhuǎn)述，轉(zhuǎn)換句型題目：NationalstandardsoneducationcaneffectivelyguidestudentsandishelpfulfortheU.S.原文：Withoutnationalstandardsforwhatourstudentsshouldlearn,itwillbehardfortheU.S.tosucceedinthe21stcenturyeconomy.肯定否定形式變換通常命題方式是原文用否定形式，考題則是肯定形式；或者是原文用肯定形式，考題用否定形式。題目：WhatbotheredTiffanyduringaninterviewwithhercandidatewasthatthecandidatejustwouldn’tlookherintheeyes.原文：Duringoneinterview,shenoticedthatthecandidatenevermadedirecteyecontact.方法步驟略讀法/跳讀法：Skimming尋讀法/查讀法：Scanning定位：Locating運(yùn)用特殊標(biāo)記：Usingmarks跳讀法以盡可能快的閱讀速度，有選擇性地獲取大意與信息，而文章的非重點(diǎn)部分可以不讀的閱讀方式。略讀時(shí)，因?yàn)樗俣瓤?，理解水平略低是比較正常的現(xiàn)象，開(kāi)始時(shí)平均理解率達(dá)到五成就可以了，經(jīng)過(guò)有效的訓(xùn)練，通常能達(dá)到七八成。按照意群瀏覽，而不是一個(gè)單詞接一個(gè)單詞地看，以減少眼球的移動(dòng)。World/science/is/dominated/today/by/a/small/number/of/languages.Worldscience/isdominatedtoday/byasmallnumberof/languages.Worldscienceisdominatedtoday/byasmallnumberoflanguages.Worldscienceisdominatedtodaybyasmallnumberoflanguages.第一句是一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞的讀，最后一句一氣呵成，不難看出，什么樣的讀法更能體現(xiàn)速度，而且事實(shí)上，一個(gè)句子里，像副詞、介詞、冠詞等成分其實(shí)是大可不必看的，如果我們只抓主謂賓等成分，閱讀效率就能大大得到提高。Worldscience,dominated,languages學(xué)會(huì)成組視讀PhraseReading：逐步改變一眼只看一個(gè)單詞的閱讀習(xí)慣，培養(yǎng)掃視意群的能力，達(dá)到一目數(shù)詞，甚至一目三分之一行或半行。例題Thereare|mechanicaldifficulties|tobeovercome|whichwouldrequireaknowledgeofelectricity|thatIdon’thave.AsXiaoWangjustsaid,|ourEnglishCorner|istohelpyou|toimproveyourEnglish.2.緊抓段落的主題句。抓住主題句或一個(gè)句子里的關(guān)鍵詞，就等于掌握了段落大意，略去細(xì)節(jié)不讀，以求得略讀速度。當(dāng)拿到一篇文章時(shí)，如果想要拿高分，首先要對(duì)文章進(jìn)行一個(gè)全面的概括性的了解，那么就需要花一分鐘左右對(duì)整篇文章進(jìn)行一個(gè)整體性的把握，這時(shí)就需要運(yùn)用到略讀；在做listofheadings，段落加信息的匹配題，都可能運(yùn)用到略讀，尤其是段落加信息的匹配題需要我們快速瀏覽一個(gè)段落，發(fā)現(xiàn)與題目相匹配的有用信息，沒(méi)有這種快速閱讀的能力，勢(shì)必會(huì)浪費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間，而且正確率還得不到保證。尋讀法在對(duì)文章有所了解（即略讀）后，在文章中查找與某一問(wèn)題、某一觀點(diǎn)或某一單詞有關(guān)的信息，尋找解題的可靠依據(jù)。尋讀時(shí)，要以很快的速度掃視文章，確定所查詢的信息范圍。當(dāng)明確了題目信息，需要從文章里獲取答案時(shí)，往往要選取一個(gè)兩個(gè)定位詞，到文章中進(jìn)行定位，而這種在1200-1800字的文章中以最快速度找到定位詞的能力就是尋讀所必備的能力。作為一種快速尋找信息的閱讀技巧，尋讀既要求速度，又要求尋讀的準(zhǔn)確性。尋讀時(shí)，我們的視線在文章中掃描的速度極快，大部分的信息都是一帶而過(guò)，以最高效率把我們所需信息挑出來(lái)，這就是尋讀能力。在閱讀中，要學(xué)會(huì)利用文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，以及題型與題型之間的聯(lián)系，甚至是段落號(hào)等來(lái)提高尋讀效率。文章的組織都是有一定的規(guī)律的，如果拿到文章時(shí)就先做好了略讀，了解了文章的架構(gòu)以及信息組織順序，那么在尋讀時(shí)，我們的大定位就會(huì)非常省時(shí)。也要充分利用提示詞，比如當(dāng)我們尋找某個(gè)球隊(duì)的背景時(shí)，我們可以把這兩個(gè)球隊(duì)的名字作為提示詞，因?yàn)樗鼈兏鼮槊黠@，更容易定位，他們附近去尋找相關(guān)信息會(huì)更為節(jié)約時(shí)間。同樣的道理，在閱讀里，經(jīng)常也會(huì)有相似的提示詞出現(xiàn)，參考提示詞，有效的幫助我們撥開(kāi)迷霧，看清真相。當(dāng)我們積累了一定的詞匯量后，精讀文章只能是增加準(zhǔn)確率，而40分鐘閱讀時(shí)間往往對(duì)很多學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)成為了另一個(gè)攔路虎時(shí)，我們就必須通過(guò)大量的泛讀，特別是快速閱讀來(lái)獲取速度優(yōu)勢(shì)。單詞不懂怎么辦？在四級(jí)閱讀考試出題的時(shí)候，出題人考查單詞通常有以下三個(gè)目的：考查在有生詞的情況下，考生能否理解句子的意思；考查考生是否真正理解認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞；利用閱讀文章中的生詞，考查考生的詞匯量。出題人通過(guò)閱讀考查單詞的時(shí)候，關(guān)注的并不是考生是否認(rèn)識(shí)所有的單詞，而是在有生詞的情況下，考生是否能夠根據(jù)該詞的上下文推測(cè)、理解句意。英語(yǔ)中的單詞，只有在一定的上下文(context)中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。因此，根據(jù)生詞與上下文的關(guān)系，就可以推測(cè)該詞的意思。利用上下文推測(cè)詞義可以根據(jù)以下幾條線索。如何猜詞根據(jù)比對(duì)關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：在句子或段落中，有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行比對(duì)性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。eg:AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.表示轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣和比對(duì)關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是：ontheotherhand,although,unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast,while引導(dǎo)的并列句等。Althoughalargernumberofpeoplethinkthemantobeguilty,

Ibelievehimto

beinnocentof

thecrime.Somepeopleliketowalkquicklyhomeafterwork,butIpreferto

stroll

homeandlookatthestorewindowsalongtheway.Theirleaderremained

intrepid

even

inthefaceofgreatdangers.2.根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：同比對(duì)關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似。eg:Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要是：suchas,similarly,like,justas,forexample,also等。如何猜詞Condiment,

suchas

salt,pepper,sauce,andmustard,

istheverythingacookturnstoifhewantsmakethedishestastebetter.Susanwasthemost

loquacious

manI’devermet.

Hetalkedwitheveryoneontheship,andhealwayshadsomethingtosay,nomatterwhatthetopic.3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：在句子或段落中，兩個(gè)事物現(xiàn)象之間的因果、時(shí)間順序的先后，都有必然的邏輯關(guān)系。我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞的詞義。eg:Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.如何猜詞Lutherwasvarysadwhenhisgrandfatherdied,butthankstothe

inheritance

hisgrandfatherlefthim,

hecouldaffordtogotocollege.Therewas

pandemonium

amongtheworkers

whenthecompanyannounceditwascuttingwages.Thegamewillbe

inthebag

ifourpitcherdoesn’thurthisarmagain.4.根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：有時(shí)作者喜歡用和生詞意義相近的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)復(fù)述該詞。在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。eg:Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.如何猜詞Itisdifficulttolistallofmyfather’s

attributes

becausehehassomanydifferent

talentsandabilities.Hesoldapanacea

thatheclaimed

wasgoodforrelievingstomachdistress,headaches,fever,musculardisorders,seasicknessandeveryotherdiseases.

Beinga

meticulous

typist,mysecretary

isveryconscientiousaboutcorrectingeventhesmallesterror.5.根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義：eg:Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.如何猜詞6.根據(jù)后綴猜測(cè)詞義：eg:Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.7.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義：eg:Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.如何猜詞8.某些難詞和偏詞不易被讀者理解，作者常會(huì)直接解釋該詞，或通過(guò)同位語(yǔ)直接給出定義。以tobe,mean,referto,bedefinedas,beknownas,becalled,betermed,inanotherword,putanotherway等信號(hào)詞為線索猜測(cè)詞義或利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如：分號(hào)、破折號(hào)和括號(hào)等。eg1:Ventilation,asyouknow,isasystemormeansofprovidingfreshair.Itplaysaveryimportantpartinthefieldofengineering.eg2:Apersonorthingbeyondcomparison,amodelofexcellence,isknownasaparagon.如何猜詞Formtheshelfabovehim,theoldmantookdowna

phial,asmallglassbottleusedtokeepliquids,

andheplaceditonthetableinfrontofhim.Severalother

gases,

suchas

argon,neon,krypton,xenon,

comprisetheremainingonepercentofthevolumeofdryair.

Theperiodof

adolescence,i.e.,

theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood

,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionsastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.9.以定語(yǔ)從句為線索猜測(cè)詞義：很多情況下定語(yǔ)從句直接給出了某一生詞的定義。eg:Hewasaprestidigitatorwhoentertainedthechildrenbypullingrabbitsoutofhats,swallowingfire,andothersimilartricks.如何猜詞10.情景、經(jīng)驗(yàn)與常識(shí)：有些生詞可以根據(jù)它們出現(xiàn)在文中的情景去理解，也可以結(jié)合自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)來(lái)判斷。如果讀到與自己專業(yè)知識(shí)相近的文章，生詞則更容易理解了。Fictionscanalsobeclassifiedintodifferentgroupsaccordingtothesize,namely,novels,novelettesandshortstories.Mr.Brownranintoapedestrianwithhiscarwhenitgotoutofcontrolanddroveontothesidewalk.如何猜詞為什么單詞都懂還是錯(cuò)？

常用的英語(yǔ)詞匯往往都有一個(gè)以上的含義，當(dāng)考查的是熟詞偏義，就有可能對(duì)選項(xiàng)的判斷造成影響。出題人對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了修飾，通過(guò)填詞、減詞或換詞的手法，使選項(xiàng)的意思發(fā)生變化，無(wú)法與原文構(gòu)成真正的同義替換關(guān)系。GeneCohen,actingdirectorofthesameinstitute,suggeststhatpeopleintheiroldageshouldengageinmentalandphysicalactivitiesindividuallyaswellasingroups.Cohensaysthatwearefrequentlyadvisedtokeepphysicallyactiveasweage,butolderpeopleneedtokeepmentallyactiveaswell.Thosewhodoaremorelikelytomaintaintheirintellectualabilitiesandtobegenerallyhappierandbetteradjusted.“Thepointis,youneedtodoboth,”Cohensays.“Intellectualactivityinfluencesbrain-cellhealthandsize.”keepphysicallyactive=goinforphysicalexercisesactivelyWecanseehowtheproductlifecycleworksbylookingattheintroductionofinstantcoffee.Whenitwasintroduced,mostpeopledidnotlikeitaswellas“regular”coffee,andittookseveralyearstogaingeneralacceptance(introductionstage).Atonepoint,though,instantcoffeegrewrapidlyinpopularityandmanybrandswereintroduced(stageofrapidgrowth).Afterawhilepeoplebecameattachedtoonebrandandsalesleveledoff(stageofmaturity).Saleswentintoaslightdecline（衰退）whenfreeze-driedcoffeeswereintroduced(stageofdecline).whenpeoplegrowfondofoneparticularbrandofaproduct,itssaleswillremainatthesamelevel.根據(jù)產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售周期劃分為四個(gè)階段：引入階段（Introductionstage）、快速增長(zhǎng)階段（stageofrapidofgrowth）、成熟階段（stageofmaturity）和衰退階段（stageofdecline）。peoplebecameattachedtoonebrand=peoplegrowfondofoneparticularbrand.Attached表示“喜歡的”，與“growfondof”意思相同。因此，在這個(gè)階段，其銷(xiāo)售量應(yīng)該是“l(fā)eveloff”（趨向穩(wěn)定，達(dá)到平衡）。句子不懂怎么辦？1)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，邏輯層次多;2)單詞意思常需根據(jù)上下文判斷;3)代詞的指代關(guān)系復(fù)雜;4)并列成分多;5)修飾語(yǔ)多，特別是后置定語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng);6)習(xí)慣搭配。注：以上情況有可能單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)，更多是“團(tuán)伙作案”。盡管原文句子很長(zhǎng)，但不需要全部理解，因?yàn)槠渲械拇蟛糠中畔⒉⒉皇浅鲱}點(diǎn)。解決之道就是從題干信息出發(fā)，在原文的長(zhǎng)句中進(jìn)行局部定位，找到與長(zhǎng)句的某部分構(gòu)成同義替換關(guān)系的選項(xiàng)即可。eg:TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavystartstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltoverthedecadestotrackthevess