歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對(duì)您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對(duì)您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對(duì)您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對(duì)您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對(duì)您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對(duì)您有所幫助！專題03閱讀理解之說明文（一）（2021·河北師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)高二期末）IfMarswerethepopularkidinschool,Venus（金星）wouldbetheunwelcomeonesittinginthecorner,largelyignored.VenushasnearlythesamemassandsizeasEarth,butbeingclosertothesun,itgetsnearlytwiceasmuchheatfromthesun.However,insteadofhavingaclimatethatisjustawarmerversionofEarth’s,Venus’ssurfaceandatmosphereareunbearable:cloudsofsulphuricacid(硫酸)blankettheplanet,whileatgroundlevel,itishotenoughtomeltlead.Despitethis,thereisnowasignthatVenusmayharbourlife.JaneGreavesatCardiffUniversity,UK,andhercolleaguesrecentlydetectedphosphine(磷化氫)inVenus’satmosphere,withonepotentialexplanationthatitistheby-productofbiology.ThatisbecausetheonlywaythisgasismadeonEarthisinlaboratoriesorbymicrobes(微生物).Thoughthisdoesn'tmeanitwasproducedbylifeonVenus,attemptstofindnon-biologicalexplanationsforitspresencehavesofarfailed.OurbestwayofconfirmingorrejectingthepossibilityoflifeonVenusistogoandhaveaproperlook.WhileMarshasbeenthefocusofinterplanetaryexplorationeffortslately,thephosphinediscoveryletspeoplelookatVenusinanewlight.AsNASAadministratorJimBridenstinetweeted:“It’stimetoprioritizeVenus.”Inthemonthsandyearstocome,computersimulationswillbeusedtofurtherstudythepossiblechemistriesoftheatmosphereonVenus.Morelaboratoryexperimentswillbeconductedtotrytoidentifyotherwaysthephosphinetherecouldbeproduced.However,thereisnoguaranteethattheseeffortswillrevealthetruenatureofthissubstanceonVenus.Anewly-proposedstrategyistodirectlysampletheatmosphereandsurfaceofVenus.Bydoingso,wewouldbeabletotakedirectmeasurementsofphosphine.ThediscoveryofphosphineinVenus'satmosphereisagreataccomplishment.Thescientificeffortsmaybejustwhatweneedtofinallyrefocusonthisneglectedworld.Possibly,thequietkidinthecornermaygetthelastlaugh.1．WhichdescriptionaboutVenusisnottrue?A．ItisalmostaslargeasEarth.B．IthasnearlythesamemassasEarth.C．IthasawarmerEarth-likeclimate.D．Ithastheunbearablesurfaceandatmosphere.2．WhatcanthediscoveryofphosphineonVenusindicate?A．Thiskindofgasisverycommon.B．Theremightexistsignsoflife.C．Manyproductscanbemadewithit.D．Experimentswereonceconductedthere.3．Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A．Theapproachestoexploringphosphine.B．Theimportanceofobservations.C．Thepowerofcomputersimulations.D．Thenecessitytoanalysephosphine.4．Whichcanbestdescribetheauthor’sattitudetotheexplorationofVenus?A．Casual. B．Cautious. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．C【解析】這是一篇說明文。隨著磷化氫被發(fā)現(xiàn)在金星，科學(xué)家們相信金星上可能孕育著生命。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“However,insteadofhavingaclimatethatisjustawarmerversionofEarth’s,Venus’ssurfaceandatmosphereareunbearable:cloudsofsulphuricacid(硫酸)blankettheplanet,whileatgroundlevel,itishotenoughtomeltlead.”（然而，金星的氣候并不像地球那樣溫暖，金星的表面和大氣層令人難以忍受:硫酸云覆蓋了整個(gè)行星，而在地面上，溫度高到足以融化鉛。）由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“金星有像地球一樣溫暖的氣候”錯(cuò)誤。故選C項(xiàng)。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Despitethis,thereisnowasignthatVenusmayharbourlife.”（盡管如此，現(xiàn)在有跡象表明金星可能孕育生命）根據(jù)第三段“JaneGreavesatCardiffUniversity,UK,andhercolleaguesrecentlydetectedphosphine(磷化氫)inVenus’satmosphere,withonepotentialexplanationthatitistheby-productofbiology.”（英國卡迪夫大學(xué)的簡(jiǎn)·格里夫斯和她的同事最近在金星的大氣層中發(fā)現(xiàn)了磷化氫，一種可能的解釋是，它是生物的副產(chǎn)品）由此可知，磷化氫的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明金星上可能有生命的跡象。故選B項(xiàng)。3．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“Inthemonthsandyearstocome,computersimulationswillbeusedtofurtherstudythepossiblechemistriesoftheatmosphereonVenus.Morelaboratoryexperimentswillbeconductedtotrytoidentifyotherwaysthephosphinetherecouldbeproduced.However,thereisnoguaranteethattheseeffortswillrevealthetruenatureofthissubstanceonVenus.Anewly-proposedstrategyistodirectlysampletheatmosphereandsurfaceofVenus.Bydoingso,wewouldbeabletotakedirectmeasurementsofphosphine.”（在未來的幾個(gè)月和幾年里，計(jì)算機(jī)模擬將被用來進(jìn)一步研究金星大氣可能的化學(xué)性質(zhì)。將進(jìn)行更多的實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)，試圖確定生產(chǎn)磷化氫的其他方法。然而，不能保證這些努力會(huì)揭示金星上這種物質(zhì)的真實(shí)性質(zhì)。一個(gè)新提出的策略是直接對(duì)金星的大氣層和表面進(jìn)行取樣。通過這樣做，我們將能夠直接測(cè)量磷化氫。）可知，第五段主要是關(guān)于探索磷化氫的方法。故選A項(xiàng)。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“ThediscoveryofphosphineinVenus'satmosphereisagreataccomplishment.Thescientificeffortsmaybejustwhatweneedtofinallyrefocusonthisneglectedworld.Possibly,thequietkidinthecornermaygetthelastlaugh.”（在金星大氣中發(fā)現(xiàn)磷化氫是一項(xiàng)偉大的成就?？茖W(xué)努力可能正是我們最終重新關(guān)注這個(gè)被忽視的世界所需要的。也許，角落里安靜的孩子會(huì)笑到最后。）由此判斷出，作者對(duì)于探索金星持支持的態(tài)度。故選C項(xiàng)。（二）（2021·福建師大二附中高二期末）Asleepover(過夜)program,whichisdesignedtomakekidsbelievethattheirfavoritetoysenjoyreading,canhelpencouragechildrentopickupmorebooks,anewstudysuggests.Toyssleepoverprogramsaredesignedtogetchildreninterestedinbooks.Childrentaketheirtoystoalibraryforthenight.Atthispoint,workersandvolunteerstakephotosofthetoyswhichexplorethelibraryandreadbooks.Thenextday,thechildrencollecttheirtoysandthephotosofwhatthetoysdidduringthenight.Theyaregiventhebookstheirtoyschosetoread.Itwasfoundthatbeforethesleepoverthechildrendidnotspendtimelookingatthebooksintheirplayareaatpreschool.Immediatelyafterthesleepover,thenumberofchildrenwhoreadtothetoyswashigherthanthenumberwhodidnot,butafterthreedaystheeffectdecreasedgradually.Theresearchersalsotestedamethodforsustainingtheeffect.Theyremindedthechildrenofthesleepoveramonthlater,byhidingthetoysandshowingthemthephotosagainthenextday.Thissimplemethodbroughtanincreaseinthenumberofchildrenreadingtotheirtoys.Thestudyprovesforthefirsttimethatchildrenwhotakepartinsleepoverprogramsreadpicturebookstotheirtoysmore.“Wewantedtoknowiftherereallywasaneffect,andifso,howlongitlasts.Surprisingly,notonlydidthechildrenshowinterestinthebooks,buttheyalsobegantoreadtotheirtoys.Thismeansthatanewbehaviorpatternappearedthatthechildrenhadn’thadbefore.Wedidnotexpectanythinglikethis,”saidoneoftheresearchers.Readingisimportantforthedevelopmentofchildren’slanguageskillsandimagination.Whenparentsreadtotheirchildren,itisapassivewayofreadingforthechild.However,whenchildrenreadtotheirtoys,itisamoreactive,self-directedwayofreading,helpingthemdevelopintomoreactivereaders,researcherssaid.5．Whatisthepurposeofthesleepoverprogram?A．Todevelopchildren’slanguageskills.B．Tohelpchildrentosleepwell.C．Toencouragechildrentoreadmore.D．Toguidechildrentoformagoodsleepinghabit.6．Whatdochildrendointhesleepoverprogram?A．Goaroundthelibrarywiththeirtoys.B．Sleepwiththeirtoys.C．Readtogetherwiththeirtoys.D．Taketheirtoystothelibrary.7．Theunderlinedword“sustaining”inparagraph4canbereplacedby______.A．keeping B．testing C．surveying D．showing8．Whatmadetheresearcherssurprisedafterthestudyofthesleepoverprogram?A．Childrenshowednointerestinthebooks.B．Theeffectofthesleepoverprogramcouldlastlong.C．Childrenbegantoreadtotheirtoysontheirown.D．Whetherthesleepoverprogramhadaneffectremainedunknown.【答案】5．C6．D7．A8．C【解析】本文為說明文。文章說明了一項(xiàng)過夜活動(dòng)的研究，旨在讓孩子們相信他們最喜歡的玩具也喜歡閱讀，這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)有助于鼓勵(lì)孩子們多讀書。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Asleepover(過夜)program,whichisdesignedtomakekidsbelievethattheirfavoritetoysenjoyreading,canhelpencouragechildrentopickupmorebooks,anewstudysuggests.(一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，一項(xiàng)旨在讓孩子們相信他們最喜歡的玩具也喜歡閱讀的通宵活動(dòng)，有助于鼓勵(lì)孩子們拿起更多的書)”可知，過夜活動(dòng)的目的在于鼓勵(lì)孩子們讀更多的書。故選C項(xiàng)。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Childrentaketheirtoystoalibraryforthenight.Atthispoint,workersandvolunteerstakephotosofthetoyswhichexplorethelibraryandreadbooks.Thenextday,thechildrencollecttheirtoysandthephotosofwhatthetoysdidduringthenight.Theyaregiventhebookstheirtoyschosetoread.(孩子們把玩具帶到圖書館過夜。這時(shí)候，工作人員和志愿者拍攝玩具探索圖書館和閱讀書籍的照片。第二天，孩子們收集他們的玩具和玩具在晚上做什么的照片。他們會(huì)得到玩具選擇讀的書)”可知，孩子們把玩具帶到圖書館，閱讀玩具選擇讀的書。故選D項(xiàng)。7．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段“Theresearchersalsotestedamethodforsustainingtheeffect.Theyremindedthechildrenofthesleepoveramonthlater,byhidingthetoysandshowingthemthephotosagainthenextday.Thissimplemethodbroughtanincreaseinthenumberofchildrenreadingtotheirtoys.(研究人員還測(cè)試了一種維持這種效果的方法。一個(gè)月后，他們把玩具藏起來，第二天再給孩子們看那些照片，以此來提醒他們過夜的事情。這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法使孩子們對(duì)著玩具讀書的人數(shù)增加了)”可知，研究人員運(yùn)用給孩子看照片提醒他們過夜的事情，這樣可以增加孩子讀書的數(shù)量，保持過夜活動(dòng)的效果。由此可知，“sustaining”可替換為“keeping”。故選A項(xiàng)。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段““Surprisingly,notonlydidthechildrenshowinterestinthebooks,buttheyalsobegantoreadtotheirtoys.Thismeansthatanewbehaviorpatternappearedthatthechildrenhadn’thadbefore.Wedidnotexpectanythinglikethis,”saidoneoftheresearchers.(“令人驚訝的是，孩子們不僅對(duì)書表現(xiàn)出興趣，而且還開始對(duì)著玩具讀書。這意味著一種新的行為模式出現(xiàn)了，這是孩子們以前沒有過的。我們不希望這樣的事情，”其中一名研究人員說)”可知，孩子們?cè)谶^夜活動(dòng)之后對(duì)著玩具讀書使得研究人員感到驚訝。故選C項(xiàng)。（三）（2021·山東濰坊·高二期末）“I’msorryDave,I’mafraidIcan’tdothat.”ThecomputerHAL’sunforgettablelinefromthefilm2001:ASpaceOdyssey（《2001太空漫游》）isn’tonlythebeginningofastruggleformachineliberation.It’salsoavoicethatshouldinspireconcernwithourlackofunderstandingofartificialintelligence（AI）psychology.HAL’s“malfunction”（運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)失靈）maybenomalfunctionatall,butratheraresultofcreatingadvancedAIwithapsychologywecan’tyetgrasp.ImentionthefilmtopointoutthatwethinkweknoweverythingaboutAI,butactuallywedon’t.Itwarnsusnottounderestimate（低估）thepsychologicalandemotionalcomplexityofourfuturemachines.Consideringourcurrentstateofknowledge,it’struethatmakingpredictionsaboutthepsychologyoffutureAIisanextremelydifficulttask.Yetdifficultyshouldn’tbeareasontostopthinkingabouttheirpsychology.TherearegoodreasonstothinkfutureAIwilllikelyexperienceboredom（無聊）.It’saseriousbutignoredproblemforourfuturemachines.It’stimetotaketheproblemseriously.Thepresenceofboredomisalikelyfeatureofbeingsmarter.Ifthesemachinesareautonomous,then,givenhumanresponsestoboredom,weshouldbeworriedabouthowmachineswillactduetotheirboredom.Aslongasfuturemachinesexperienceboredom,thentheywillmisbehave.Worsestill,theymightevendestroythemselves.Theissueofboredombecomesmoreurgentwhenweconsideradvancedself-learningAI.DoesthatmeanfutureAIwillnecessarilyexperienceboredom?Ofcoursenot.Itwouldbefoolishtostronglyclaimso.Butitwouldbeequallyfoolishtoignorethepossibilityofmachineboredom.IfsuperintelligenceisagoalofAI,thenwehavetobepreparedfortheemotionalcomplexitiesofourmachines.Ourdreamofsuperintelligencecouldeasilyturnintoaterribleone.9．Whatcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraph?A．Thefilmlineisdifficulttounderstand.B．WepaylittleattentiontoAIpsychology.C．ThecomputerHALbreaksdownentirely.D．ThecomputerHALstrugglestofreehumans.10．WhatcanwelearnaboutAl’sboredomfromparagraph3?A．Itnolongerworriesus. B．Ithasdestroyedmachines.C．ItwillmakeAIlessintelligent. D．ItmaycauseAI’simproperacts.11．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreaderspreparefor?A．Lifegoals. B．Furtherstudy. C．EmotionsofAI. D．AIcompetitions.12．Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．WhydevelopAI?B．WhatisthefutureofAI?C．WhytakeAl’sboredomseriously?D．HowdoesAl’sboredomcomeabout?【答案】9．B10．D11．C12．C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述人們很少關(guān)注AI的心理，并呼吁我們關(guān)注AI的心理。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“It’salsoavoicethatshouldinspireconcernwithourlackofunderstandingofartificialintelligence（AI）psychology.”（它也是一種聲音，引起我們對(duì)缺乏理解AI心理的關(guān)注。）可推測(cè)，我們很少關(guān)注AI的心理，故選B項(xiàng)。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Aslongasfuturemachinesexperienceboredom,thentheywillmisbehave.Worsestill,theymightevendestroythemselves.”（只要將來的機(jī)器感受到無聊，那么他們就會(huì)行為失常。更嚴(yán)重的是，他們甚至?xí)晕覛纭＃┛芍?，如果AI感受到無聊，那么他們就會(huì)做出不當(dāng)?shù)男袨?，故選D項(xiàng)。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“thenwehavetobepreparedfortheemotionalcomplexitiesofourmachines.”（那么我們必須為機(jī)器的復(fù)雜情緒做準(zhǔn)備）可知，作者建議我們?yōu)锳I的情緒做準(zhǔn)備，故選C項(xiàng)。12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“HAL’s“malfunction”（運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)失靈）maybenomalfunctionatall,butratheraresultofcreatingadvancedAIwithapsychologywecan’tyetgrasp.”（HAL的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)失靈或許根本不是失靈，而是由于我們不能掌握先進(jìn)AI的心理。）可知，文章從一開始就引入“AI心理”。及根據(jù)第二段“…futureAIwilllikelyexperienceboredom（無聊）.It’saseriousbutignoredproblemforourfuturemachines.”（將來的AI可能會(huì)感到無聊。這對(duì)于將來的機(jī)器來說是一個(gè)嚴(yán)肅但卻被我們忽視的問題。）及第三段“It’stimetotaketheproblemseriously.”（是時(shí)候嚴(yán)肅對(duì)待這個(gè)問題了。）可知，因?yàn)槲覀兒苌訇P(guān)注AI的心理，忽視了AI的感受，所以文章主要是呼吁我們認(rèn)真對(duì)待AI的感受。故文章的標(biāo)題為：為什么要嚴(yán)肅對(duì)待AI的無聊感受，故選C項(xiàng)。

（四）（2019·湖北·高二期末）Whilewemaythinkitfeelsgoodtocomplain,complaininghassomebadeffectsassociatedwithit.Whyisn'tcomplainingbeneficial?Researchshowsthatitconnectsourbrainwithnegativity.Thebrainisdesignedtoworkefficiently.Thismeansthatwhenwerepeatathought,negativeorpositive,thenervecellsformabridgebetweeneachothertopassinformationatahigherspeed.Therefore,thenexttimewehaveasimilartypeofthought,itismoreeasilypassed.Thisexplainswhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.Yettheharmfuleffectsdon'tstopthere.Astudyshowsthatcomplainingcausesthehippocampus(海馬區(qū)),whichplaysavitalroleinproblem-solving,tobecomesmaller.Inadditiontocausingbraindamage,complainingalsoreleasesastresshormone(激素):cortisol,akindofchemicalthebodyproduceswhenwemeetwithsomedanger.Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighbloodpressure,highbloodsugar,andlowerimmunity(免疫力).Theilleffectsofourcomplainingaren'tjustlimitedtoourselves:theyalsoinvolvethosearoundus.Wetendtomirrorthemoodsofourfriends.Forthisreason,weshouldbecautiousabouthavingstubborncomplainersinourcircleofcompanions.Thebestwaytodealwithconstantnegativityistodevelopasenseofgratitude(感恩).Justlikecomplainingactsasapoison,gratitudeactsasamedicine.Researchshowsitlowerscortisollevelsby23percent,aswellasreducesbloodpressureandbloodsugar.Italsodecreasestirednessanddepression.Gratitudeistheperfectcureforcomplaining,abehaviorthatstealsourbrainpower,happinessandphysicalwell-being.Whathaveyouobservedabouttheeffectsofcomplaininginyourownlifeorinthelivesofothers?Haveyounoticedthatwhenyouaregrateful,youfeelbetterallover?Pleaseshareyourthoughtsinthecommentssectionbelow.13．WhatdoPara2-3mainlytalkabout?A．Thediseasescausedbycomplaining.B．Thedecreaseofavitalpartofourbrain.C．Thebadeffectsofcomplainingonbrainpower.D．Thereasonwhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.14．Whatcanweknowaboutcortisolfromthepassage?A．Gratitudeisaneffectivecureforcortisol.B．Ourbodyproducecortisolwhenwefeelexited.C．Cortisolisachemicalthatcancausebraindamage.D．Havingahighlevelofcortisolcanleadtomanyhealthproblems.15．Whatattitudedoesthewritertaketostubborncomplainers?A．Grateful. B．Tolerant. C．Disapproving. D．Doubtful.16．Wherecanthepassagemostprobablyappear?A．Inanewspaper. B．Inamedicalreport. C．Onawebsite. D．Inaradioprogram.【答案】13．C14．D15．C16．C【解析】這是一篇說明文。短文說明了抱怨帶來的一些負(fù)面影響以及應(yīng)對(duì)抱怨的措施。13．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Whyisn'tcomplainingbeneficial?Researchshowsthatitconnectsourbrainwithnegativity.”（為什么抱怨沒有好處？研究表明，它將我們的大腦與消極聯(lián)系起來。）根據(jù)第三段“Astudyshowsthatcomplainingcausesthehippocampus(海馬區(qū)),whichplaysavitalroleinproblem-solving,tobecomesmaller.”（一項(xiàng)研究表明，抱怨會(huì)導(dǎo)致海馬體變小，而海馬體在解決問題中起著至關(guān)重要的作用）由此可知，第二段和第三段主要在說抱怨對(duì)腦力的不良影響。故選C項(xiàng)。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighbloodpressure,highbloodsugar,andlowerimmunity(免疫力).”（持續(xù)高水平的皮質(zhì)醇會(huì)導(dǎo)致高血壓、高血糖和免疫力低下。）由此可知，皮質(zhì)醇水平高會(huì)導(dǎo)致許多健康問題。故選D項(xiàng)。15．推理判斷題，根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Forthisreason,weshouldbecautiousabouthavingstubborncomplainersinourcircleofcompanions.”（出于這個(gè)原因，我們應(yīng)該警惕在我們的朋友圈中有頑固的抱怨者。）由此判斷出作者對(duì)頑固的抱怨者持反對(duì)的態(tài)度。故選C項(xiàng)。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Pleaseshareyourthoughtsinthecommentssectionbelow.”（請(qǐng)?jiān)谙旅娴脑u(píng)論區(qū)分享你的想法）由此判斷出，短文來自于網(wǎng)站。故選C項(xiàng)。（五）（2020·湖南張家界·高二期末）Doyouliveinacity?You’veprobablynoticedhownoisyandcrowdedlifeinacitycanbe.Whatifyoucouldlivenexttoacalmlakeinstead?Asitturnsout,livingnearbodiesofwater–lakes,rivers,ponds,evenoceans–canhelpusfeelbothhappierandhealthier.Thosewholivelessthanakilometerfromthecoastarearound22percentlesslikelytohavementalhealthproblemsthanthosewholive50kilometersormoreaway,accordingtoastudybyresearchersfromtheUniversityofExeter,UK.Peoplewhovisitthecoastatleasttwiceaweektendtoexperiencebettergeneralandmentalhealthaswell.Sohowdoes“bluespace”makeusfeelbetter?Foronething,aquaticenvironmentstendtohavelesspollutionandmoresunlight,bothofwhicharelinkedtobettermentalandphysicalhealth.Peoplewhogetmoresuntendtobehappierthanthosewhodonot.There’salsotheairabovethesea.Afterspendingtimeneartheocean,youmightfindthatyoufeelmorerelaxedthanusual.Thisisbecauseseaairisfilledwithnegativeions（負(fù)離子）.Theseionsbalanceourlevelsofserotonin（血清素）,achemicalthataffectsourmoods.Withbalancedserotoninlevels,wefeelmorecalmandrelaxed,accordingtoDailyMail.Finally,peoplewholivenearwatertendtobemorephysicallyactive,accordingtotheGuardian.Watersportslikeswimmingandrowingcanhelpusstayinshape,whichinturnkeepsushealthy.17．WhatdidtheresearchersfromtheUniversityofExeterfind?A．Livingnearwatercanimproveourmentalhealth.B．Anincreasingnumberofpeopledon’tlikelivingincities.C．Livingnearwaterhasmoreadvantagesthanlivingincities.D．Peoplewithmentalhealthproblemsmainlycomefromcities.18．Theunderlinedword“aquatic”inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto“_____”.A．naturalB．outdoorC．oceanicD．clean19．Whatdoweknowaboutnegativeions?A．Theyarechemicalsinourbodies.B．Theycanonlybefoundinseaair.C．Theycanhelppeoplereducestress.D．Theyincreaseserotonininourbodies.20．Inwhichcolumncanyoufindthispassage?A．Health.B．Travel.C．Environment.D．Entertainment.【答案】17．A18．C19．C20．A【解析】這是一篇說明文。研究表明：住在離海邊較近的人及每周去兩次海邊的人會(huì)比遠(yuǎn)離海邊的人心理健康狀態(tài)更好。因?yàn)樽≡诤＿吥芟硎芨嗟年柟?，避免污染。同時(shí)，海邊的空氣中飽含負(fù)離子，能影響人的情緒，一些水上運(yùn)動(dòng)也可以讓人更加健康。17．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二段第二句提到Thosewholivelessthanakilometerfromthecoastarearound22percentlesslikelytohavementalhealthproblemsthanthosewholive50kilometersormoreawayaccordingtoastudybyresearchersfromtheUniversityofExeter,UK.Peoplewhovisitthecoastatleasttwiceaweektendtoexperiencebettergeneralandmentalhealthaswell.研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)住在海邊的人比住在海邊50公里以外的人患上心理疾病的可能性要低22%左右，而且每周去兩次海邊的人心理也會(huì)更健康。由此可知，住在水邊可以提升心理健康的水平。A項(xiàng)符合文意，故選A。18．詞義猜測(cè)題。第二段提到住在海邊的人心理狀態(tài)會(huì)更健康，且第三段提到“bluespace”指的是藍(lán)色的海邊空間。A.natural自然的；B.outdoor戶外的；C.oceanic海洋的；D.clean干凈的。C項(xiàng)符合文意，故選C。19．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第四段第四句提到Theseionsbalanceourlevelsofserotonin（血清素）,achemicalthataffectsourmoods.這種負(fù)離子可以平衡我們體內(nèi)影響情緒的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，平衡了血清素水平后人們就可以感到更平靜和放松。C項(xiàng)提到負(fù)離子可以幫助人們解壓，C項(xiàng)符合文意，故選C。20．推理判斷題。分析文章可知，文章提到了適宜人類居住的環(huán)境，身體內(nèi)的負(fù)氧離子對(duì)情緒的幫助，同時(shí)還提到了水上運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)人體健康的好處，這都是跟人類健康有關(guān)的內(nèi)容。因此這篇文章可以在Health版塊上看到。A項(xiàng)符合文意，故選A。（六）（2022·廣東·北師大珠海分校高二期末）Hi,boysandgirls!Doyouknowhowtobeahealthykid?Herearesomerulesyoushouldfollow.First,eatdifferentfoods,especiallyfruitandvegetables.Youmayhaveafavoritefood,butyoushouldeatsomethingdifferent.Ifyoueatdifferentfoods,youwillprobablygetmorenutrientsyourbodyneeds.Second,drinkwaterandmilkasoftenaspossible.Whenyou'rereallythirsty,coldwateristhebest.Third,“l(fā)isten”toyourbody.Howdoyoufeelwhenyouarefull?Whenyouareeating,feelhowyourbodyfeels.Whenyourstomachfeelsfull,eatingtoomuchwillnotmakeyoufeelcomfortableandwillmakeyoufat.Fourth,limitscreentime.ScreentimeisthetimeyouwatchTV,DVDsandvideos,orusingcomputers.Itisgoodtotakemoreexercisesuchasplayingbasketball,swimmingandsoon.Youcan'twatchTVformorethantwohoursaday.Fifth,beactive.Onethingyoushoulddoistoknowwhichactivityyoulikebest.Findwaystobeactiveeveryday.Followtheserulesandyoucanbeahealthykid.21．Ifyouhaveafavoritefood,you________.A．shouldalsoeatsomethingelse B．onlyeatsomethingthatyoulikebestC．shouldlistentoyourbody D．shouldknowwhichactivityyoulikebest22．Itisbesttohave________whenyouarethirsty.A．milk B．icecream C．fruit D．coldwater23．You'dbetterspend_________watchingTVeveryday.A．morethan2hours B．lessthan2hoursC．over3hours D．a(chǎn)bout3hours24．Whatcanmakeyoufat?A．Havingfruitandvegetables. B．Eatingtoomuch.C．Drinkingcoldwater. D．Takingmoreexercise.【答案】21．A22．D23．B24．B【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要提出了五條健康建議。21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Youmayhaveafavoritefood,butyoushouldeatsomethingdifferent.(你可能有最喜歡的食物，但你應(yīng)該吃一些不同的東西)”可知，如果你有最喜歡的食物，你也應(yīng)該吃其他的東西。故選A。22．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Whenyou'rereallythirsty,coldwateristhebest.(當(dāng)你真的很渴的時(shí)候，冷水是最好的)”可知，口渴時(shí)最好喝涼水。故選D。23．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Youcan'twatchTVformorethantwohoursaday.(你每天看電視不能超過兩個(gè)小時(shí))”可知，你最好每天花少于2小時(shí)看電視。故選B。24．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Whenyourstomachfeelsfull,eatingtoomuchwillnotmakeyoufeelcomfortableandwillmakeyoufat.(當(dāng)你的胃感到飽的時(shí)候，吃太多會(huì)讓你感覺不舒服，還會(huì)讓你變胖)”可知，吃得太多會(huì)讓你變胖。故選B。（七）（2022·廣東實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高二期末）CasesoftheomicronvariantofthecoronaviruspoppedupincountriesonoppositesidesoftheworldonSundayandmanygovernmentsrushedtoclosetheirbordersevenasscientistscautionedthatit’snotclearifthenewvariantismorealarmingthanotherversionsofthevirus.ThevariantwasidentifieddaysagobyresearchersinSouthAfrica,andmuchisstillnotknownaboutit,includingwhetheritismoreinfectious,morelikelytocauseseriousillnessormoreabletoevadetheprotectionofvaccines.Butmanycountriesrushedtoact,reflectinganxietyaboutanythingthatcouldprolongthepandemicthathaskilledmorethan5millionpeople.Israeldecidedtobarentrytoforeigners,andMoroccosaiditwouldsuspendallincomingflightsfortwoweeksstartingMonday.Scientistsinseveralplaces—fromHongKongtoEuropetoNorthAmerica—haveconfirmeditspresence.TheNetherlandsreported13omicroncasesonSunday,andbothCanadaandAustraliaeachfoundtwo.Dr.FrancisCollins,directoroftheNationalInstitutesofHealthintheUnitedStates,meanwhile,emphasizedthatthereisnodatayetthatsuggeststhenewvariantcausesmoreseriousillnessthanpreviousCOVID-19variants.Collins,alongwithseveralexperts,saidthatthenewsshouldmakeeveryoneredoubletheireffortstousethetoolstheworldalreadyhas,includingvaccinations,boostershotsandmeasuressuchasmask-wearing.“Iknow,America,you’rereallytiredabouthearingthosethings,butthevirusisnottiredofus,”Collinssaid.AsmoreomicroncaseshavebeenfoundinmorecountriessuchasDutch,Canada,Australia,manycountriesareintroducingtravelbansorclosingborders,thoughtheygoagainsttheadviceoftheWHO.Ithaswarnedagainstanyoverreactionbeforethevariantisthoroughlystudied,notingthattravelrestrictionsmayplay“aroleinslightlyreducingthespreadofCOVID-19butplaceaheavyburdenonlivesandlivelihoods.”Spainannounceditwon’tadmitunvaccinatedBritishvisitorsstartingDec.1.DavidHui,arespiratorymedicineexpertinHongKong,agreedwiththatstrategy,sayingthetwopeoplewhotestedpositivefortheomicronvarianthadreceivedthePfizervaccineandexhibitedverymildsymptoms,suchasasorethroat.25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“evade”inParagraph2probablymean?A．escapefrom B．helpwithC．comedownwith D．engagein26．AccordingtoDr.FrancisCollins,weknowthat________.A．moreandmorecountrieswillhavetoclosetheirborders.B．omicronhasalreadymadeAmericanstiredofthedisease.C．thenewvarianthascausedmoreseriousillnessthanthepreviousone.D．regularpublichealthmeasuresareeffectiveagainstthevariant.27．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．WorldHealthOrganizationisagainstomicron-relatedtravelbans.B．ThenewvariantisthoughttohaveoriginatedinSouthAfrica.C．Thepreviousvaccineisoflittleuseinfightingagainstomicron.D．SpainhasitsborderclosedtoforeigntravelersincludingBritishvisitors.28．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．MorecountrieshavebeguntointroducetravelbansB．GreatdamagecausedbyanewvariantcalledomicronC．MoreomicroncasesemergeasworldrushestolearnmoreD．Vaccinationsandboostershotsrecommendedtobepushed【答案】25．A26．D27．A28．C【解析】本文是說明文。文章主要講述隨著世界的發(fā)展，疫情的爆發(fā)，世界各國想要了解更多變種的信息，更多的奧密克戎變種病例出現(xiàn)了。25．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段“ThevariantwasidentifieddaysagobyresearchersinSouthAfrica,andmuchisstillnotknownaboutit,includingwhetheritismoreinfectious,morelikelytocauseseriousillnessormoreabletoevadetheprotectionofvaccines.”（這種變種在幾天前被南非的研究者們認(rèn)定，并且許多仍然是未知的，包括是否更有感染性，更可能引起更嚴(yán)重的疾病，或者更能夠evade疫苗的保護(hù)。）可知，evade是及物動(dòng)詞，這句話表達(dá)的是研究者們對(duì)這種變種的未知部分的擔(dān)憂，尤其是更可能導(dǎo)致的壞的結(jié)果，所以evade應(yīng)該是有“逃脫”的意思，“逃脫疫苗的保護(hù)”即“疫苗對(duì)它的保護(hù)性減少”，和A選項(xiàng)意思一致。故選A。26．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段Dr.FrancisCollins，“Collins,alongwithseveralexperts,saidthatthenewsshouldmakeeveryoneredoubletheireffortstousethetoolstheworldalreadyhas,includingvaccinations,boostershotsandmeasuressuchasmask-wearing.”（Collins和其它幾位專家說，這條新聞應(yīng)該讓每個(gè)人加倍努力來使用這個(gè)世界已有的工具，包括接種疫苗，加強(qiáng)針的注射和像戴口罩的措施。）可知，證明人們應(yīng)該重視使用現(xiàn)有的防疫工具，即現(xiàn)有防疫措施是有效的。故選D。27．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“theygoagainsttheadviceoftheWHO.Ithaswarnedagainstanyoverreactionbeforethevariantisthoroughlystudied”（他們違背世界衛(wèi)生組織的建議。在徹底研究這個(gè)變異體之前，它已經(jīng)警告過任何過度反應(yīng)。）可知，證明世衛(wèi)組織反對(duì)各國對(duì)新冠變種過度反應(yīng)。故選A。28．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Casesoftheomicronvariantofthecoronaviruspoppedupincountries”（奧密克戎變種病例在世界各國突然出現(xiàn)）可知，這篇文章主要圍繞更多的奧密克戎病例的出現(xiàn)展開的陳述。故選C。（八）（2021·江蘇·金陵中學(xué)高二期末）Likethemovefromhorse-drawncarriagestovehiclespoweredbyinternal-combustionengines,thechangefromcarspoweredbyfossilfuelstoelectricvehicles(EVs)willhaveaprofoundeffectonpersonaltransport.TheEpidemicworldwidecauseda20%dropingloballightvehiclesalesin2020,toabout70m,buttheypickupin2021.Andtheproportionofvehiclespoweredbybatterieswillgrowquickly.TheincreasingsharepriceofTesla,providesabigmotivationfornewcomerstocatchup.Teslamayleadinbatterytechnologyandsoftware,buttomakethoseadvantagesstick,itmustprovethat“productionhell”isbehindit.ScalingupmanufacturinghascausedTeslaitsbiggestheadaches.Bignamecarmakersfaceanequallydiscouragingchallenge:learninghowtowritesoftware.Electriccarsrequireintegratedsof