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書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-安徽財經(jīng)大學商學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Humansareforeverforgettingthattheycan’tcontrolnature.Exactly20yearsago,aTimemagazinecoverstoryannouncedthat“scientistsareonthevergeofbeingabletopredictthetime,placeandeventhesizeofearthquakes”.ThepeopleofquakeruinedKobe(神戶)learnedlastweekhowwrongthatassertionwas.

Noneofthemethodsraisedtwodecadesagohavesucceeded.Evennow,scientistshaveyettodiscoverauniformwarningsignalthatprecedesallquakes,letaloneanysignthatwouldtillwhetherthecomingquakeismildorakiller.Earthquakeformationcanbetriggedbymanyfactors,saysHirooKanamori,aseismologistattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.So,findingoneall-purposewarningsignisimpossible.Onereason:Quakesstartdeepintheearth,soscientistscan’tstudythemdirectly.

Ifaquakeprecursorwerefound,itwouldstillbeimpossibletowarnhumansinadvanceofalldangerousquakes.PlaceslikeJapanandCaliforniaarefilledwithhundreds,ifnotthousands,ofminorfaults(斷層).Itisimpossibletoplacemonitoringinstrumentsonallofthem.Andtheseinconspicuoussitescanbejustasdeadlyastheirbetter-knowncousinsliketheSanAndreasFault(圣安得列斯斷層).BoththeKobeandthe1994Northridgequakesoccurredonsmallfaults.

Predictionwouldbelessimportantifscientistscouldeasilybuildstructurestowithstandtremors.Whileseismicengineeringhasimproveddramaticallyinthepast10to15year,everynewquakerevealsunexpectedweaknessesin“quakeresistant”structures,saysTerryTullis,ageophysicistatBrownUniversity.InKobe,forexample,ahighwaythatopenedonlylastyearwasdamaged.

IntheNorthridgeearthquake,ontheotherhand,well-builtstructuresgenerallydidnotcollapse.Butengineershavesincefoundhiddenproblemsin120steel-framebuildingsthatsurvived.Suchstructuresaresupposedtoswaywiththeearthratherthancrumple.Theymayhaveswayed,butthequakealsounexpectedlyweakenedthejointsintheirsteelskeletons.Iftheshakinghadbeenlongerorstronger,thebuildingsmighthavecollapsed.

ArecentreportinScienceaddsyetmoreanxietyaboutlifeonthefaultlines.Researchersrancomputersimulationstoseehowquake-resistantbuildingswouldfareinamoderatesizetremor,takingintoaccountthatmuchofaquake’senergytravelsinalarge“pulse”offocusedshaking.Theresults:bothsteel-framebuildingsandbuildingsthatsitoninsulatingrubberpadssufferedseveredamage.

Moreresearchwillhelpexpertsdesignstrongerstructuresandpossiblyfindquakeprecursors.Butitisstillacertaintythatthenextearthquakewillproveonceagainthateveryfaultcannotbemonitoredandeveryhighwaycannotbecompletelyquakeproofed.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutKobe?

2.Theauthor’sfocusinPara.3ison______.

3.It’simpossibletoavoiddamagesinearthquakesbecause______.

4.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat______.

5.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe______.

問題1選項

A.Lastweek’squakeoccurredonsmallfaults.

B.Peopletherebelieveinscientists’abilitytopredictearthquakes.

C.Buildingsthereswayedwiththequakeratherthancrumpled.

D.Itcanbeexpectedthateveryfaultcanbemonitoredasaresultofmoreresearch.

問題2選項

A.theneedformoreresearch

B.theimpossibilitytopredictearthquakes

C.thedesigningofstrongerstructuresandthefindingofquakeprecursors

D.theimpossibilityofbuildingcompletelyquake-proofedstructures3.It’simpossibletoavoiddamagesinearthquakesbecause______.

問題3選項

A.scientistscan’tstudyquakesthatoccurdeepintheearthdirectly

B.it’shardtobuildperfect“quake-resistant”structures

C.instrumentscannotbeplacedonalloftheminorfaults

D.alloftheabove4.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat______.

問題4選項

A.well-erectedstructuresdonotcollapse

B.steel-framebuildingsurviveanyearthquake

C.buildingsinNorthridgewillprobablycollapseinastrongerearthquake

D.seismicengineeringhasimprovedenoughforstructurestoresistquakes5.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe______.

問題5選項

A.NatureIsbeyondHumanControl

B.Earthquakes:CanWeBringThemunderControl?

C.NewMethodsandStrongerStructurestoPredictandWithholdQuakes

D.Can’tWePredictEarthquakes?

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“關于神戶,下面哪個陳述是正確的?”。第一段最后一句提到ThepeopleofquakeruinedKobe(神戶)learnedlastweekhowwrongthatassertionwas.(上周遭受地震災害的神戶人了解到這個宣稱錯的多么離譜)可知,神戶上周發(fā)生了地震;結(jié)合文章第三段最后一句BoththeKobeandthe1994Northridgequakesoccurredonsmallfaults.(神戶地震和1994年的北嶺地震都發(fā)生在小斷層上)可知,A項“上周的地震發(fā)生在小斷層上”正確;B項“那里的人們相信科學家預測地震的能力”與原文相反;根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段最后兩句Theymayhaveswayed,butthequakealsounexpectedlyweakenedthejointsintheirsteelskeletons.Iftheshakinghadbeenlongerorstronger,thebuildingsmighthavecollapsed.(它們可能會搖晃,但地震也意外地削弱了它們鋼骨架的關節(jié)。如果搖晃的時間更長或更強烈,建筑物可能會倒塌。)可知,C項“地震導致建筑物搖晃,而不是倒塌”錯誤;由文章最后一句話Butitisstillacertaintythatthenextearthquakewillproveonceagainthateveryfaultcannotbemonitored(但可以肯定的是,下一次地震將再次證明,不可能每一個斷層都被監(jiān)測到)可知,D項“可以預測到的是由于更多的研究,每一個斷層都可以監(jiān)測到”表述錯誤。因此,該題選擇A項正確。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“第三段中作者的重點是……”。根據(jù)第三段第一句Ifaquakeprecursorwerefound,itwouldstillbeimpossibletowarnhumansinadvanceofalldangerousquakes.(即使發(fā)現(xiàn)了地震前兆,也不可能在所有危險的地震之前警告人類)和第三句Itisimpossibletoplacemonitoringinstrumentsonallofthem.(不可能把監(jiān)測儀器都放在小斷層上面)可以推知,想要預測地震是不可能的,因此B項“預測地震的不可能性”正確;A項“需要更多的研究”、C項“更強結(jié)構(gòu)的設計和地震前兆的發(fā)現(xiàn)”和D項“建造完全抗震的結(jié)構(gòu)的不可能性”在該段都沒有提到。因此,該題選擇B項正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“在地震中避免損害是不可能的,因為……”。由文章第二段最后一句Quakesstartdeepintheearth,soscientistscan’tstudythemdirectly.(地震發(fā)生在地球深處,所以科學家不能直接研究它們)可知,A項“科學家不能直接研究發(fā)生在地球深處的地震”正確;由第四段第二句Whileseismicengineeringhasimproveddramaticallyinthepast10to15year,everynewquakerevealsunexpectedweaknessesin“quakeresistant”structures(盡管在過去的10到15年里,地震工程有了顯著的進步,但每一次新的地震都揭示出“抗震”結(jié)構(gòu)意想不到的弱點)可知,B項“很難建造完美的抗震結(jié)構(gòu)”正確;由第三段第三句Itisimpossibletoplacemonitoringinstrumentsonallofthem.(不可能把監(jiān)測儀器都放在小斷層上面)可知,C項“儀器不能放置在所有的小斷層上”也符合原文。因此,該題選擇D項“以上所有”正確。

4.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“這篇文章暗示……”。根據(jù)第四段第二句Whileseismicengineeringhasimproveddramaticallyinthepast10to15year,everynewquakerevealsunexpectedweaknessesin“quakeresistant”structures(盡管在過去的10到15年里,地震工程有了顯著的進步,但每一次新的地震都揭示出“抗震”結(jié)構(gòu)意想不到的弱點)可知,D項“地震工程已經(jīng)改進到足以使結(jié)構(gòu)抵御地震”錯誤;由第五段中的Butengineershavesincefoundhiddenproblemsin120steel-framebuildingsthatsurvived.Suchstructuresaresupposedtoswaywiththeearthratherthancrumple.(但此后工程師們在幸存的120座鋼框架建筑中發(fā)現(xiàn)了隱藏的問題。這些結(jié)構(gòu)應該隨地球搖擺而不是坍塌。)可知,B項“鋼框架建筑可以在任何地震中存活下來”也錯誤;第五段第一句提到well-builtstructuresgenerallydidnotcollapse(建造良好的建筑物通常不會倒塌),但是A項“直立很好的結(jié)構(gòu)不會倒塌”沒有提及;由IntheNorthridgeearthquake,ontheotherhand,well-builtstructuresgenerallydidnotcollapse…Theymayhaveswayed,butthequakealsounexpectedlyweakenedthejointsintheirsteelskeletons.Iftheshakinghadbeenlongerorstronger,thebuildingsmighthavecollapsed.(另一方面,在北嶺地震中,建造良好的建筑物通常不會倒塌……它們可能會搖晃,但地震也意外地削弱了它們鋼骨架的關節(jié)。如果搖晃的時間更長或更強烈,建筑物可能會倒塌。)可推斷,C項“北嶺的建筑物可能會在更強的地震中倒塌”符合題意。因此,該題選擇C項正確。

5.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章最好的標題是……”。這篇文章主要講的是人類就目前的情況而言無法準確預測地震以及無法非常有效的控制地震的問題;A項“自然是人類無法控制的”范圍太大,故不選;C項“預測和抑制地震的新方法和更強的結(jié)構(gòu)”太片面;D項“難道我們不能預測地震嗎?”不符合文意,故排除;只有B項“地震:我們能控制它們嗎?”符合文章的主旨大意。因此,該題選擇B項正確。

2.單選題

ItwaswithgreatdelightthatIreadinyourFebruary()thelettertotheeditorwrittenbyProf.Johnson.

問題1選項

A.issue

B.printing

C.magazine

D.copy

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A:issue“(報刊或雜志)期刊”;B:printing“印刷;印刷術”;C:magazine“雜志”;D:copy“一份;復制品”。句意:非常高興拜讀了貴刊二月的一期中所登載有關約翰遜教授致編輯的信。結(jié)合此處語義,A為正確答案。

3.單選題

Thebeliefthatthemindplaysanimportantroleinphysicalillnessgoesbacktotheearliestdaysofmedicine.FromthetimeoftheancientGreekstothebeginningofthe20thcentury,itwasgenerallyacceptedbybothphysicianandpatientthatthemindcanaffectthecourseofillness,anditseemednaturaltoapplythisconceptinmedicaltreatmentsofdisease.Afterthediscoveryofantibiotics,anewassumptionarosethattreatmentofinfectiousorinflammatorydiseaserequiresonlytheeliminationoftheforeignorganismoragentthattriggerstheillness.Intherushtodiscoverantibioticsanddrugsthatcurespecificinfectionsanddiseases,thefactthatthebody’sownresponsescaninfluencesusceptibilitytodiseaseand-itscoursewaslargelyignoredbymedicalresearchers.

Itisironicthatresearchintoinfectiousandinflammatorydiseasefirstled20th-centurymedicinetorejecttheideathatthemindinfluencesphysicalillness,andnowresearchinthesamefield—includingtheworkofourlaboratoriesandofourcollaboratorsattheNationalInstitutesofHealth一isprovingthecontrary.Newmolecularandpharmacologicaltoolshavemadeitpossibleforustoidentifytheintricatenetworkthatexistsbetweentheimmunesystemandthebrain,anetworkthatallowsthetwosystemstosignaleachothercontinuouslyandrapidly.Chemicalsproducedbyimmunecellssignalthebrain,andthebraininturnsendschemicalsignalstorestraintheimmunesystem.Thesesamechemicalsignalsalsoaffectbehaviorandtheresponsetostress.Disruptionofthiscommunicationnetworkinanyway,whetherinheritedorthroughdrugs,toxicsubstancesorsurgery,exacerbatesthediseasesthatthesesystemsguardagainst:infectious,inflammatory,autoimmune,andassociatedmooddisorders.

Theclinicalsignificanceofthesefindingsislikelytoproveprofound.Theyholdthepromiseofextendingtherangeoftherapeutictreatmentsavailableforvariousdisorders,asdrugspreviouslyknowntoworkprimarilyfornervoussystemproblemsareshowntobeeffectiveagainstimmunemaladies,andviceversa.Theyalsohelptosubstantiatethepopularlyheldimpression(stilldiscountedinsomemedicalcircles)thatourstateofmindcaninfluencehowwellweresistorrecoverfrominfectiousorinflammatorydiseases.

Thebrain’sstressresponsesystemisactivatedinthreateningsituations.Theimmunesystemrespondsautomaticallytopathogensandforeignmolecules.Thesetworesponsesystemsarethebody’sprincipalmeansformaintaininganinternalsteadystatecalledhomeostasis.Asubstantialproportionofhumancellularmachineryisdedicatedtomaintainingit.

Whenhomeostasisisdisturbedorthreatened,arepertoireofmolecular,cellularandbehavioralresponsescomesintoplay.Theseresponsesattempttocounteractthedisturbingforcesinordertoreestablishasteadystate.Theycanbespecifictotheforeigninvaderoraparticularstress,ortheycanbegeneralizedandnonspecificwhenthethreattohomeostasisexceedsacertainthreshold.Theadaptiveresponsemaythemselvesturnintostressorscapableofproducingdisease.Wearejustbeginningtounderstandtheinterdependenceofthebrainandtheimmunesystem,howtheyhelptoregulateandcounter-regulateeachotherandhowtheythemselvescanmalfunctionandproducedisease.

1.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtosuggestthat()

2.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemind-bodyinteractionindisease?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutclinicalsignificanceofthenewfindingscanbebest

supportedbythepassage?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Accordingtothepassage,inordertomaintainaninternalsteadystatecalledhomeostasis,(

).

問題1選項

A.ithasalwaysbeenthebeliefofbothphysicianandpatientthatone’sstateofmindcanaffectphysicaldisease

B.thepopularbeliefthatstressexacerbatesinflammatoryillnesshasalwaysbeendiscreditedbythedoctors

C.thediscoveryofantibioticsshedslightonpeople’sunderstandingofthemind-bodyinteractionindisease

D.thereisanewunderstandingofthecommunicationbetweenthebrainandimmunesystem

問題2選項

A.Thebrainandimmunesystemssendsignalstoeachother.

B.Theimmuneandcentralnervoussystemsareorganizedinverydifferentwaystoaffectthecourseofillness.

C.Disruptionofthecommunicationofthebrainandimmunesystemcancurecertaindisease.

D.Theimmunesystemandthebrainsharealotofhormonestofacilitatetheircommunication.

問題3選項

A.Theresponsivenesstostressisgeneticallydetermined.

B.Thetreatmentofimmunemaladiescanbeconsciouslycontrolled.

C.Psychoactivedrugsmayinsomecasesbeusedtotreatinflammatorydiseases.

D.Socialinteractionscanlessenpsychologicalstressandalterimmuneresponses.

問題4選項

A.Takingthecureatamountainsanatoriumdoesn’tworkforthetreatmentformanychronicdiseases.

B.Therelaxingeffectsofhot-springsspacanhelprestorethecommunicationbetweenthebrainandimmunesystem.

C.Thedisruptionofthebrain’sstressresponsereducesthebody’sresponse.

D.Depressionisalsoassociatedwithinflammatorydisease.

問題5選項

A.sometimesthestressresponseneedstogototheextreme

B.thestressresponsehastobartheforeignpathogensfromthebody

C.boththestressandimmuneresponsesneedtoberegulated

D.theimmunesystempromotesphysiologicalandbehavioralchanges

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨題。題干:這篇文章提供的信息表明了_____。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句“Wearejustbeginningtounderstandtheinterdependenceofthebrainandtheimmunesystem,howtheyhelptoregulateandcounter-regulateeachotherandhowtheythemselvescanmalfunctionandproducedisease”可知,我們才剛剛開始了解大腦和免疫系統(tǒng)之間的相互依賴關系,它們是如何幫助彼此調(diào)節(jié)和反調(diào)節(jié)的,以及它們自身是如何失靈和產(chǎn)生疾病的。由此可知人們對大腦和免疫系統(tǒng)之間的關系有了新的認識。因此D選項符合題意。

2.細節(jié)題。題干:下列哪一項最能說明疾病中的身心互動?Themind-bodyinteraction對應文章第二段的theimmunesystemandthebrain,文中提到“anetworkthatallowsthetwosystemstosignaleachothercontinuouslyandrapidly”,可知A選項符合題意。

3.細節(jié)推理題。題干:關于新發(fā)現(xiàn)的臨床意義,下列哪一項陳述能最好地得到這篇文章的支持?文章第三段第一句提到“signigicance”,后句中“…extendingtherangeoftherapeutictreatmentsavailableforvariousdisorders,asdrugspreviouslyknowntoworkprimarilyfornervoussystemproblemsareshowntobeeffectiveagainstimmunemaladies...”正好對應C選項內(nèi)容。因此C選項符合題意。

4.細節(jié)推理題。題干:從文章中可以推斷出下列哪個陳述?A和B選項與本文無關。第二段提到“Thesesamechemicalsignalsalsoaffectbehaviorandtheresponsetostress”,說明有影響,但C選項中的reduce并不能體現(xiàn)。第二段最后一句“Disruptionofthiscommunicationnetwork…exacerbatesthediseasesthatthesesystemsguardagainst:infectious,inflammatory,autoimmune,andassociatedmooddisorders”正說明精神狀況對于疾病的影響,因此D選項符合題意。

5.細節(jié)題。題干:根據(jù)這篇文章,為了保持一種叫做內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)的內(nèi)部穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)______。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第四段第三句,根據(jù)第五段中“Theseresponsesattempttocounteractthedisturbingforcesinordertoreestablishasteadystate”可知為了維持人體內(nèi)部的平衡,應激反應必須將外來病原體從體內(nèi)消除。因此B選項符合題意。

4.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish

隨著年歲的增長,精力日減,效率漸低,作風漸延:激情有失,理智有增??磥?,這樣的互易不可能總是得失相當?shù)?。但是,一定的年齡總有一定的長處。因此,可以告慰的是,即使你已度過了部分盛年,在未來的經(jīng)歷中,依然會有另一種盛年期的出現(xiàn)。某些重要的盛年期似乎在人生后期才達到頂峰。

原始人一旦由于周圍的許多令人愉快的情景而第一次開口大笑了,又由于笑對周圍所產(chǎn)生的那些明顯的愉快的效果,笑就開始具有了人類社會所特有的價值。具有用爽朗的笑聲來傳播愉快能力的人,開始比他的較為嚴肅、古板的同事更能享受到社會的優(yōu)惠,從而使自己處于有利的地位。他成了個“善于交際的人”,在社交方面成了大家所推舉的人,受到社會的喜愛。

當今的世界,即非絲綢之路的吋代,亦非馬可波羅(MarcoPolo)吋代。從上海去東京,只需兩個多小時。從中國區(qū)地球另一端的美國,也能在日歷的同一天到達。昔日遙遠的地理距離,被現(xiàn)代科學技術一下縮短到令人難以置信的程度。這是人類文明的共同成果。

【答案】Asweage,wetradestrengthforingenuity,speedforthoroughnessandpassionforreason.Theseexchangesmaynotalwaysseemfair,butateveryage,therearesomeadvantages.Soitisreassuringtonotethatevenifyou’vepassedsomeofyour“primes”,youstillhaveotherprimeyearstoexperienceinthefuture.Itseemsthatsomeprimeperiodwillreachitspeaklaterinourlife.

Oncetheprimitivemenburstoutlaughingforthefirsttimebecauseofsomethingpleasantaroundthem,andthenthelaughbringstheobviouslypleasanteffectaround,thelaughhashadvaluethatthehumanbeingsisholding.Thepersonwhopossessestheabilitytospreadhappinessbybrightandclearlaughwillgetmoresocialbenefitsthanhisseriousandstuffycolleagues,whichgetshiminanadvantageousposition.Thushebecomesa“goodmixer”whoiscommendedbyothers,especiallygiftedsocially.

TheworldtodayisneithertheeraofSilkRoad,northeageofMarcoPolo.ItjusttakesabouttwohoursfromShanghaitoTokyo.Onthesamedayonthecalendar,youalsocanarriveintheUnitedStatesontheothersideoftheearthfromChina.Thefargeographicdistanceoftheolddayshasbeenshortenedtoanunbelievableextentbymodernscienceandtechnology.It’sthecommonachievementsbroughtaboutbytheprogressofhumancivilization.

5.單選題

Amagician’stalkcreatesa()ofattentionsothatpeopledonotseehowhedoeshistricks.

問題1選項

A.vacuum

B.concentration

C.division

D.diversion

【答案】D

【解析】vacuum真空;concentration集中;division區(qū)分;diversion轉(zhuǎn)移,分散注意力。句意:魔術師的談話轉(zhuǎn)移了人們的注意力,使人們看不見他是如何表演魔術的。選項D符合句意。

6.單選題

Thechiefeditorthoughthetooksomelibertieswiththeoriginalintranslation.Soitwasnecessarythathemakethe(

)suggested.

問題1選項

A.alterations

B.alternatives

C.alternations

D.altercations

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。alteration“修改;改變;變更”;alternative“二中擇一”;alternation“交替,輪流”;altercation“爭吵,吵架”。句意:主編認為他的譯文對原文做了些改動。所以他有必要針對這些建議進行修改。選項A符合題意。

7.單選題

Aftercompletingthebigdictionarywhichwaspopularlyreceivedbyreaders,thisfamousscholarsetouttocompilea()toit.

問題1選項

A.complement

B.supplement

C.accessory

D.helper

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A:complement“補足物”;B:supplement“增補,補充”;C:accessory“附件”;D:helper“助手”。句意:在完成了這部被讀者普遍接受的大字典之后,這位著名的學者打算對其補充。根據(jù)句意判斷出B為正確答案。

8.單選題

Businesstourismisverylucrativeasbusinesstravelershaveahigherspendthanleisuretourists,which()createsmorejobs.

問題1選項

A.inessence

B.incontrast

C.inturn

D.inpart

【答案】D

【解析】考查介詞短語辨析。A選項inessence表示“本質(zhì)上,大體上”;B選項incontrast表示“與之相反,比較起來”;C選項inturn表示“反過來,輪流”;D選項inpart表示“部分地,在某種程度上”。由句意可知,商務旅游是非常有利可圖的,因為商務旅行者比休閑游客有更高的消費,這___創(chuàng)造了更多的就業(yè)機會。對比四個選項,只有D選項最符合句意。因此,本題正確答案為D選項。

9.單選題

WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.

Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlymounttoabout7percentofitsover-allresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience…tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrun,ratherthantoimproveit.”

1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis________.

2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit________.

問題1選項

A.TheImportanceofBasicResearch

B.Roentgen’sIgnoranceofX-rays

C.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearch

D.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch

問題2選項

A.providesbetterunderstanding

B.offersimmediateprofit

C.drivesoutbasicresearch

D.solvespracticalproblems

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。

1.首尾段核心句

首段第一句提出問題:WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?(為什么基金會集中支持基礎研究而不是應用研究?),具體介紹基礎研究。尾段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.(應用研究是為了解決具體的實際問題而進行的,它具有吸引力,因為可以直接看到和享受成果。),具體講述應用研究。這篇文章分別介紹了這兩種研究并且進行對比,由此推斷本文的主旨是“基礎研究與應用研究”。因此D選項正確。

2.分析文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)

本文的行文邏輯是“A—B”,分別講述基礎研究和應用研究,因此D選項正確。

排除干擾項

A選項“基礎研究的重要性”:基礎研究僅僅是第一段的內(nèi)容,不足以概括全文,屬于以偏概全。

B選項“對X射線的不了解”:關鍵詞X-rays對應第一段最后一句discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine,這個例子用來支持上一句thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated(往往無法預料基礎研究的實際應用),不足以概括全文,屬于以偏概全。

C選項“應用研究的吸引力”:這里只總結(jié)了第二段,也屬于以偏概全。

2.事實細節(jié)題。

精確定位

根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第三句Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly(撇開用于工業(yè)研究的資金不談——工業(yè)研究自然更關心應用方面,因為這些能迅速帶來利益),可知工業(yè)界因為應用研究帶來的好處而關注它,B選項“立刻帶來利益”正確。

排除干擾項

A選項“幫助更好地理解”:根據(jù)第一段第三句Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.(基礎研究的目標是為了理解而理解。),可知這指的是基礎研究而不是應用研究,屬于張冠李戴。

C選項“排斥基礎研究”:根據(jù)第二段第五句Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.(除非提供充分的保障措施,應用研究往往會排斥基礎研究。),這里指出的是基礎研究和應用研究的關系,沒有解釋題干的原因,屬于偷換概念。

D選項“解決實際問題”:根據(jù)第二段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractiveness(應用研究是為了解決具體的實際問題而進行的,它具有直接的吸引力),這里講的是應用研究的目的,也就是吸引研究人員的原因,并不等工業(yè)界喜歡應用研究的原因,屬于偷換概念。

10.單選題

Althoughwomenareascompetentasmeninmanagingpeopleandorganization,theystilldonotattainthehighestpositionsincorporations.Their(1)seemstobe

(2)

byaninvisiblebarrier.Atsomepoint,they

(3)

what'scalled“theglassceiling.”Failuretoattainthetopmostjobsinsomecasesis

(4)

lackofexperienceor

(5)

education.Becausegender

(6)

haskeptwomenoutofmanagementuntilrecentyears,theyhavenothadtimeto

(7)

theyearsofexperiencethatare

(8)

ofmosthigh-rankingexecutives.Alsoinearlieryears,womenwere

(9)

fromenteringgraduateschoolsofengineering,science,business,andlawwhichhavebeen

(10)

tocorporatemanagement.Evenasthosebarriershavebeenlowered,though,womenremain

(11)

atexecutivelevels.Asagroup,theyhavenotyet

(12)

theglassceilingtobecomechiefexecutiveofficersorboardchairpersons.Somethingcontinuestoholdthemback.

Inoneauthoritativestudy,womenexecutives

(13)

threekindsofpressuresthatcomplicatedtheirprofessionaladvancements:theday-to-day,year-in-year-outdemandsandthehectic(忙亂的)

(14)

ofexecutivework;their

(15)

roleas“firstwomanexecutive”andthespecialneedtoprovethemselvestoothers;andthestrainofmeetingfamily

(16)

.Inotherwordsthesewomenmanagersfacedallofthenormaldemandsofexecutiveworkthatmen,experienceplustwoadditionalrequirements

(17)

totheircustomaryrolesinsociety.Havingprovenmanagerialtalentwasnotenough.Psychologically,theyhadtoprovethemselvestheequalofmen.Socially,theyfoundthemselvescarryinga

(18)

shareoffamilyresponsibilities.Thesepsychologicalandsocial

(19)

canholdbackthemostskilledanddedicatedmanager,evenincompanieswheregenderprejudiceis

(20)

aminimum.

問題1選項

A.access

B.ascent

C.lubricated

D.restrained

問題2選項

A.blocked

B.prohibited

C.lubricated

D.restrained

問題3選項

A.collide

B.knockdown

C.coincide

D.bumpinto

問題4選項

A.onaccountof

B.thanksto

C.accountingfor

D.dueto

問題5選項

A.intact

B.inadequate

C.incapable

D.undesirable

問題6選項

A.disposition

B.differentiation

C.displacement

D.bias

問題7選項

A.elevate

B.acquire

C.disperse

D.overestimate

問題8選項

A.typical

B.peculiar

C.exemplary

D.indispensable

問題9選項

A.avoided

B.discouraged

C.deprived

D.restricted

問題10選項

A.pathway

B.means

C.tracks

D.trails

問題11選項

A.underrated

B.underpopulated

C.underprivileged

D.underrepresented

問題12選項

A.brokenthrough

B.turneddown

C.madeout

D.cutoff

問題13選項

A.recognized

B.verified

C.discerned

D.identified

問題14選項

A.rate

B.pace

C.velocity

D.step

問題15選項

A.pioneering

B.prevailing

C.preliminary

D.preceding

問題16選項

A.chores

B.obligations

C.responsibility

D.challenges

問題17選項

A.indifferent

B.noticeable

C.traceable

D.distinguishable

問題18選項

A.disproportionate

B.irregular

C.inappropriate

D.indecent

問題19選項

A.brakes

B.spurs

C.frustrations

D.malfunctions

問題20選項

A.in

B.at

C.with

D.on

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

第6題:D

第7題:B

第8題:A

第9題:B

第10題:A

第11題:A

第12題:A

第13題:A

第14題:B

第15題:A

第16題:A

第17題:C

第18題:A

第19題:A

第20題:B

【解析】(1)考察名詞、形容詞詞義辨析。access“進入,使用權”;ascent“上升”。選項C與D是形容詞,空格處前面是物主代詞their,可知空格處應該填入一個名詞,所以選項C與D排除。前文提到女性在管理和組織方面的才能跟男性一樣優(yōu)秀,但是她們?nèi)匀坏貌坏焦镜母呶?,因此空格處應該填入的單詞與升職有關,選項B符合題意。

(2)考察動詞詞義辨析。block“妨礙”;prohibit“禁止”;lubricate“潤滑”;restrain“抑制”。前文提到女性升職困難,空格處后面的barrier是“障礙物”的意思,因此空格處應該填入一個含有“阻礙”意思的動詞,選項A符合題意。

(3)考察動詞、動詞詞組辨析。collide“碰撞,沖突”;knockdown“撞倒,擊倒,拒絕”;coincide“與……一致”;bumpinto“撞上,偶然碰見”。空格處所在句子的句意是:在某種意義上,她們撞上了所謂的“玻璃天花板”。選項D符合題意。

(4)考察詞組辨析??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵涸谀承┣闆r下,不能獲得高位的原因是經(jīng)驗和受教育不夠。選項D符合題意。

(5)考察形容詞詞義辨析。intact“完整無缺的,未受損傷的”;inadequate“不充足的”;incapable“無能力的”;undesirable“不受歡迎的”。空格處所在句子的句意參考上一題。選項B符合題意。

(6)考察固定搭配。genderbias性別偏見。選項D符合題意。

(7)考察動詞詞義辨析。elevate“舉起,提升”;acquire“獲得,學到”;disperse“(使)散開”;overestimate“高估”??崭裉幩诰渥犹岬脚詻]有時間獲得多年的經(jīng)驗,選項B符合題意。

(8)考察形容詞詞義辨析。typical“典型的,有代表性的”;peculiar“奇怪的,獨特的”;exemplary“可效仿的”;indispensable“不可缺少的”。空格處所在句子的句意是:具有多年經(jīng)驗是大多數(shù)高職位者的典型特點。選項A符合題意。

(9)考察動詞詞義辨析。avoid“避免”;discourage“阻礙,使氣餒”;deprive“使喪失,剝奪”;restrict“限制”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵涸缧┠昱员蛔璧K進入工程、科學、商業(yè)、法院研究院深造。選項B符合題意。

(10)考察名詞詞義辨析。pathway“小路”;means“方法,手段”;track“軌道,足跡”;trail“蹤跡”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵哼M入工程、科學、商業(yè)、法院研究院深造是通向公司管理的途徑。選項A符合題意。

(11)考察形容詞詞義辨析。underrated“低估的”;underpopulated“人口稀少的”;underprivileged“貧窮的”;underrepresented“未被充分代表的”。空格處所在句子的句意是:甚至當那些障礙降低了,女性的水平依然被低估。選項A符合題意。

(12)考察動詞詞組辨析。breakthrough“突破,突圍”;turndown“拒絕”;makeout“理解”;cutoff“切斷”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵鹤鳛橐粋€群體,他們還沒有突破障礙,成為首席執(zhí)行官或董事會主席。選項A符合題意。

(13)考察動詞詞義辨析。recognize“承認”;verify“核實,證明”;discern“辨別”;identify“鑒定,識別”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵涸谝粋€權威的研究中,女性執(zhí)行官承認面臨三種壓力。選項A符合題意。

(14)考察名詞詞義辨析。rate“速度、進度”;pace“速度,(喻)工作節(jié)奏快”;velocity“速度,速率”;step“—步的距離”??崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵喝N壓力之一就是常務工作的快節(jié)奏。選項B符合題意。

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