1、word Computer-Aided Manufacturing 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造 blacksmith n. 鍛工，鐵匠 adaptive dptv adj. (自)順應(yīng)的 assembly sembli n. ; v. 裝配 evolve ivlv v. 進(jìn)化，開(kāi)展，進(jìn)展 commission kmin n. ; v. 代理，委托，委任 tangential tndenl adj. 切線的，淺薄的，略為觸及的Manufacturing Process1word distribute distribju:t v. 分 布 mass-production techniques 大批量消費(fèi)技術(shù)

2、economy of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) versus v:ss prep. 與比較，對(duì)，作為的函數(shù) semiautomatic semi:tmtik adj. 半自動(dòng)的 manual mnjul adj. 手工的Manufacturing Process2Manufacturing ProcessComputer-Aided manufacturing 計(jì)算機(jī)輔計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造技術(shù)助制造技術(shù) The scientific study of metal-cutting and automation techniques is products of the twentieth century

3、senturi. Two pioneers ,painis of these techniques were Frederick Taylor and Henry Ford. 從科學(xué)上進(jìn)展研討金屬切削和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)從科學(xué)上進(jìn)展研討金屬切削和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)研討起始于第二十世紀(jì)。這些技術(shù)的先驅(qū)研討起始于第二十世紀(jì)。這些技術(shù)的先驅(qū)者是弗雷德里克泰勒和亨利者是弗雷德里克泰勒和亨利.福特。福特。3 During the early 1900s, the improving U.S. standard of living brought a new high in personal wealth. The ma

4、jor result was the increased demand for durable drbl goods. 20世紀(jì)初美國(guó)日益提高的生活程度將個(gè)人財(cái)富帶到一個(gè)新的高度。這種景象主要影響就是對(duì)耐用消費(fèi)品的需求的增長(zhǎng)。 Computer-Aided manufacturing 4 This increased demand meant that manufacturing could no longer be treated tri:td as a blacksmith trade treid, and the use of scientific study was employed

5、in manufacturing analysis. 日益增長(zhǎng)的需求意味著制造業(yè)不再是簡(jiǎn)單的手任務(wù)坊式的行業(yè)，而應(yīng)該在制造業(yè)中引入科學(xué)化的研討手段。Computer-Aided manufacturing 5 Taylor pioneered studies in “scientific management in which methods for production by both men and machines were studied. 泰勒開(kāi)創(chuàng)了“科學(xué)管理的研討，透過(guò)人員和機(jī)器研討消費(fèi)的方法。Computer-Aided manufacturing 6 Taylor also c

6、onducted kndktd metal cutting experiments at the Midvale Steel Company that lasted 26 years and produced 400 tons of metal chips. 泰勒還在米德韋爾鋼鐵公司進(jìn)展金屬切削實(shí)驗(yàn)，該項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)長(zhǎng)達(dá)26年之久并消費(fèi)了近400噸重的金屬鐵屑。Computer-Aided manufacturing 7 The result of Taylors metal-cutting experiments was the development of the Taylor tool-life

7、 equation that is still used in industry ndstri today. 泰勒的金屬切削實(shí)驗(yàn)最終導(dǎo)致了泰勒刀具壽命公式的發(fā)現(xiàn)，該公式目前依然被工業(yè)界所采用。Computer-Aided manufacturing 8 This tool-life equation is still the basis of determining economic metal cutting and has been used in adaptive controlled machining. 刀具運(yùn)用壽命依然作為最根本的判別金屬切削經(jīng)濟(jì)與否的根據(jù)。同時(shí)，該刀具壽命公式還被

8、用于自順應(yīng)控制加工。Computer-Aided manufacturing 9 Henry Fords contributions took a different turn from Taylors. Ford refined rifaind and developed the use of assembly lines for the major component manufacturer of his automobile. 亨利.福特的研討成果與泰勒不同。福特優(yōu)化和開(kāi)發(fā)了裝配消費(fèi)線的運(yùn)用，這種裝配消費(fèi)線運(yùn)用于他的汽車主要零部件的制造。Computer-Aided manufactu

9、ring 10 Ford felt that every American family should have an automobile, and if they could be manufactured inexpensively enough then every family would buy one. Several mechanisms were developed at Ford to accommodate kmdeit assembly lines. 福特以為每個(gè)美國(guó)家庭都應(yīng)該擁有一輛汽車。假設(shè)能將汽車的價(jià)錢降低到人們的購(gòu)買力程度上(他們制造的汽車足夠廉價(jià)的話)，那么每

10、個(gè)家庭就會(huì)購(gòu)買一輛汽車。福特公司開(kāi)發(fā)了一些設(shè)備機(jī)械安裝以順應(yīng)裝配消費(fèi)線。Computer-Aided manufacturing 11 The automation that Ford developed was built into the hardware, and Ford realized that significant demand was necessary to offset the initial development and production costs of such systems. 福特開(kāi)發(fā)的自動(dòng)化是建立在硬件中的，福特認(rèn)識(shí)到需求大量的需求來(lái)抵消這種系統(tǒng)的初始開(kāi)

11、發(fā)和消費(fèi)本錢。Computer-Aided manufacturing 12 Although manufacturing industries continued to evolve, it was not until the 1950s that the next major development occurred. 雖然制造業(yè)的研發(fā)不斷繼續(xù)不斷，但新的一輪大開(kāi)展是在20世紀(jì)50年代才出現(xiàn)的。 Computer-Aided manufacturing 13 For some time, strides strad to reduce human involvement in manufa

12、cturing were being taken. Specialty spelti machines using cams and other “hardwired logic controllers had been developed. 長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，人們不斷努力于減少制造過(guò)程中的人為參與。曾經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出了采用凸輪和其他“硬連線邏輯控制器的公用設(shè)備。Computer-Aided manufacturing 14 The U.S. Air Force recognized reknazd the development time required to produce this special e

13、quipment and that the time required to make only small sequence changes was excessive kssv. 美國(guó)空軍認(rèn)識(shí)到，用來(lái)消費(fèi)這些公用設(shè)備的研發(fā)時(shí)間和用來(lái)僅作程序小改動(dòng)的時(shí)間都是很長(zhǎng)的(過(guò)多的)。Computer-Aided manufacturing 15 As a result, the Air Force commissioned the Massachusetts mstu:sts Institute of Technology to demonstrate dmnstret programmable o

14、r numerically controlled (NC) machines (also known as “softwired machines) . With this first demonstration in 1952 came the beginning of a new era r in manufacturing. 因此，美國(guó)空軍委托麻省理工學(xué)院開(kāi)發(fā)(展現(xiàn))可編程的數(shù)字化控制器，也稱“軟連線設(shè)備。1952年的這次首創(chuàng)開(kāi)場(chǎng)了制造業(yè)的新紀(jì)元。Computer-Aided manufacturing 16 Since then, digital computers have been

15、 used to produce input either in a directed manner to many NC machines, direct numerical control (DNC), or in a more dedicated control sense, computer numerical control (CNC). 從那時(shí)起，數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)就被用來(lái)當(dāng)做輸入設(shè)備，要么以直接方式輸入到NC設(shè)備中，直接數(shù)字控制DNC，要么用更公用的控制傳感，即計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制CNC。Computer-Aided manufacturing 17 Today, machine contro

16、l languages such as APT (Automatic Programming Tool) have become the standard for creating tool control for NC machines. 如今，機(jī)床控制言語(yǔ)比如說(shuō)自動(dòng)編程工具 ，曾經(jīng)成為數(shù)控機(jī)床創(chuàng)建工具控制的規(guī)范了。Computer-Aided manufacturing 18 It is interesting to note that much of the evolution in manufacturing has come as a response to particular c

17、hanges during different period. 有意思的是，制造業(yè)的許多開(kāi)展都對(duì)應(yīng)于不同歷史時(shí)期的特定的變化。Computer-Aided manufacturing 19 For instance, the technology that evolves in the nineteenth century brought with it the need for higher-precision machining. (this resulted in the creation of many new machine tools, a more refined machine

18、 design, and new production processes.) 例如，19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)革命促進(jìn)了人們對(duì)較高加工精度的需求從而促進(jìn)了許多新型刀具的研發(fā)、精細(xì)機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)以及新的消費(fèi)工藝。 Computer-Aided manufacturing 20 The early twentieth century became an era of prosperity and industrialization that created the demand necessary for mass-production techniques. 二十世紀(jì)初期成為一個(gè)昌盛的、工業(yè)化的年代，這個(gè)年代

19、也發(fā)明了大規(guī)模消費(fèi)技術(shù)所必需的產(chǎn)品需求。Computer-Aided manufacturing 21 In the 1950s it was estimated that as the speed of an aircraft increased, the cost of manufacturing the aircraft (because of geometric complexity) increased proportionately with the speed. 20世紀(jì)50年代，據(jù)估計(jì)，隨著飛行速度增大，這個(gè)飛機(jī)的制造本錢也會(huì)以這個(gè)速度同樣比例的添加(由于其復(fù)雜程度是以幾何級(jí)數(shù)

20、添加的)。Computer-Aided manufacturing 22 The result of this was the development of NC technology. A few tangential notes on this history include the following. 也正是這個(gè)緣由導(dǎo)致了NC技術(shù)的開(kāi)展。在這段歷史時(shí)期內(nèi)一些次要的記錄如下：Computer-Aided manufacturing 23 As the volume of parts manufactured increases, the production cost for the p

21、arts decrease (this is generally known as “economy of scale). Some of the change in production cost is due to fixed versus variable costs. 當(dāng)零部件的制造數(shù)量添加時(shí)，那么，這個(gè)零件的消費(fèi)本錢會(huì)減小，這種景象通常被稱之為“經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模。消費(fèi)本錢某些變化是由于固定本錢與可變本錢的比例改動(dòng)。Computer-Aided manufacturing 24 For instance, if , only a single part is to be produced (s

22、uch as a space vehicle), all of the fixed costs for planning and design (both product and process) must be absorbed by the single item. 例如，只消費(fèi)一個(gè)的話如一個(gè)宇宙飛船，那么，一切固定本錢，包括規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)(包含產(chǎn)品和加工)，都只能由這個(gè)單一工程去承當(dāng)。Computer-Aided manufacturing 25 If, however, several parts are produced, the fixed charge can be distribu

23、ted over several parts. 假設(shè)消費(fèi)多個(gè)的話，固定本錢可以分?jǐn)偟竭@多個(gè)當(dāng)中。 Computer-Aided manufacturing 26 Changes in production cost, not reflected in this simple fixed-versus variable-cost relationship, are usually the result of different manufacturing procedures-transfer-line techniques for high-volume items versus job-sh

24、op procedures for low-volume items. 消費(fèi)本錢的變化并不僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單的固定本錢與可變本錢間的關(guān)系。通常， 這是不同制造方法的結(jié)果，自動(dòng)化消費(fèi)線用于大批量產(chǎn)品，加工車間用于小批量產(chǎn)品。Computer-Aided manufacturing 27 An automated manufacturing system consists of a collection of automatic or semiautomatic machines linked together by a “intrasystem material-handling system. 自動(dòng)化

25、制造系統(tǒng)由一系列的自動(dòng)化機(jī)床或半自動(dòng)化機(jī)床，及將他們銜接到一同的內(nèi)部物料傳送系統(tǒng)組成。Automated manufacturing system28 These systems have been around since before Henry Ford began to manufacture his Model T on his moving assembly line. 這種系統(tǒng)大約起始于Henry Ford 在他的挪動(dòng)裝配線上開(kāi)場(chǎng)消費(fèi)T型汽車的時(shí)候。Automated manufacturing system29 These automated systems have been

26、 used to produce machined components, assemblies, electrical components, food products, chemical products, etc. 這些自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)被用來(lái)消費(fèi)機(jī)器零部件，總成，電器元件，食品，化工產(chǎn)品等。Automated manufacturing system30 The total number of products produced on a single system varies verz with the production methods. However, the principle of designing the production systems are the same independently of the product being manufactured. 單一系統(tǒng)的消費(fèi)總量是隨這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的消費(fèi)方法的改動(dòng)而變化的。然而，不論消費(fèi)什么產(chǎn)品，設(shè)計(jì)消費(fèi)系統(tǒng)的原那么是一樣的。Automated manufacturing system31 The workstations in a production system can be manual, semiautomatic or fully automati