1、Module2 Developing and Developed Countries-grammar 素材語法點(diǎn)撥With復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是英語中常見的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)形式。從某種意義上說，它們可以算 作是非謂語動(dòng)詞用法的延伸。它們都可以在句中作原因狀語、伴隨狀況狀語、條件狀語、時(shí) 間狀語或結(jié)果狀語用，一般也可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。雖然它們的語法功能和意義相同，但其結(jié)構(gòu)形 式和名稱卻不相同。抓住這一點(diǎn)，就可以把二者融會貫通，從而在閱讀中減少不必要的理解 障礙。with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的模式是：with+名詞/代詞（作邏輯主語）+分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語（作邏輯謂語）獨(dú)立主

2、格結(jié)構(gòu)的模式是：主格名詞/代詞（作邏輯主語）+分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語（作邏輯謂語）請看下例：一、作時(shí)間狀語1、With win ter coming on, the trees tur n yellow and some birds fly south.=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.2、With our work having been finished well, we went out for a holiday.=Our work havi ng bee n fini sh

3、ed well, we went out for a holiday.3、With the traffic light green, the bus got moving.=The traffic light gree n, the bus got moving.4、With the wedding dinner party（being） over, we left the hotel.=The weddi ng dinner party（be ing） over, we left the hotel.二、作原因狀語5、With it being Sun day, the library wa

4、s closed.=It being Sun day, the library was closed.6、With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.=The weather terribly cold, we en tered the room to warm ourselves.7、With us to care for the children you are able to be carefree away from home.=We to care for the childre n, y

5、ou are able to be carefree away from home.（注意此處的 we 不得改 成us,用了 us便不是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)了。） 8、With the key having been lost, she could not enter the room.=The key hav ing bee n lost, she could not en ter the room.三、作條件狀語1、With time permitting （許可），we ' ll visit the Summer Palace.=Time permitting, we' ll v

6、isit the Summer Palace.2、With the car going wrong, we ' ll have to stop at the foot of the mountain.=The car going wrong, we ' ll have to stop at the foot of the mountain.四、作伴隨狀況狀語1、The mother was cleaning the house with her baby playing on the bed.=The mother was clea ning the house, her ba

7、by play ing on the bed.2、He wore a shirt with the neck open.=He wore a shirt, the n eck ope n.3、Last night I followed him, and climbed in, with a sword in my hand.=Last ni ght I followed him and climbed in, sword in hand.4、He sat there thinking, with his head on his hand.=He sat there thinking, head

8、 on hand.注意：若 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作伴隨狀況狀語，且結(jié)構(gòu)模式又是"with+名詞+介詞短語”那么with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，介詞前后的兩個(gè)名詞就應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式且不帶包括 冠詞在內(nèi)的任何限定詞。上述句3、句4便是例證。無論with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)還是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，都不可有動(dòng)詞的謂語形式充當(dāng)其中的邏輯謂語。如下例中的 was 就必須去掉：He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand.這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作時(shí)間、條件或原因狀語時(shí)，分別與表示時(shí)間、條件或原因的狀語從句同 義。例如：Time permitt

9、ing; we will visit the Yellow Mountain.=lf time permits we will visit the Yellow Mou nta in.It being Sun day, people got up late that day.=As it was Sun day people got up late that day.The meeting over, we all went home.=When the meeting was over we all went home.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以作后置定語修飾名詞，而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)則不可作后置定語修

10、飾名詞。例如：Soon she arrived at a park with grass gree n and flowers in blossom.=Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.有趣的是，這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)可以結(jié)合起來合適，并表現(xiàn)出獨(dú)立主格的特色來。例如：In the park, the tourists are enjoying different kinds of trees, some with a single branch growing ashigh

11、as 15 meters.（游客們在公園里觀賞各種樹木，有些樹的單枝就高達(dá)15米。）句中“ some+with 是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，而with后面又帶有自己的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。The boys are playing with snow, each with a face red with cold.（ 孩子們在打雪仗，個(gè)個(gè)臉蛋都凍得通紅。）在句中，“each+with是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，而 with后面又帶有自己的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。切記，后面能帶復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞只有with, without和like。這樣用的 without和like可見于下例中：The man who saved the money died w

12、ithout anyone knowing where the coins were hidde n.An animal having black stripes （ 斑紋）like the Chinese character 王 ” shown on the forehead 前額） must be tiger.The pine tree still stood there like an umbrella covering the entrance to the valley.Grammar:讓步狀語從句常見的連接詞有 though/although/, even if/though,co

13、nsidering that, while, no matterhow/when/where/who/what/, whether-or not 等。女口 ：Although the sea breaks up the waste, beaches may become polluted and fish may not safe to eat. 盡管海洋能瓦解垃圾，但海岸可能會被污染，魚類不能吃。Nobody would believe him no matter what he said.While I like the color of the hat, I don' t lik

14、e the shape盡管我喜歡帽子的顏色，但我不喜歡它的形狀。Whether you believe it or not, it' s true.though, although注意： 當(dāng)有though, although時(shí)，后面的從句不能有but，但是though和yet可連用Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫?。He is very old, but he still works very hard.雖然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore

15、be healed, yet a scar may rema in.典型例題1) she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. When B. However C. AlthoughD. Un less答案：C。意為雖然她很年輕，卻知道許多。2) as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前(形容詞、副詞、分詞、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前)Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.=Though he was a small child, he kn

16、ew what was the right thing to do.注意：a.句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。b.句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語和狀語，隨實(shí)義 動(dòng)詞一起放在主語之前。Try hard as he will, he n ever seems able to do the work satisfactorily.=Though he tries hard, he n ever seems雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。3) ever if, even though. 即使We'll make a trip eve n though the wea

17、ther is bad.4) whether -or 不管都Whether you believe it or no t, it is true.5) "no matter +疑問詞”或”疑問詞+后綴ever"No matter what happe ned, he would not mind.Whatever happe ned, he would not mind.替換：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter whe n = whe neverno matter where = whereve

18、rno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。(錯(cuò))No matter what you say is of no use now.（對）Whatever you say is of no use now.你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。（Whatever you say是主語從句）（錯(cuò)） Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,（對）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。The usage of “ however ”.1. People like this are usually harmless. They can, however, be a nuisance.（令人討厭的人 ）2. This method has bee n widely adopted. However, it is not y