Chapter1IoTTechnologyFundamentalsUnderstandingthegeneraldevelopmentoftheIoTRememberingthekeyterms

ofIoTKnowledgeApplyingmind-mappingasapre-readingApplyingwordfamiliesinexpandingvocabularyImplementingstrategiestoprepareforshortexamquestionsSkillLearningobjectives

FromtheInternetofcomputers

totheinternetofthingsUNIT1ContentsDomainKnowledgeandterminologyfocusEnglishforAcademicPurposesAcademicreading:1)mind-mapping2)readingforspecificdetailsVocabulary:wordfamilyListeningPublicspeaking:alectureWritingforcourseworkandexamBackground:MarkWeiserMarkWeiser(1952-1999)AmericancomputerscientistandvisionaryPioneeredtheconceptofubiquitouscomputingBackground:MarkWeiserCoinedtheterm"ubiquitouscomputing"intheearly1990sWorkedatXeroxPARC(PaloAltoResearchCenter)Knownasthe"FatherofUbiquitousComputing"1.DOMAINKNOWLEDGEandTERMINOLOGYFOCUS

KeysentencesTheInternetofThingsrepresentsavisioninwhichtheInternetextendsintotherealworldembracingeverydayobjects.(para1)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)代表了一個愿景，即互聯(lián)網(wǎng)延伸到現(xiàn)實世界中，將日常物品連接起來。Paraphrase:Theterm"InternetofThings"describesafuturisticconceptinwhichcommonplaceitemsbecomepartoftheonlineworld.KeywordsVision/'v???n/n.adreamorsimilarexperience,especiallyofareligiouskindThevisionaryleaderpresentedacompellingvisionforthefutureofthecompany.Shehadaclearvisionofhowtheprojectshouldbeexecuted.KeywordsEmbrace/?m'bre?s/v.toacceptasetofbeliefs,especiallywhenitisdonewithenthusiasmHevalueshiscustomers'opinionsandisalwaysreadytoembracefeedbacktoimprovehisproducts.Inresponsetoshiftingmarkettrends,sheisreadytoembraceinnovationandadaptherstrategiesforfuturesuccess.KeysentencesAnInternetofThingsmakescomputingtrulyubiquitous–aconceptinitiallyputforwardbyMarkWeiserintheearly1990s.(para1)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得計算真正變得無處不在——這個概念最初由馬克·威瑟在上世紀90年代初提出。Paraphrase:Intheearly1990s,MarkWeiserintroducedtheconceptoftheInternetofThings,whichmakescomputingbecometrulywidespread.KeywordsUbiquitous/ju?'b?kw?t?s/adj.seemingtobeeverywhere;verycommonWi-Ficonnectivityisnowubiquitousinpublicplaceslikecafes,airports,andshoppingcenters.E-commercehasmadeonlineshoppingaubiquitouspractice,providingconveniencetoconsumersworldwide.Keysentences“Smart”objectsplayakeyroleintheInternetofThingsvision,sinceembeddedcommunicationandinformationtechnologywouldhavethepotentialtorevolutionizetheuseoftheseobjects.(para3)在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的愿景中，“智能”物體扮演著重要的角色，因為這些物體內(nèi)嵌了通信技術與信息技術，有潛力徹底改變這些物體的使用方式。Keysentences“Smart”objectsplayakeyroleintheInternetofThingsvision,sinceembeddedcommunicationandinformationtechnologywouldhavethepotentialtorevolutionizetheuseoftheseobjects.(para3)Paraphrase:"Smart"objectsareimportantintheInternetofThings.Thisisbecausetheintegrationofcommunicationandinformationtechnologywithintheseobjectsholdsthepotentialtocompletelytransformhowtheyareused.KeywordsEmbed/?m'b?d/v.tofixsthfirmlyintoasubstanceorsolidobjectTheengineerembeddedthemicrochipsintothecircuitboards,creatingfunctionalelectronicdevices.Theprogrammerembeddeddataandimagesintothedocumenttocreateaninteractiveandinformativepresentation.KeywordsRevolutionize/?r?v?'lu????na?z/v.tocompletelychangethewaythatsthisdoneTheadoptionofrenewableenergysourceslikesolarandwindrevolutionizedpowergeneration,reducingrelianceonfossilfuels.Theinventionofsmartphonesrevolutionizedthewaypeoplecommunicate,enablinginstantmessaging.KeysentencesThisenablesmanyaspectsoftherealworldtobe“observed”atapreviouslyunattainedlevelofdetailandatnegligiblecost.(para4)通過這項技術，我們能夠以忽略不計的成本來“觀測”現(xiàn)實世界許多前所未有的細節(jié)。Paraphrase:Thistechnologyallowsustoobservemanyaspectsoftherealworldinalevelofdetailthatwasnotachievablebefore,andataverylowcost.KeywordsAttain/?'te?n/v.tosucceedingettingsth,usuallyafteralotofeffortWithdedicationandperseverance,Johnwasabletoattainhisdreamjobataleadingtechcompany.Thestartupcompanyworkedtirelesslytoattainprofitabilityandsecureastrongmarketposition.KeywordsNegligible/'n?ɡl?d??b?l/adj.ofverylittleimportanceorsizeandnotworthconsideringThecompany'seffortstoreducecarbonemissionsresultedinanegligibleimpactontheiroverallcarbonfootprint.Theslightincreaseinrawmaterialcostshadanegligibleimpactonthefinalproductprice.KeysentencesTheabilitytoreacttoeventsinthephysicalworldinanautomatic,rapidandinformedmannernotonlyopensupnewopportunitiesfordealingwithcomplexorcriticalsituations,butalsoenablesawidevarietyofbusinessprocessestobeoptimized.(para4)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的能力，即對物理世界中事件進行自動、迅速且明智的反應，不僅為處理復雜或關鍵情況打開了新的機遇，還使得各種業(yè)務流程得以優(yōu)化。KeywordsIna/an…mannerDefinition:thewaythatsthisdoneorhappensThecompanystreamlineditsproductionprocess,ensuringthatproductsaremanufacturedinanefficientmanner.Theprojectwascompletedsuccessfullyduetotheteam'sabilitytoworktogetherinacollaborativemanner.KeywordsOptimize/'?pt??ma?z/v.tomakesthasgoodasitcanbeThroughcontinuousimprovementinitiatives,thecompanywasabletooptimizetheirproductionprocesses.Thebusinessconductedmarketresearchtooptimizetheirpricingstrategy,ensuringcompetitivenesswhilemaximizingprofits.KeysentencesTheuseoftheword“Internet”inthecatchyterm“InternetofThings”whichstandsforthevisionoutlinedabovecanbeseenaseithersimplyametaphor.(para5)在吸引人的術語“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”中，“網(wǎng)”字代表了以上描述的愿景，可被視為一種簡單的隱喻。Paraphrase:Theword"Internet"in"InternetofThings"describesthevisionmentioned,drawingourattentiontothesimilarfeaturebetweentheWebandtheconnectionofthings.KeywordsCatchy/'k?t??/adj.pleasingandeasilyrememberedTheproduct'scatchypackagingdesignstoodoutontheshelves,attractingattentionfrompotentialbuyers.Thecompany'scatchylogowassimpleyetmemorable,becomingasymbolassociatedwiththeirproductsandservices.KeywordsMetaphor/'m?t?f?/n.awayofdescribingsomethingbyreferringtoitassomethingdifferentandsuggestingthatithassimilarqualitiestothatthingThisdrinkusesthemetaphorofabeasttoimplythatconsumingthedrinkwillunleashinnerstrength.Thecompany'slogo,asoaringeagle,servesasapowerfulmetaphorforstrengthandsuccess.KeysentencesItcanbeinterpretedinastrictertechnicalsense,postulatingthatanIPprotocolstackwillbeusedbysmartthings.(para5)從更嚴格的技術層面來解釋，智能物體將使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議棧。Paraphrase:Inamoreprecisetechnicalcontext,itsuggeststhatsmartobjectswillutilizeanIPprotocolstack.KeywordsInterpret/?n't??pr?t/v.toexplainthemeaningofsthThemarketresearchteamdevelopeddetailedcustomerprofilesandinterpretedtheirpreferences.Usingadvancedtechnology,thecompanyinterpretedcustomerfeedbacktogaininsightsintotheirfeelingsandopinions.KeywordsPostulate/'p?stj?le?t/v.tosuggestoracceptthatsthistruesothatitcanbeusedasthebasisforatheory,etc.Hepostulatedthatofferingalimited-timediscountcouldattractmorecustomers.Afterconductingextensivesurveys,thecompanypostulatedthattheeco-friendlypackagingwouldresonatewithconsumersandboostsales.KeysentencesInretrospectitlooksliketherapidgrowthoftheWorldWideWebmayhavebeenjustthetriggerchargethatisnowsettingofftherealexplosion,asthingsstarttousetheNet.(para6)回顧過去，萬維網(wǎng)的迅猛發(fā)展似乎只是一個觸發(fā)器，而當萬物與網(wǎng)互聯(lián)，才會引發(fā)真正的爆炸。Paraphrase:Lookingback,itappearsthatthefastexpansionoftheWorldWideWebmighthavebeentheinitialsparkthatisnowcausingtheactualexplosion,asthingsbegintobeconnectedtotheInternet.KeywordsInretrospectDefinition:thinkingaboutapasteventorsituation,oftenwithadifferentopinionofitfromtheoneyouhadatthetimeInretrospect,thedecisiontopartnerwithawell-knowninfluencerprovedtobeasmartmove.Thecompany'ssuccessinembracingdigitaltransformationbecameapparentinretrospect.KeywordsTrigger/'tr?ɡ?/n.thepartofabombthatcausesittoexplodeThesuccessfulproductlaunchactedasatrigger,sparkingasurgeinsales.Theannouncementofalimited-timediscountprovedtobeapowerfultrigger,attractingcustomerstomakeimmediatepurchasesandboostingrevenue.2.EnglishforAcademicPurposesA.AcademicReadingPurposeofAcademicReadingAcademicreadingisessentialforgainingin-depthknowledgeandunderstandingofvarioussubjects.Ithelpstoengagewithscholarlymaterialsandstayinformedaboutthelatestresearchanddevelopmentsintheirfieldofstudy.AcademicReadingStrategiesforEffectiveAcademicReadinga)Previewing:Skimthetexttogetanoverviewofthemainideas,headings,andsubheadings.Lookforkeywordsandphrasesthatindicatethecentralthemes.AcademicReadingStrategiesforEffectiveAcademicReadingb)Mind-Mapping:Createvisualrepresentationsofthetext'sstructureandconnectionsbetweenideas.Mind-mapshelporganizeinformationandfacilitatebetterunderstanding.AcademicReadingMind-mappinga)StartwiththeCentralIdea:Placethemaintopicorthemeinthecenterofthepageandencircleit.b)BranchOutwithMainIdeas:Identifykeyconceptsormainideasrelatedtothecentraltheme.Drawbranchesradiatingfromthecentralidea,witheachbranchrepresentingamainidea.AcademicReadingMind-mappingc)AddSubtopicsandDetails:Fromeachmainidea,drawadditionalbranchesforsubtopicsorsupportingdetails.Usekeywordsorshortphrasestorepresentthesubtopics.d)UseColorsandSymbols:Incorporatecolors,symbols,andimagestomakethemind-mapvisuallyengaging.Color-codedifferentbranchestodistinguishbetweentopics.AcademicReadingTask1

DirectionsPleasecompletethefollowinggraph,andfillinasmanydetailsaspossible.AcademicReadingAcademicReading①②③④StrategiesforEffectiveAcademicReadingc)ReadingforSpecificDetails:Focusonthemostrelevantsectionsorparagraphsthataredirectlyrelatedtoyourpurpose.Asyoufindspecificdetails,jotdownnotesinyourownwords.Summarizingtheinformationinthiswayhelpsyouprocessandretainitbetter.AcademicReading1.Whatenablestheprocessors,communicationsmodulesandotherelectroniccomponentstointegrateintoeverydayobjectstoday?___________________________________________________2.Pleaselistsomeoftheconventionalobjectsthathavebeen“computerized”or“digitallyupgraded”togenerateaddedvalue.___________________________________________________Task2

DirectionsPleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.AcademicReading3.Whichorganizationpopularizedtheterm“InternetofThings”?__________________________________________________4.Apartfromnoveltechnologies,whatarethecomplementarytechnicaldevelopmentsthatenabletheInternetofThings?__________________________________________________AcademicReadingTask2

DirectionsPleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.2.EnglishforAcademicPurposesB.VocabularyImportanceofVocabularyVocabularyUnderstandingacademictextsrequiresfamiliaritywithawiderangeofvocabulary.Academiccommunication,bothwrittenandoral,reliesonusingpreciseandappropriatevocabulary.Astrongvocabularyhelpsidentifynuances,evaluatearguments,anddiscerntheessay'sintent.KeyWordsandExpressionsVocabularyvisionembraceubiquitousimmensebegroundedin/onsthforeseeablediminishintegrateembedrevolutionizeperceivecontextgeneratesubstantialforerunnerattainnegligibleefficientina…manneroptimizeKeyWordsandExpressionsVocabularycatchymetaphorinterpretpostulatepropagateinretrospecttriggerexplosionalludetosb/sthdedicatedultimatelyevolutioncomplementaryvirtualphysicalintermediaryparadigmfascinatingprospectsTerminologyVocabularymicroelectronicsn.微電子學processorn.處理機，處理器communicationmodulen.通信模塊IPprotocolstackn.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信棧proxyn.代理RFID(RadioFrequencyIdentificationDevices)infrastructuren.無線射屏識別基礎設施addressabilityn.尋址能力actuationn.驅(qū)動TerminologyVocabularylocalizationn.本地化userinterface(UI)n.用戶界面IPv6(InternetProtocolVersion6)n.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議第6版flashmemorychipsn.閃存芯片barcoden.條形碼NFC(NearFieldCommunication)n.近場通信remotev.遠程scalableadj.可擴展的Task1

DirectionsPleasefillintheblankswiththewordslistedbelow.Youmayneedtochangetheformwhennecessary.Vocabularyubiquitouscontextdiminishoptimizeinterpretphysicalevolutionexplosionvirtualfascinatingsubstantialefficientperceiveintegrategenerate1.Sciencefictionstoriesandmoviescanalsobeusedtodealwithethical(道德的)issues.Fictionalexamplescanoftenbemoreeffectivethanhistoricalorcurrentevents,becausetheyexploreethicalissuesina_______thatstudentsoftenfindinterestingandthatisindependentofcurrentpoliticaloreconomicconsiderations.Vocabularyubiquitouscontextdiminishoptimizeinterpretphysicalevolutionexplosionvirtualfascinatingsubstantialefficientperceiveintegrategenerate2.Researcherfoundthatearningsarehigherwhentheacademicmajoris_______ascloselyrelatedtoemployment.3.Susanwasassignedadifficulttask.Shecouldn’tsleepwellformanydaysandfeltthatshemightoneday_______understress.4.The_______ofmanagementtrainingatMcDonald'shasclearlyreachedanewlevel,asanewgenerationofmanagerscancreateandsustainsuccessfulbusinessenvironments.Vocabularyubiquitouscontextdiminishoptimizeinterpretphysicalevolutionexplosionvirtualfascinatingsubstantialefficientperceiveintegrategenerate5.Thischaritywastryingtorefurbishanexistingbuildinginthevillagebutrequired_______fundingtobringituptoasuitablestandard.6.Whatwasoncethewilddreamofspies-toplanta“bug”ineveryobject-hasbeenenlargedandre-shapedintothemillennialdreamof_______computing.7.Ourcurrentmanagementsystemistooold,thusshouldbe_______.Vocabularyubiquitouscontextdiminishoptimizeinterpretphysicalevolutionexplosionvirtualfascinatingsubstantialefficientperceiveintegrategenerate8.Throughouthispoliticalcareer,hehastaken_______everypositiononeveryissue.9.SteveWozniakhadageniusfordesigningthemost_______computerfromtheleastnumberofparts.10.Thesesensorswill_______enormousamountofdataweneverhadbeforefromthephysicalworld.WordFamilyVocabularyAgroupofwordsthatarerelatedtoeachotherandshareacommonbaseorrootword.Theword"run"isthebasewordofthewordfamily"runner,""running,""runs,"and"ran."Allthesewordsarerelatedtotheactionofrunning,andtheybelongtothesamewordfamily.Onewaytoguessthemeaningofanunknownwordistolookforitsrelationshipwithotherwordsinthesamewordfamily.Task2

DirectionsPleaselookatthephrasesfromthetext.Writedownatleastoneotherwordyouknowthatisrelatedtotheunderlinedword.Anexamplehasbeengiventoyou.Vocabulary1.theforeseeablefutureforeseeable2.revolutionizetheuseoftheseobjects.

3.atnegligiblecost

4.adedicatedEUCommissionactionplan

5.complementarytechnicaldevelopments

6.fascinatingprospects

2.EnglishforAcademicPurposesC.ListeningDirectionsWatchavideoclipcalled“HowItWorks:TheInternetofThingscreatedbyIBMThinkAcademy.”ListeningListeningpreparation–vocabulary.

Pleasestudythefollowingnewwordsthatwillappearinthelisteningmaterial.sophisticated(adj.)(ofamachine,system,etc.)cleverandcomplicatedinthewaythatitworksorispresented.analytics(n.pl.)analysesasset(n.)athingofvalue,especiallyproperty,thatapersonorcompanyowns,whichcanbeusedorsoldtopaydebtsDirectionsWatchavideoclipcalled“HowItWorks:TheInternetofThingscreatedbyIBMThinkAcademy.”ListeningListeningpreparation–vocabulary.

Pleasestudythefollowingnewwordsthatwillappearinthelisteningmaterial.couponn.asmallpieceofprintedpaperthatyoucanexchangeforsthorthatgivesyoutherighttobuysthatacheaperpricethannormalwarrantyn.awrittenagreementinwhichacompanysellingsthpromisestoprepairorreplaceitifthereisaproblemwithinaparticularperiodoftimepinpointv.tobeablegiveexactreasonforsthortodescribesthexactlyTask1SpotDictation

DirectionsPleasewatchthefirstpart(1minute)ofthevideo,andfillintheblanksbelow.Youmaywatchthevideoseveraltimestogetthecorrectwords.

Listening

TheInternetofThingsischangingmuchoftheworldwelivein,formthewaywedriveandhowwemake(1)_____________,evenhowwegetenergiesforourhomes.Sophisticated(2)_____________andchipsareembeddedinthe(3)_____________thingsthatsurroundus,eachtransmittingvaluabledata,datathatletusunderstandhowthesethingsworkandworktogether.Buthowexactlydoallthesedevicessharesuchlarge(4)_____________ofdata,Listeningandhowdoweputthatinformationtowork.Whetherwe’reimprovingtheproductionofafactory,givingcityresidentsrealtime(5)_____________onwheretopark,ormonitoringourpersonalhealth,it’sthecommonInternetofThingsplatformthatbringsus(6)_____________informationtogether,andprovidesthecommonlanguagesforthedevicesandappsto(7)_____________witheachother.Theprocessstartswiththedevicesthemselves,whichsecurelycommunicateswiththeInternetofThingsplatform.Thisplatform(8)_____________datafrommanydevicesandappliesanalyticstosharethemostvaluabledatawithapplicationsthataddressindustryspecificneeds.Let’sstartwithasimpleexample,acar.Task2Summarizing

Directionspleasewatchthesecondpart,takenotesandsummarizeoncarasanexampleofIoTapplication.Herearesomequestionsthatmayhelpyoutosummarize.Youmaypresentittoyourclassmates.

Listening1.WhathappenedtoRebecca’scar?2.WhatisadiagnosticbusinRebecca’scar?Whatdoesitdo?3.Howdoesthemanufacturergatherinformationaboutthousandsofcars?4.Whatdomanufacturersdowithalltheinformationgathered?2.EnglishforAcademicPurposesD.PublicspeakingBenefitsofPublicSpeakingEnhancesoverallcommunicationskills,includingclarity,articulation,andpersuasion,whicharevaluableineverydayinteractions.Preparingforpublicspeechesinvolvesconductingresearch,organizingthoughts,andpresentingargumentscoherently,enhancingcriticalthinkingskills.Publicspeakingpushesindividualsoutsidethecomfortzones,fosteringpersonalgrowthandself-awareness.PublicSpeakingTipsinPublicSpeakingKnowYourAudience:Understandwhoyou'llbespeakingtoandtailoryourmessagetoresonatewiththem.Considertheirinterests,knowledgelevel,andexpectations.Practice,Practice,Practice:Rehearseyourspeechmultipletimestobecomefamiliarwiththecontentandflow.Practiceinfrontofamirror,recordyourself,ordeliverthespeechtofriendsorfamilyforfeedback.PublicSpeakingTipsinPublicSpeakingStructureYourSpeech:Organizeyourspeechintoaclearandlogicalstructurewithanintroduction,mainpoints,andaconclusion.Usetransitionstosmoothlymovebetweenideas.ControlYourBodyLanguage:Maintaingoodposture,makeeyecontactwiththeaudience,andusehandgesturestoemphasizekeypoints.Avoidfidgetingordistractingmovements.PublicSpeakingTipsinPublicSpeakingEngagetheAudience:Involvetheaudiencebyaskingques