重難點(diǎn)09閱讀理解之說明文

中考閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語篇閱讀能力、分析和判斷能力。要求學(xué)生能較快地通過閱讀理解短

文大意，獲取其中的主要信息，能做出正確判斷，然后根據(jù)試題的要求從A,B.C,D四個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答

案或做出正誤判斷。文章的難易程度和初三課文基本相同，要求閱讀速度為每分鐘4050個詞。主要涉及到

記敘文，說明文，應(yīng)用文等。

滿分技巧

1.主旨題

解題技巧為；找主題句。應(yīng)先通讀全文，理解大意，充分理解主題句的意義。主題句通常出現(xiàn)在短

文第一句或最后一句。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題

解題技巧為：快速捕捉信息，尤其是一些事例、數(shù)字等，劃出相關(guān)句子，進(jìn)行對照。

3.推斷題

解題技巧為：尋找線索，悟出字里行間的意思。

4.猜測詞義題

解題技巧為：通過閱讀上下文，斷定該詞的真正含義。

熱點(diǎn)話題

說明文熱衷話題有：旅游、環(huán)保、廣告類等。

限時檢測

I、（2021?江蘇?南師附中新城初中二模）

Haveyoueverfeltyouwerebeingwatched?Somenewtechnologiesmightmakeyoufeelthatway.Digital

billboards（電子屏幕）areabletorecognizecertainhumancharacteristics（特征）.Theyhavecameraspointedatthe

peopleonthestreet,andcanrecognizepeople'sage,amanorawoman.Thenaputerinsidethebillboardusesthis

informationlomakeads（advertisements）forthepeoplewhoarelookingatthebillboard.Forexample,ifaman

passesabillboardshowinganadaboutwomenclothes,theputercanchangetheadtosomethingsuchasmen's

sportingshoes,tocatchtheman'sattention.

Althoughadvertisersseethisasagreatchancetoreach（heircustomers,somepeoplefeelthatthisisan

invasion（侵犯）oftheirprivacy.However,advertiserssaythatthebillboardswillnotbeabletorecognizetheirface

orgetanypersonalinformationaboutthem.

Infact,thiskindof“personal"advertisinghasalreadyappearedontheInternet.Searchengines（91擎）like

GoogleandBingcanfollowwhatwesearchfor.Whenwchavesearchedforsomeproductsandservices,panics

thenpaysearchenginestouseitinads.Soifyousearchfortravelinformation,youmayseeadsforairlinesand

hotels.Thiskindofadvertisinghasprovedtoworkbelterthantraditionaladvertising.

Intoday'sworld,peopleseethousandsofadseveryday,buttheydon'ttakemuchnotice.Advertisersare

tryingtochangethatbypersonalizingtheexperienceofseeinganad.Sopayattentionthenexttimeyouseea

billboard一itwouldbetalkingtoyou.

1.Whenyouwatchabillboardshowingadsonthestreet,.

A.peoplewillpaymoreattentiontoyouB.itwillchangeadstocatchyourattention

C.cameraswillrecordwhatyouar?wearingD.puterswillstealyourpersonalinformation

2.Fromthesecondparagraph,wccanlearnthat.

A.agoodchancemakesbusinesseasyB.thecustomerisalwaysGod

C.eachpersonhashisownopinionD.privateinformationisimportant

3.Theunderlinedword“it”refersto.

A.thetoolcustomersuseB.thetechnology:heydevelop

C.theinformationwcsearchforD.thechancepanicsget

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.TheriseofanewadvertisingB.Theadvantageofbillboards

C.ThehistoryofadvertisingD.Theinventionofbillboards

2、（2021?江蘇無錫?中考真題）

Makingfriendsatschoolcanbealittletrickybutitdoesn'thavetobe!Tryoutafewofthesemethodsto

talktopeopleinyourclassandhangoutwiththemoutsideofschool.Beforeyouknowit,you'llhaveagroupof

friendstohavefunwitheveryday!

Befriendly.

Usingproperbodylanguagewillhelp.Standupstraight,makeeyecontactwithpeople,andsmile!Try(o

avoidcrossingyourarmsoveryourchestandlookingclosedoff.Themoreopenandfriendlyyoulook,themore

peoplewillwanttogettoknowyou.

Sitatanewtableduring

Lookfortableswithanopenseat.Ifyou'refeelingalittlenenous,pickatablethatonlyhasoneortwo

peoplesittingdown.Headoverandaskifyoucansitthere,thenjoininontheconversation.Ifyoulikethepeople

yousitwith,askifyoucanjointhemagainthenextday.

Tryoutforasportsteam.

Pickasportthatyoulike(itcouldbesoccer,basketball,softball,baseball,oranythinginbetween),andtryout

fortheteam.Overtime,youcouldbeegoodfriendswithsomeoftheotherpeopleonyourteam!Ifyourschool

doesn'thaveasportsteam,trylookingfbroneatyourlocalmunitycenter.

Joinanafterschoolclub.

centimeters.

8.Beidouistheglobalnavigationsystem.

A.firstB.secondC.thirdD.fourth

9.WhichofthefllowingisTRUEaboutBeidou?

A.ItonlyworksinChina.B.Itsnewestsatellitesarcmoreaccurate.

C.ItstartedworkingonJune23.D.Itwillhavemoresatellitesinthefuture.

10.Whatdoesasatnavsystemdo?

A.Ithelpspeopleplantrips.B.Ithelpspeopleshoponline.

C.Itletspeoplesendtextnavigate.D.Itmakespeople'sphonessmarter.

11.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Beidoucanbeusedinmanyareas.B.BeidoucanmonitoreverythingonEarth.

C.There'rc60BeidousatellitesaboveEarthD.Beidouwillreplacemobilephonenetworks.

4、（2021?江蘇常州?中考真題）

Thereareonly24hoursinaday,andusuallyabouta（hirdofthatisspentsleeping.Soisitpossibletomake

useofthistimeandlearnanewskillorevenalanguage?Inotherwords,issleeplearningpossible?

Manystudieshavefoundthatabasicformoflearning,calledconditioning,canhappenduringsleep.Ina2012

studypublishedinthemagazineNatureNeuroscience,forexample,Israeliresearchersfoundthatpeoplecanlearn

toconnectsoundswithsmellsduringsleep.Thescientistsplayedatone（聲音）tosleepingstudyparticipants（參與

者）whileputtingsomerotten（腐爛的）fishbesidetheirbeds.Onceawake,whenhearingthetone,thepeopleheld

（heirbreathinanticipation（預(yù)判）ofabadsmell.

“Thiswasaclearfindingshowingparticipantsfbmiednewmemoriesduringsleep,“saidAndrillon,ascientist

inthisfield.

Althoughthenewmemorywasimplicit（暗示性的）,itcouldinfluencehowpeoplebehave,researchersfound

ina2014studypublishedintheJournalofNeuroscience.Inthatresearch,afterspendinganightinaroomfullof

cigarette（香煙）smellmixedwithrotteneggsorfish,smokersusefewercigarettes.

Andrillonandhisteammembershavefoundthatlearninginsleepcanalsogobeyondsimpleconditioning.In

their2017studypublishedinNaturemunications,participantswereabletopickoutsoundfeaturesthattheyhad

heardduringsleep.

Learningabilitiesinsleepmayspreadtolearningofwords.InastudypublishedinCurrentBiology,

researchersplayedpairsofmadcupwordsandtheirsupposedmeanings,like**guga>,meanselephant,tosleep

participants.Afterthis,whenawake,theparticipantsdidbetterinpickingtherighttranslationofmadcupwordsina

muitichoicctest.

Sofar,researchsuggestsitmaybepossibletolearnaboutthetoneandpronunciationofalanguageoreventhe

meaningofwordswhilesleeping,allhoughitistoaweakerlevelthanwhatwedoduringthedaywithoutnoticing.

12.Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?

A.Toshowthatsleeplearningispossible.B.Tostudyhowtomakeuseofsleeplearning.

C.lbreportsomefamousresearchfindings.D.Toprovesleeplearningisimplicitandweak.

13.Whatdoesthephrase“newmemories”inthethirdparagraphreferto（指的是）？

A.Connectionbetweenparticipantsandscientists.B.Connectionbetweensoundsandsmells.

C.Thetone'sinfluenceontherottenfish.D.Therotteneggs'influenceoncigarettes.

14.Whatisthemainideaofthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Sleepcandogoodtolearning.B.Languagelearningcanhappeninsleep.

C.Peoplelearninsleepinadifferentlanguage.D.Sleeplearningisbetterthandaytimelearning.

5、（2021?江蘇蘇州?中考真題）

Everybodyhasabrain,butnotmanypeopleknowhowthebrainworks.Somepeoplebelievethatthebrainis

liketheharddiskofapuier.Weuseit（ostorefiles—pictures,language（words,texts,sounds）andsoon.Others

parethebraintoahugecupboardwithlotsofshelvesandboxesinit.Weputinformationintotheseboxesandhope

tofinditagainlater.

ThebrainisnotAputerdisk,Anditisn'tacupboard.Lookatthepicturehere.Illooksabitlikeweeds（雜草）

inagarden,doesn'tit?Thepictureactuallyshowsachild'sncocortex——apartofthebrainthatcontrolssightand

hearing.Youcanguesswhathappens—more“weeds“growasthechildgetsolder.Scientistscalltheseneuronal（神

經(jīng)元的）networks.Thenetworksgrowaroundourneurons.Whatmakesthemgrow?Learning!"Learningisbrain

change,“saysProfessorJamesZullfromCaseWesternUniversityinCleveland,Ohio,USA.4lWithoutlearning,

nothingchangesinthebrain.ForeverynewwordyoulearninyourEnglishlesson,everyproblemyousolvein

maths,everynewsongyoulearntosing,aneuronalnetworkgrowsinyourbrainandthebrainchanges?,

Themoreneuronalnetworkswegrow,thebetterwecanthinkandthebetterweremember.Youmaywonderif

thereisanythingyoucandotomakethenetworksinyourbraingrowbetter.ProfessorZullsaysyes,thereis.He

saysthatbrainchangeisstrongestwhena）youareinterestedinandlikewhatyouarelearning,b）youarein

controlofwhatyoulearnandc）yougetchallengingtasksthatmakeyouthinkhard.Understandingachallenging

taskmakesyoufeelgoodanddevelopsyourbrain.

15.What'sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?

A.Thebrain—afantasticputer.B.Whatpeoplebelieveaboutthebrain.

C.Howtomakeyourbrainstronger.D.Ourbrain—agrowingsystem.

16.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage2?

A.Learningmakesourneuronalnetworksgrow.B.Seeingachallengingtaskdevelopsourbrain.

C.Wcrememberbetterwhenthingsarceasy.D.There?snothingwecandotomakeussmarter.

17.What'sthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.InterestisthebestteacherB.Meetinglife'schallenges

C.NevertoolatetolearnD.Learningisbrainchange

6、（2021?江蘇南通?一模）

Howdoweknowthetime?Aclock,awatchoramobilephonecanhelpus.However,manyyearsagothere

werenoclocksandknowing（hetimewasnotsoeasy.Over（hecenturiespeoplehavedevelopeddifferentwaysof

tellingthetime.

About5,500yearsago,theEgyptiansinventedthesunclock.Thiswasatallstonebuilding.Itsshadow（影子）

showedthemovementofthesun.Sopeoplewereabletoknowmidday.TheEgyptiansmadeasundialabout3,500

yearsago.Itwassmallerthanthesunclockandcouldmeasurethetimeforhalfaday.Oncloudydaysoratnightit

wasimpossibletotellthetimewithasunclockorasundial.Waterclockswerethefirstclocksnottousethesun.

Theideaissimple.Waterflowsfromonecontainertoanother.Whenthewaterreachesacertainlevel,itmovesa

lever（控制桿）andthisshowsthehours.TheEgyptiansusedwaterclocksabout3,400yearsago.Theseclocks

werepopularintheMiddleEastandChina.Buttheyfailedtomakepeopleknowtheexacttime.

Inthe13thcentury,themechanicalclockwasinvented.Thiswasmoreexact,butitwasexpensivetomake

one.Overthenextfewcenturies,itwasdeveloped.Forexample,springs（發(fā)條）wereaddedaround1,500.This

enabledpeopletogetthecorrecttimeandallowedclockstobesmaller.In1936thefirstquartzclockwas

developed.Clocksbecamecheapertobuild.It'seasyfbrordinarypeopletoownaclock,Peoplebegandepending

onthenmoreandmoretoranbusiness,marketsandsoon.Morerecently,in1956,camethedigitalclock.And

nov/adayssatellitessendourmobilephonesthetimetotheexactsecond.

Therehasbeenalotofprogressintimekeeping.Clocksarealwayschangingbutsomethingsneverchange.

Manyofusstillhavetroublegettingoutofbedontineandnotmissingappoinlments.

18.Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?

A.TheEgyptiansspent100years,moreorless,inventingwaterclocks.

B.Withasunclockpeoplewereabletoknowmiddayandmidnightclearly.

C.3500yearsago,peopleusedwaterclocksinsteadofsundialsonrainydays.

D.Asundialwasnotasbigasasunclock,butitcouldmeasurealongertime.

19.Howmanykindsofclocksarementionedinthepassage?

A.Four.B.Five.C.Six.D.Seven.

….hichofthefollowingshows（hestructureofthepassage?（?=paraI②二para2,....）

①①①②③①

/\/1\\?/

A.②⑦B./IC.\I/D.②

21.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Theimportanceoftime.B.Thehistoryofdigitalclocks.

C.Theinventionsofclocks.D.Thedevelopmentoftimekeeping.

7、（2021?江蘇連云港?一模）

Washingclothesiseasyformostpeoplelivingincities,aswashingmachinesdothejob.However,inmany

rural（農(nóng)村）areasorpoorregions（地區(qū)）,peoplehavetowashtheirclothesbyhand,astheydon'thaveelectricity

ormoneytobuythemachines.Now、anewbamboowashingmachinemighthelpthemsolvethisproblcin.

Themachineisasimplerversion（版本）ofatraditionalwashingmachine.However,itusesthenaturalflowof

waterinsteadofelectricity.Ithasawoodenrotationshafl（轉(zhuǎn)軸）inthecenterandabamboodrum（桶）outside.You

justputthemachineinariverandwaterwillgointothebottomofthemachineandrotatethemaindram.This

createsaneddy（渦流）thatcleansclothes.

A7memberteamfromtheSchoolofDesignatDalianMinzuUniversitycreatedthemachine.Thsirdesign

wonthe“BestoftheBest”prizeatthe2020RedDotAwards（紅點(diǎn)獎）.

“Thereare836millionpeoplelivinginextremepoverty（極端貧困）intheworld.Theyhavetospendlotsof

timeandenergydoinglittlethingslikewashingclothes.Wewantthebamboowashingmachinetohelpthemfree

uptheirtimesotheycandomoremeaningfulthings,likefightingpoverty,''saidPanCheng,oneofthedesigners.

“Thebestthingaboutthismachineisthatit'scheapandeasytomake,”saidYuYuc,anotherdesigner.t4Wc

givepeopletherotationshaftandteachthemhowtosetupthemachine.Theycanfindbamboolocallyandmakeit

intodrums.Ifthereisnobamboo,theycanalsousematerialslikewood.”

Thedesignerssaidtheyspentmorethanhalfayearworkingonthemachine.Theyhadcountlessteam

meetingsandchangedtheirdesignalleastfourtimes.Butintheend,theywerehappywiththeresults.

22.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thisproblem^^meaninParagraph1?

A.Peopleinbigcitieshavenobairiboowashingmachines.

B.Peopleinruralareasdon'thaveelectricitytodohousework.

C.Peopleinsomepoorregionshavetowashtheirclothesbyhand.

D.Peopleinbigcitiesthinkwashingclothesthemselvesisawasteoftime.

23.Howdocsthebamboowashingmachinework?

?Putthemachineintoariver.

@Eddyinthemachinecleansclothes.

③Watergoesintothebottomofthemachine.

④Waterinthedrumdrivesthewoodenrotationshaft.

A.①②③④B.①③④②C.⑨??④D.⑧?①②

24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.Therearc836millionpeoplelivinginextremepovertyinChina.

B.Paragraph5mainlyexplainswhatisneededtomakethewashingmachine.

C.Thebamboowashingmachinev/ascreatedforpeoplewholiveinbigcities.

D.PanChencameupwiththeideabecausebamboowashingmachineshavenopollution.

25.Whaidoihedesigners（hinkof（heircreation?

A.It'ssimple.B.It'shelpful.C.It'simaginative.D.It'suseless.

8、（2021?江蘇?淮安市黃集九年制學(xué)校一模）

OnFebruary18,NASA'sPerseverancerover（“毅力”號火星車）madeahistoriclandingonthesurfaceof

Mars.

ThisisthefifthroverNASAhassenttoMarsanditisfulloffirsts.Itwillbethefirstrovertosearchforsigns

ofancientlife.Ahelicopter（直升機(jī)）willflyontheplanetforthefirsttimeaswell.Theroverisalsobetterat

solvingproblemsonitsown（hanprevious（先前的）rovers.

LandingaspacecraftonMarsisn'teasy.Ithadtogothroughthe"sevenminutesofterror"（驚險(xiǎn)七分鐘）,as

NASAcallsthelandingprocess,allbyitself.Sinceittakes11minutesforaradiosignaltotravelfromEarthto

Mars,NASAcouldn'tcontrolthecraftduringtheporccss.

ThespacecrafthitthetopoftheMartianatmosphere（大氣層）movingat12,000milesperhour（19,300km

perhour）andhadtoslowdownto1.7milesperhour（2.7kmperhour）withinsevenminutesbeforelanding.

Drag（空氣阻力）thatwascreatedbytheatmospheresloweditdown.

Althesamelime,thesurfaceofthecraftheateduptoaboutl,300℃.Thishightemperaturecouldmelt（融化）

therover!Butsincethecraft'sheatshield（抗熱涂層）wasabletotakeinmostofthisheal,Perseveranceitself

onlyreachedroomtemperature.

Thecraftthenusedbothaparachute（降落傘）andaskycrane（空中吊車）toslowitselfdowntofinallyreach

Mars.Avideoofthelandingwaslatersharedonline,allowingpeopleallovertheworldtoseetheamazingmoment.

TheroverevenrecordedaudioonMarsfbrthefirsttimejustafterlarding,gettingthesoundsofMartianwind.

26.WhywasPerseverancesenttoMars?

A.Tbmakeavideo.B.Totakeahelicoptertotheplanet.

C.Tblookfbrsignsofancientlife.D.TocheckonNASA'spreviousrovers.

27.Whatdidthespacecraftdoduringthe“sevenminutesofterror”？

A.Itreachedaspeedof120,000milesperhour.

B.Ithadtoslowitselfdowntogetreadyforlanding.

C.ItcreateddragthathelpeditlandonMars.

D.ItwaitedfbraradiosignalfromacontrolroomonEarth.

28.Paragraph5tellsus（ravellingthroughtheMartianatmospherecanbe.

A.dangerousB.interestingC.simpleD.slow

29.WhichofihefollowingisTrueaccordingcothepassage?

A.Ittakes11minutesforarovertotravelfromEarthtoMars.

B.ThehightemperaturemeltedPerseveranceatlast.

C.Perseverancehadtogothroughthelandingprocessallbyitself.

D.Perseverance'slandingwascoveredlive.

30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Perseverance^landingprocessB.Perseverance'sfuturetasks.

C.Perseverance^failure.D.Perseverance'sheat.

9、（2021?江蘇鹽城?二模）

Ifyoulookatthetopofyourphone,you'llusuallyseealittlesymbolthatsays3Gor4G.The"G"standsfbr

the“generation"ofyourmobilenetwork.Butthesesymbolswillbccthingsofthepastafter5Gfullyarrives.

OnMarch3（）th,2019,ShanghaivicemayorWuQingmadethefirst5GvideocallonaHuaweiMateX

smartphone,CGTNreported.ShanghaihasalsobeethefirstcityinChinatostarttesting5Gnetworks.

Now.4Gtakesabout100to200millisecondstosendandreceivedata.But5Gwillgelitdownto1

millisecondorless.ThisbigchangewillnotonlymakeourmobileInternetfaster.Itcanbeusedinmanyother

wavJsaswell.

Forexample,5GwillhelptomakesclfUrivingcarssafer.Todayssclfdrivingtestcarshaveoneproblem—lag.

Wlienthecar"sees"anobstacle（障礙物），itsendsthisinformationtoadatacenterandreceivesinstructions.

However,ittakestimetosendandreceivethisinformation.Withthiskindoflag,thecarsmightcrashbecausethey

don'treceiveinstructionsinlime.With5G,thislagwillbegreatlylowered,makingthecarssafer,accordingto

CNN.

5GcouldalsobeusedtopowertheInternetofThings（IOT）.Thisreferstoalargeonlinenetworkthat

connectsallthingsandpeople.Fast[nternetspeedswillbethekeytodevelopingthistechnology.Forexample,

withIOTunder5G.yourfridgecouldautornatically（自動地）placeanorderonlineforeggswhenitfindsthatthere

arenoeggsleftinside.

Allinall,5Gwillshapeeverytypeoftechnologythatittouches.Andyouwon'thavetowaittoolongfbrthat

tohappen.

31.ThewriterusesselfUrivingcarsasanexampleto.

A.explainhowselfdrivingcarsworkB.showus（headvantagesofselfdrivingcars

C.warnaboutthepossibledangersofselfdrivingcarsD.explainhow5G'sfastspeedcanbehelpful

32.Theunderlinedword4ilag*'probablymeans""inChinese.

A.延遲B.迷路C.暫停D.耗電

33.Thefridgeismentionedto.

A.describetheimportanceofIOTB.encouragepeopletotrythenewproduct

C.introducehowtousetheInternetofThingsD.show5GwouldmakeIOTmorepowerful

34.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.Can5Ggoanyfurther?B.5Ghaschangedourlife

C.5GisonthewayD.Chinaisleadingtheworldin5G

10、(2021?江蘇?揚(yáng)州市梅嶺中學(xué)一模)

AEuropeanUnionprogramislettingblindpeopleexperiencefamouspaintingsfbrthefirsttime.Itusesthree

dimensional(3D)printingtorecreatefa