2025年考研英語（一）閱讀理解沖刺押題：模擬題與實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______模擬試卷PartOneReadingComprehensionDirections:Inthepassagebelow,eachsentenceisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoicetocompletethepassage.Thehumanbrainisperhapsthemostcomplexobjectintheknownuniverse.Itcontainsabout86billionneurons,eachconnectedtothousandsofothersthroughsynapses.Despitethevastnumberofneuronsandconnections,thebrainconsumesonlyabout20wattsofpower,whichisroughlythesameasadimlightbulb.Thisremarkableefficiencyhasfascinatedscientistsfordecades,andunderstandinghowthebrainachievesitcouldhaveprofoundimplicationsforcomputing,energyconsumption,andevenourunderstandingofconsciousness.Onepotentialexplanationforthebrain'sefficiencyisitsuseofsparsecoding.Unliketraditionalcomputing,whichusesadensenetworkofactiveneuronstorepresentinformation,sparsecodingsuggeststhatonlyasmallsubsetofneuronsisactiveatanygiventime.Thismeansthatthebraincanrepresentavastamountofinformationusingfewerneuronsandconnections.Forexample,asparsecodecouldrepresentavisualscenebyactivatingonlyasmallnumberofneuronsthatcorrespondtospecificfeatures,suchasedges,colors,ortextures.Evidenceforsparsecodinginthebraincomesfromvarioussources.Onestudyusedelectroencephalography(EEG)tomeasuretheactivityofneuronsinthevisualcortexwhileparticipantsviewedimages.Theresearchersfoundthatonlyasmallfractionofneuronswereactiveatanygiventime,andthattheseneuronswerehighlyspecialized,respondingtospecificvisualfeatures.Anotherstudyusedfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)tomeasurebrainactivitywhileparticipantsperformeddifferentcognitivetasks.Theresearchersfoundthatsimilarpatternsofsparseactivitywereobservedacrossdifferenttasks,suggestingthatthebrainusesacommoncodingschemefordifferenttypesofinformation.However,sparsecodingisnottheonlyexplanationforthebrain'sefficiency.Anotherpossibilityistheuseofredundancy.Redundancyreferstothepresenceofmultiplewaystorepresentthesameinformation.Inthebrain,thiscouldmeanthatthesameinformationisrepresentedbymultipleneuronsorneuralpathways.Thismightseemcounterintuitive,asitwouldrequiremoreneuronsandconnections.However,redundancycouldprovideaformoferrorcorrection,makingthebrainmorerobusttodamageornoise.Forexample,ifoneneuronisdamaged,theinformationcouldstillberepresentedbyotherneuronsthatarefunctionallyequivalent.Bothsparsecodingandredundancycouldcontributetothebrain'sefficiency,anditislikelythatthebrainusesacombinationofbothstrategies.Understandinghowthesestrategiesworktogethercouldprovidenewinsightsintobrainfunctionandinspirenewapproachestocomputing.Forinstance,sparsecodinghasalreadybeenusedtodevelopmoreefficientneuralnetworks,whichcouldleadtosignificantadvancesinartificialintelligence.Additionally,studyingthebrain'sefficiencycouldhelpusdevelopnewwaystoconserveenergyandmanageresources,whichcouldhaveimportantimplicationsforsustainability.1.ThepassageprimarilydiscussesA)thelimitationsoftraditionalcomputingincomparisontothehumanbrain.B)theremarkableefficiencyofthehumanbrainandpotentialexplanationsforit.C)theroleofelectroencephalographyandfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaginginstudyingbrainactivity.D)theconceptofredundancyanditspotentialbenefitsforneuralprocessing.2.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonepotentialexplanationforthebrain'sefficiency?A)Thebrainusesadensenetworkofactiveneuronstorepresentinformation.B)Thebrainconsumesalargeamountofpower,similartoacomputer.C)Sparsecodingallowsthebraintorepresentavastamountofinformationusingfewerneuronsandconnections.D)Thebrain'sefficiencyisprimarilyduetotheuseofspecializedneuronsforspecifictasks.3.Whatevidencedoesthepassagepresenttosupporttheideaofsparsecodinginthebrain?A)Studiesshowingthatalargenumberofneuronsareactiveduringvisualperception.B)Researchindicatingthatthebrainusesadensenetworkofconnectionsfordifferentcognitivetasks.C)ElectroencephalographyandfMRIstudiesdemonstratingthatonlyasmallfractionofneuronsareactiveatanygiventime.D)Observationsofmultiplewaystorepresentthesameinformationinthebrain.4.Theword"robust"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA)complex.B)efficient.C)resilient.D)specialized.5.Accordingtothepassage,whatcouldbeapotentialapplicationofunderstandingthebrain'sefficiency?A)Developingmorepowerfulcomputersthatconsumelessenergy.B)ImprovingtheaccuracyofelectroencephalographyandfMRItechniques.C)Findingwaystoenhancehumancognitiveabilitiesthroughneuralimplants.D)Reducingthenumberofneuronsrequiredforvisualperception.6.Theauthormentionsbothsparsecodingandredundancyaspotentialexplanationsforthebrain'sefficiency.Whatistheauthor'spurposeindoingso?A)Toarguethatonlysparsecodingcanexplainthebrain'sefficiency.B)Topresentabalancedviewofdifferenttheoriesregardingbrainefficiency.C)Tocriticizetheconceptofredundancyasalesseffectivestrategy.D)Tosuggestthatthesestrategiesaremutuallyexclusiveandcannotcoexist.7.Thepassagesuggeststhatunderstandingthebrain'sefficiencycouldhaveimplicationsforwhichofthefollowingareas?A)Energyconsumptioninbuildingsandtransportationsystems.B)Thedevelopmentofmoreefficientneuralnetworksforartificialintelligence.C)Thestudyofconsciousnessandthenatureofhumanthought.D)Thetreatmentofneurologicaldisordersandbraininjuries.8.Theword"profound"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA)deep.B)significant.C)complex.D)mysterious.9.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonelimitationoftraditionalcomputingincomparisontothehumanbrain?A)Traditionalcomputingusesasparsenetworkofactiveneurons.B)Traditionalcomputingconsumesmorepowerthanthehumanbrain.C)Traditionalcomputinglackstheabilitytorepresentavastamountofinformation.D)Traditionalcomputingdoesnotusespecializedneuronsforspecifictasks.10.ThepassageisprimarilyaimedatA)researchersstudyingbrainfunction.B)computerscientistsdevelopingneuralnetworks.C)studentstakingintroductoryneurosciencecourses.D)thegeneralpublicinterestedinthehumanbrain.PartTwoReadingComprehensionDirections:Inthepassagebelow,eachsentenceisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoicetocompletethepassage.Theriseofsocialmediahasfundamentallyalteredthewaywecommunicate,shareinformation,andinteractwithoneanother.Whilesocialmediaplatformshaveconnectedpeopleacrosstheglobeandfacilitatedtherapiddisseminationofinformation,theyhavealsoraisedconcernsaboutprivacy,mentalhealth,andthespreadofmisinformation.Oneofthemostsignificantimpactsofsocialmediahasbeenonthenatureofpoliticaldiscourse.Traditionalpoliticaldiscoursewasoftencharacterizedbyface-to-faceinteractions,townhallmeetings,andmediaappearances.Theseformatsallowedfornuanceddiscussion,theexchangeofideas,andtheconsiderationofdifferentperspectives.However,theriseofsocialmediahasshiftedpoliticaldiscoursetowardsamorepolarizedandfragmentedenvironment.Socialmediaplatforms,withtheiralgorithmiccurationofcontentandtendencytocreateechochambers,tendtoamplifyexistingbeliefsandreinforceideologicaldivisions.Thispolarizationhasseveralnegativeconsequences.First,itcanleadtoincreasedpoliticalgridlockandabreakdownintheabilityofpolicymakerstofindcommonground.Whenpoliticaldiscourseisdominatedbyextremeviewpointsandtheinabilitytocompromise,itbecomesdifficulttopasslegislationoraddresspressingsocietalissues.Second,polarizationcanfosterasenseofusversusthem,whereindividualsaremorelikelytoengageinonlineharassmentandtrolling.Thistoxicenvironmentcanunderminetrustininstitutionsanderodesocialcohesion.Thespreadofmisinformationisanothermajorconcernassociatedwithsocialmedia.Theeasewithwhichfalseinformationcanbesharedonsocialmediaplatformshascontributedtoasignificantincreaseinthespreadofconspiracytheories,fakenews,andpropaganda.Thismisinformationcanhaveseriousreal-worldconsequences,influencingpublicopinion,swayingelections,andevenincitingviolence.Thechallengeofcombatingmisinformationonsocialmediaiscompoundedbythefactthatalgorithmsoftenprioritizeclicksandengagementoveraccuracyandreliability.Despitethesechallenges,socialmediahasnotcompletelytransformedpoliticaldiscourseinanegativeway.Socialmediaplatformshavealsoprovidedavoiceformarginalizedgroupsandfacilitatedtheorganizationofsocialmovements.TheArabSpring,forexample,wassignificantlyinfluencedbysocialmediaactivism.Socialmediahasallowedactiviststoconnectwithoneanother,shareinformation,andmobilizesupportfortheircausesinwaysthatwerepreviouslyimpossible.However,theimpactofsocialmediaonpoliticaldiscourseiscomplexandmultifaceted.Whileithasprovidednewopportunitiesforpoliticalengagementandactivism,ithasalsocontributedtopolarization,misinformation,andothernegativeconsequences.Thechallengemovingforwardistofindwaystomitigatethenegativeaspectsofsocialmediawhilepreservingitspotentialforpositivepoliticalengagement.Thismayinvolvedevelopingnewtechnologies,creatingmoreresponsiblealgorithms,andpromotingmedialiteracyeducation.11.ThepassageprimarilydiscussesA)thetechnologicaladvancementsthathaveledtotheriseofsocialmedia.B)theimpactofsocialmediaonpoliticaldiscourseanditspotentialconsequences.C)theroleofsocialmediainorganizingsocialmovementsandpromotingactivism.D)thechallengesofcombatingmisinformationandpromotingmedialiteracyonsocialmediaplatforms.12.Accordingtothepassage,whathasbeenoneofthemostsignificantimpactsofsocialmediaonpoliticaldiscourse?A)Thefacilitationofnuanceddiscussionandtheexchangeofideas.B)Theshifttowardsamorepolarizedandfragmentedenvironment.C)Theincreasedabilityofpolicymakerstofindcommonground.D)Thereductioninthespreadofconspiracytheoriesandfakenews.13.Theword"amplify"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA)diminish.B)weaken.C)strengthen.D)ignore.14.Accordingtothepassage,whatcanbeaconsequenceofpoliticalpolarizationfueledbysocialmedia?A)Increasedcollaborationbetweenpoliticalpartiesandthepassageoflegislation.B)Abreakdownintheabilityofpolicymakerstofindcommongroundandincreasedpoliticalgridlock.C)Thereductioninonlineharassmentandtrollingandthepromotionofsocialcohesion.D)Thefosteringofasenseofunityandsharedpurposeamongcitizens.15.ThepassagesuggeststhatthechallengeofcombatingmisinformationonsocialmediaiscomplicatedbyA)thelackofregulationofsocialmediaplatforms.B)theprioritizationofclicksandengagementoveraccuracyandreliabilitybyalgorithms.C)thedifficultyofverifyingtheaccuracyofinformationsharedonsocialmedia.D)thelimitedreachofsocialmediaplatformsandtheirinabilitytoreachalargeaudience.16.Accordingtothepassage,whathasbeenapositiveimpactofsocialmediaonpoliticaldiscourse?A)Theincreasedinfluenceofpoliticalpartiesandtraditionalmediaoutlets.B)Thefacilitationofpoliticalengagementandactivismformarginalizedgroups.C)Thecreationofamorehomogeneousandunifiedpoliticalenvironment.D)Thereductioninthenumberofpeopleparticipatinginpoliticaldiscussions.17.Theword"mitigate"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA)worsen.B)address.C)ignore.D)celebrate.18.ThepassageisprimarilyaimedatA)policymakersseekingtoregulatesocialmediaplatforms.B)socialmediadevelopersworkingonnewtechnologiesandalgorithms.C)thegeneralpublicinterestedintheimpactofsocialmediaonpoliticaldiscourse.D)researchersstudyingtheeffectsofsocialmediaonpoliticalengagement.19.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonewaythatsocialmediahascontributedtothespreadofmisinformation?A)Theprioritizationofuserprivacyoverthefreeflowofinformation.B)Thedifficultyofverifyingtheaccuracyofinformationsharedonsocialmedia.C)Thelackofregulationandoversightofsocialmediaplatforms.D)Theintentionaldisseminationoffalseinformationbystateactors.20.ThepassagesuggeststhatfindingwaystomitigatethenegativeaspectsofsocialmediawhilepreservingitspotentialforpositivepoliticalengagementisachallengethatrequiresA)thedevelopmentofnewsocialmediaplatformswithmoreresponsiblealgorithms.B)increasedregulationofsocialmediaplatformsbygovernmentsandinternationalorganizations.C)agreaterfocusonmedialiteracyeducationandthepromotionofcriticalthinkingskills.D)theactiveparticipationofusersinreportingfalseinformationandpromotingaccuratecontent.試卷答案PartOneReadingComprehension1.B解析：文章首段提出人類大腦的復(fù)雜性及其高效能問題，第二段開始探討一種可能的解釋——稀疏編碼，第三、四段通過研究證據(jù)支持稀疏編碼，第五段提出另一種可能的解釋——冗余，第六段總結(jié)兩種解釋并展望其意義。通篇圍繞大腦的高效能及其解釋展開，故B選項(xiàng)“主要討論了人類大腦的非凡效率及其可能的解釋”最符合文章主旨。2.C解析：根據(jù)第二段“Sparsecodingallowsthebraintorepresentavastamountofinformationusingfewerneuronsandconnections”，稀疏編碼允許大腦用更少的神經(jīng)元和連接來表示大量的信息，這與C選項(xiàng)“稀疏編碼使得大腦能用更少的神經(jīng)元和連接表示大量信息”意思一致。3.C解析：根據(jù)第三段“Electroencephalography(EEG)andfMRIstudiesdemonstratingthatonlyasmallfractionofneuronsareactiveatanygiventime”，腦電圖和功能性核磁共振成像研究顯示在任何給定時間只有一小部分神經(jīng)元是活躍的，這與C選項(xiàng)“腦電圖和fMRI研究顯示在任何給定時間只有一小部分神經(jīng)元是活躍的”意思一致。4.C解析：根據(jù)第四段“Redundancycouldprovideaformoferrorcorrection,makingthebrainmorerobusttodamageornoise”，冗余可以提供一種糾錯形式，使大腦更能抵抗損傷或噪聲?！癛obust”在此處意為“強(qiáng)健的，能抵抗壓力的”，與C選項(xiàng)“有彈性的”意思相近。5.A解析：根據(jù)最后一段“sparsecodinghasalreadybeenusedtodevelopmoreefficientneuralnetworks,whichcouldleadtosignificantadvancesinartificialintelligence”，稀疏編碼已被用于開發(fā)更高效的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這可能導(dǎo)致人工智能的巨大進(jìn)步，這與A選項(xiàng)“開發(fā)更節(jié)能的計算機(jī)”意思一致。6.B解析：作者在第四段提出冗余解釋后，第五段明確指出“Bothsparsecodingandredundancycouldcontributetothebrain'sefficiency,anditislikelythatthebrainusesacombinationofbothstrategies”，表明作者認(rèn)為大腦可能同時使用這兩種策略，故作者目的是呈現(xiàn)對大腦效率的不同理論的平衡看法。7.B解析：根據(jù)最后一段“sparsecodinghasalreadybeenusedtodevelopmoreefficientneuralnetworks,whichcouldleadtosignificantadvancesinartificialintelligence”，理解大腦效率可能對開發(fā)更高效的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和人工智能的進(jìn)步有影響，故B選項(xiàng)“開發(fā)更高效的人工智能神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)”是正確答案。8.B解析：根據(jù)第一段“understandinghowthebrainachievesitcouldhaveprofoundimplications”，理解大腦如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這種效率可能產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響?！癙rofound”在此處意為“深遠(yuǎn)的”，與B選項(xiàng)“重要的”意思相近。9.B解析：根據(jù)第一段“thebrainconsumesonlyabout20wattsofpower,whichisroughlythesameasadimlightbulb”以及第二段“Unliketraditionalcomputing,whichusesadensenetworkofactiveneuronstorepresentinformation”，傳統(tǒng)計算使用密集的活躍神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)來表示信息，而大腦只消耗約20瓦特的功率，故B選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)計算比人腦消耗更多功率”是正確答案。10.D解析：通篇文章面向的對象是對人腦感興趣的普通大眾，介紹了人腦效率及其解釋，故D選項(xiàng)“對人類大腦感興趣的公眾”是正確答案。PartTwoReadingComprehension11.B解析：文章首段提出社交媒體改變了我們溝通、分享信息和互動的方式，并引出其對政治話語的影響。第二段至第五段詳細(xì)討論了社交媒體對政治話語的負(fù)面影響（兩極分化、虛假信息）及其正面影響（賦予邊緣群體話語權(quán)、促進(jìn)社會運(yùn)動）。最后一段總結(jié)并指出應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)的必要性。故B選項(xiàng)“主要討論了社交媒體對政治話語的影響及其潛在后果”最符合文章主旨。12.B解析：根據(jù)第二段“theriseofsocialmediahasshiftedpoliticaldiscoursetowardsamorepolarizedandfragmentedenvironment”，社交媒體的興起將政治話語轉(zhuǎn)向一個更加兩極分化和碎片化的環(huán)境，這與B選項(xiàng)“轉(zhuǎn)向一個更加兩極分化和碎片化的環(huán)境”意思一致。13.C解析：根據(jù)第二段“socialmediaplatforms,withtheiralgorithmiccurationofcontentandtendencytocreateechochambers,tendtoamplifyexistingbeliefsandreinforceideologicaldivisions”，社交媒體平臺傾向于放大現(xiàn)有信念和加劇意識形態(tài)分歧。“Amplify”在此處意為“加強(qiáng)，放大”，與C選項(xiàng)“加強(qiáng)”意思相近。14.B解析：根據(jù)第三段“First,itcanleadtoincreasedpoliticalgridlockandabreakdownintheabilityofpolicymakerstofindcommonground”，政治兩極分化可能導(dǎo)致政治僵局，并破壞決策者尋求共識的能力，這與B選項(xiàng)“決策者尋求共識的能力瓦解，導(dǎo)致政治僵局”意思一致。15.B解析：根據(jù)第三段“thechallengeofcombatingmisinformationonsocialmediaiscompoundedbythefactthatalgorithmsoftenprioritizeclicksandengagementoveraccuracyandreliability”，對抗社交媒體上虛假信息的挑戰(zhàn)因算法往往優(yōu)先考慮點(diǎn)擊率和參與度而非準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性而加劇，這與B