合同法中英文詳細對照版本引言(Introduction)合同法是調整平等主體之間交易關系的法律規(guī)范總稱，它規(guī)定了合同的訂立、效力、履行、變更、轉讓、終止以及違約責任等基本內容。在現代市場經濟中，合同是維系經濟活動正常運轉的基石，是保障交易安全、促進公平正義的重要法律工具。理解并熟練運用合同法，對于個人及商業(yè)主體的權益保護至關重要。Contractlawisthegeneraltermforlegalnormsgoverningtransactionalrelationshipsbetweenequalparties.Itstipulatesthebasiccontentssuchastheformation,validity,performance,modification,assignment,terminationofcontracts,andliabilityforbreachofcontract.Inthemodernmarketeconomy,contractsarethecornerstoneofmaintainingthenormaloperationofeconomicactivitiesandanimportantlegaltooltoensuretransactionsecurityandpromotefairnessandjustice.Understandingandskillfullyapplyingcontractlawiscrucialforprotectingtherightsandinterestsofindividualsandbusinessentities.一、合同的基本概念(BasicConceptsofaContract)1.1合同的定義(DefinitionofaContract)合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設立、變更、終止民事權利義務關系的協(xié)議?；橐觥⑹震B(yǎng)、監(jiān)護等有關身份關系的協(xié)議，適用其他法律的規(guī)定。Acontractisanagreementbetweennaturalpersons,legalpersons,orotherorganizationsasequalpartiesfortheestablishment,modification,orterminationofcivilrightsandobligations.Agreementsconcerningpersonalrelationshipssuchasmarriage,adoption,andguardianshipshallbegovernedbyotherapplicablelaws.1.2合同的法律特征(LegalCharacteristicsofaContract)平等性(Equality):合同當事人的法律地位平等，一方不得將自己的意志強加給另一方。Thepartiestoacontracthaveequallegalstatus,andneitherpartymayimposeitswillontheother.自愿性(Voluntariness):當事人依法享有自愿訂立合同的權利，任何單位和個人不得非法干預。Partieshavetherighttovoluntarilyenterintoacontractinaccordancewiththelaw,andnounitorindividualmayillegallyinterfere.合法性(Legality):合同的訂立和內容必須符合法律、行政法規(guī)的強制性規(guī)定，不得違反公序良俗。協(xié)議性(Agreement):合同是當事人意思表示一致的產物，體現為各方達成的協(xié)議。Acontractistheproductoftheconsensusoftheparties'intentions,embodiedintheagreementreachedbyallparties.二、合同的訂立(FormationofaContract)2.1當事人資格(QualificationofParties)當事人訂立合同，應當具有相應的民事權利能力和民事行為能力。當事人依法可以委托代理人訂立合同。Partiesconcludingacontractshallhavetheappropriatecapacityforcivilrightsandcivilcapacityforconduct.Partiesmay,inaccordancewiththelaw,entrustagentstoconcludecontracts.2.2意思表示真實(GenuineExpressionofIntent)合同的訂立應以當事人真實的意思表示為基礎。任何一方不得通過欺詐、脅迫等手段迫使對方訂立合同。Theformationofacontractshallbebasedonthegenuineexpressionofintentoftheparties.Nopartymayforcetheotherpartytoconcludeacontractthroughfraud,duress,orothermeans.2.3合同形式(FormofContract)當事人訂立合同，可以采取書面形式、口頭形式或者其他形式。法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定采用書面形式的，應當采用書面形式。當事人約定采用書面形式的，應當采用書面形式。Partiesmayconcludeacontractinwrittenform,oralform,orotherforms.Iflawsoradministrativeregulationsrequireawrittenform,suchrequirementshallbefollowed.Ifthepartiesagreetouseawrittenform,thatagreementshallbefollowed.2.4合同的訂立過程(ProcessofContractFormation)2.4.1要約(Offer)要約是希望和他人訂立合同的意思表示，該意思表示應當內容具體確定，并且表明經受要約人承諾，要約人即受該意思表示約束。Anofferisanexpressionofintenttoenterintoacontractwithanotherperson.Suchexpressionofintentshallbespecificanddefiniteincontentandshallindicatethattheofferorwillbeboundbytheexpressionofintentuponacceptancebytheofferee.2.4.2承諾(Acceptance)承諾是受要約人同意要約的意思表示。承諾生效時合同成立，但法律另有規(guī)定或者當事人另有約定的除外。三、合同的效力(ValidityofaContract)3.1合同的生效(EffectivenessofaContract)依法成立的合同，自成立時生效。法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定應當辦理批準、登記等手續(xù)生效的，依照其規(guī)定。3.2無效合同(InvalidContract)有下列情形之一的，合同無效：(一)一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段訂立合同，損害國家利益；(二)惡意串通，損害國家、集體或者第三人利益；(三)以合法形式掩蓋非法目的；(四)損害社會公共利益；(五)違反法律、行政法規(guī)的強制性規(guī)定。Acontractisinvalidunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Thecontractisconcludedbyonepartythroughfraudorduress,therebyharmingthenationalinterest;(2)Maliciouscollusiontoharmtheinterestsofthestate,thecollective,orathirdparty;(3)Concealingillegalpurposesundertheguiseoflegitimateforms;(4)Harmingsocialpublicinterests;(5)Violatingmandatoryprovisionsoflawsoradministrativeregulations.3.3可撤銷或可變更的合同(RevocableorModifiableContract)下列合同，當事人一方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構變更或者撤銷：(一)因重大誤解訂立的；(二)在訂立合同時顯失公平的。一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危，使對方在違背真實意思的情況下訂立的合同，受損害方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構變更或者撤銷。Apartyhastherighttorequestapeople'scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokethefollowingcontracts:(1)Acontractconcludedduetoamaterialmisunderstanding;(2)Acontractthatisobviouslyunfairatthetimeofconclusion.Ifacontractisconcludedbyonepartythroughfraud,duress,ortakingadvantageoftheotherparty'sunfavorableposition,causingtheotherpartytoconcludethecontractagainstitstruewill,theaggrievedpartyhastherighttorequestapeople'scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokeit.3.4效力待定合同(Contractwith待定Validity)限制民事行為能力人訂立的合同，經法定代理人追認后，該合同有效，但純獲利益的合同或者與其年齡、智力、精神健康狀況相適應而訂立的合同，不必經法定代理人追認。行為人沒有代理權、超越代理權或者代理權終止后以被代理人名義訂立的合同，未經被代理人追認，對被代理人不發(fā)生效力，由行為人承擔責任。Acontractconcludedbyapersonwithlimitedcivilcapacityshallbevalidafterbeingratifiedbyhislegalrepresentative.However,acontractthatsolelybenefitsthepersonwithlimitedcivilcapacityorisappropriatetohisage,intelligence,ormentalhealthstatusdoesnotrequireratificationbyhislegalrepresentative.Acontractconcludedbyapersonwithoutagencyauthority,exceedingagencyauthority,oraftertheterminationofagencyauthorityinthenameoftheprincipalshallhavenoeffectontheprincipalunlessratifiedbytheprincipal,andthepersonperformingsuchactshallbearresponsibility.四、合同的履行(PerformanceofaContract)當事人應當按照約定全面履行自己的義務。當事人應當遵循誠實信用原則，根據合同的性質、目的和交易習慣履行通知、協(xié)助、保密等義務。Partiesshallfullyperformtheirobligationsasagreed.Partiesshallabidebytheprincipleofgoodfaithandperformobligationssuchasnotification,assistance,andconfidentialityinaccordancewiththenature,purpose,andtransactionpracticesofthecontract.4.2合同履行中的抗辯權(RightsofDefenseinContractPerformance)4.2.1同時履行抗辯權(RightofConcurrentPerformanceDefense)當事人互負債務，沒有先后履行順序的，應當同時履行。一方在對方履行之前有權拒絕其履行要求。一方在對方履行債務不符合約定時，有權拒絕其相應的履行要求。Ifpartiesoweobligationstoeachotherandthereisnoorderofperformance,theyshallperformsimultaneously.Onepartyhastherighttorefusetheotherparty'srequestforperformancebeforetheotherpartyperforms.Ifoneparty'sperformanceofobligationsdoesnotconformtotheagreement,theotherpartyhastherighttorefuseitscorrespondingrequestforperformance.4.2.2先履行抗辯權(RightofPriorPerformanceDefense)當事人互負債務，有先后履行順序，先履行一方未履行的，后履行一方有權拒絕其履行要求。先履行一方履行債務不符合約定的，后履行一方有權拒絕其相應的履行要求。Ifpartiesoweobligationstoeachotherandthereisanorderofperformance,andthepartyrequiredtoperformfirstfailstodoso,thepartyrequiredtoperformlaterhastherighttorefusetheformer'srequestforperformance.Ifthepartyrequiredtoperformfirstfailstoperformitsobligationsinaccordancewiththeagreement,thepartyrequiredtoperformlaterhastherighttorefuseitscorrespondingrequestforperformance.4.2.3不安抗辯權(Rightof不安Defense)應當先履行債務的當事人，有確切證據證明對方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行：(一)經營狀況嚴重惡化；(二)轉移財產、抽逃資金，以逃避債務；(三)喪失商業(yè)信譽；(四)有喪失或者可能喪失履行債務能力的其他情形。當事人沒有確切證據中止履行的，應當承擔違約責任。Thepartyrequiredtoperformfirstmaysuspendperformanceifithasconclusiveevidencethattheotherpartyisunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Itsbusinessconditionhasseriouslydeteriorated;(2)Ithastransferredpropertyorwithdrawnfundstoevadedebts;(3)Ithaslostitsbusinessreputation;(4)Othercircumstanceswhereithaslostorislikelytolosetheabilitytoperformitsobligations.Ifapartysuspendsperformancewithoutconclusiveevidence,itshallbearliabilityforbreachofcontract.五、合同的變更、轉讓與終止(Modification,Assignment,andTerminationofaContract)5.1合同的變更(ModificationofaContract)當事人協(xié)商一致，可以變更合同。法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定變更合同應當辦理批準、登記等手續(xù)的，依照其規(guī)定。Partiesmaymodifyacontractuponconsensusthroughconsultation.Iflawsoradministrativeregulationsrequireapproval,registration,orotherproceduresformodifyingacontract,suchprovisionsshallbefollowed.5.2合同的轉讓(AssignmentofaContract)債權人可以將合同的權利全部或者部分轉讓給第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外：(一)根據合同性質不得轉讓；(二)按照當事人約定不得轉讓；(三)依照法律規(guī)定不得轉讓。債務人將合同的義務全部或者部分轉移給第三人的，應當經債權人同意。Acreditormayassignallorpartofitsrightsunderacontracttoathirdparty,exceptinthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Therightsmaynotbeassignedaccordingtothenatureofthecontract;(2)Therightsmaynotbeassignedasagreedbytheparties;(3)Therightsmaynotbeassignedinaccordancewiththelaw.Adebtorshallobtainthecreditor'sconsenttotransferallorpartofitsobligationsunderacontracttoathirdparty.5.3合同的終止(TerminationofaContract)有下列情形之一的，合同的權利義務終止：(一)債務已經按照約定履行；(二)合同解除；(三)債務相互抵銷；(四)債務人依法將標的物提存；(五)債權人免除債務；(六)債權債務同歸于一人；(七)法律規(guī)定或者當事人約定終止的其他情形。Therightsandobligationsunderacontractterminateunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:(1)Theobligationshavebeenperformedasagreed;(2)Thecontractisdissolved;(3)Debtsareoffsetagainsteachother;(4)Thedebtorhasdepositedthesubjectmatterinaccordancewiththelaw;(5)Thecreditorhasremittedthedebt;(6)Thecreditor'srightsanddebtor'sobligationsvestinthesameperson;(7)Othercircumstancesforterminationasprovidedbylaworagreedbytheparties.六、違約責任(LiabilityforBreachofContract)6.1違約責任的承擔方式(MethodsofBearingLiabilityforBreach)當事人一方不履行合同義務或者履行合同義務不符合約定的，應當承擔繼續(xù)履行、采取補救措施或者賠償損失等違約責任。6.2違約金與定金(LiquidatedDamagesandDeposit)當事人可以約定一方違約時應當根據違約情況向對方支付一定數額的違約金，也可以約定因違約產生的損失賠償額的計算方法。當事人可以依照約定一方向對方給付定金作為債權的擔保。債務人履行債務后，定金應當抵作價款或者收回。給付定金的一方不履行約定的債務的，無權要求返還定金；收受定金的一方不履行約定的債務的，應當雙倍返還定金。Partiesmayagreethatonepartyshallpayadeposittotheotherpartyassecurityforthecreditor'srights.Afterthedebtorhasperformeditsobligations,thedepositshallbeoffsetagainstthepriceorrefunded.Ifthepartypayingthedepositfailstoperformitsagreedobligations,ithasnorighttorequestthereturnofthedeposit;ifthepartyreceivingthedepositfailstoperformitsagreedobligations,itshalldouble返還thedeposit.6.3不可抗力(ForceMajeure)因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根據不可抗力的影響，部分或者全部免除責任，但法律另有規(guī)定的除外。當事人遲延履行后發(fā)生不可抗力的，不能免除責任。本法所稱不可抗力，是指不能預見、不能避免并不能克服的客觀情況。七、合同的爭議解決(DisputeResolution)7.1和解與調解(SettlementandMediation)當事人可以通過和解或者調解解決合同爭議。Partiesmayresolvecontractdisputesthroughsettlementormediation.7.2仲裁(Arbitration)當事人不愿和解、調解或者和解、調解不成的，可以根據仲裁協(xié)議向仲裁機構申請仲裁。涉外合同的當事人可以根據仲裁協(xié)議向中國仲裁機構或者其他仲裁機構申請仲裁。Ifthepartiesareunwillingtosettleormediate,orifsettlementormediationfails,theymayapplytoanarbitrationinstitutionforarbitrationinaccordancewiththearbitrationagreement.Partiestoaforeign-relatedcontractmayappl