IssueOctoberUpcomingEventsGLOBALETHANOLSUMMIOCTOBER16-18,2023RESTON,WASHINGTONUSAInthisIEABioenergyTCPTaskIEABioenergyisaTechnologyCollaborationProgramme(TCP)setupin1978bytheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)withtheaimofimprovingcooperationandinformationexchangebetweencountriesthathavenationalprogrammesinbioenergyresearch,developmentanddeployment.TwentyfivecountriesplustheEuropeanCommissioncurrentlyparticipateinIEAJoinourSwedishBioenergyWhileTomasEkbomisTaskLeaderforIEABioenergyTCPTask39,healsoworksfortheSwedishBioenergyAssociation(Svebio).Svebioisaenvironmentalorganisationforcompaniesandindividuals.Wearestronglyrootedinourvalues,andbelieveinrenewableenergy,entrepreneurshipandafreemarketeconomy.Publisher:IEABioenergyTCPTaskEditorinchief:TomasAssociateeditor:GlauciaMendesGraphicdesign:HannahFeaturearticle:FuliLi&YixuanRecommendedreadingBioenergyInternationalOnline&E-magazineBC-SMARTLowCarbonFuelsConsortiumISSN2004-INTHISFromthe Task39 Biofuelsproductionanddevelopmentin Inthe Upcomingmeetings,conferencesand RegainingcontrolinthebioenergysituationroomSeptemberhascomeandwithitoursecondbiofuelsmagazinefor2023.OfspecialinterestisthedevelopmentinChina,andthereforewefeatureanarticleoftheirbiofuelsanddevelopments.WethankourcolleaguesatQingdaoInstituteofBioenergyandBioprocessTechnology,ChineseAcademyofSciencesinChinafortheircontribution.ThefocusforAsiahasbeenformanyplacessourcingoffats,oilsandgreaseforHVOproducts.However,alsoinincreasingproductionissynthesisoffuelsfromwasteoffgaseswithinterestforelectro-fuels.Still,ethanolandbiodieselremainsthemajorityofbiofuelsandfuelstandardsofE10andE15areontheroll-out.HVOisthestrong,expandingdieselcomponentexemplifiedwiththeSingaporebiorefineryofNestewithsomeonemilliontonnesofHVOperyear,whichstartedproductionearlierthisyear.Themarketofinterestisverymuchshiftingtowardsaviationwithdrop-inbiofuels.WewillseemanySustainableAviation(SAF)projectsandplantsinthefuture.ThemaritimesectorhasmoreofalternativestochoosefrombeingitLNG(LBG),methanol,ammonia(hydrogen)orlow-sulphurdieseloil(likeHVO).Intherecent9theditionoftheAdvancedBiofuelsConference(ABC2023)bytheSwedishBioenergyAssociation(Svebio)inGothenburgonSeptember20-21,2023thedemandforadvancedbiofuelswasdiscussed.Currently,thedemandsignificantlyoutpacesproductioncapacity.Clarityandcertaintyontheregulatoryframeworkarethusneeded.Newgreenfieldplantsinvariousstagesofplanningandconstructionwilladdindustrial-scalecapacityastheycomeonline.Oilrefineriesstillhavethecardtoplayfortransformingtheirbigrefineriesforbiofuelsandthetrendisclear.Mega-projectscanbefoundallaroundwithfavourfortheUSAandEuropeandsomeforAsia.Willbigoilgoforbigbiofuel?Theconversionandretrofittingofexistingfossilassetswillcontinue,ifinvestmentsandrecentannouncementsmadebybothglobaloilandgassupermajorsaswellasnational-andindependentplayersisanythingtogoby.WeappreciateyourreadershipandvalueyourinputandTomasEkbom,TaskLeaderIEABioenergyTCPAdvancedBiofuelsConference(ABC2023)20-21September2023inGothenburg,Task39informationintheDuring2023theTaskhavehadtwoBusinessmeetingswithmonitoringongoingprojectsanddiscussionofinter-taskcooperationandnewprojects.InadditionaspecialProjectMeetingwasheldinMay.Newaddedmaterialtothewebsiteaboutthetask,projects,reports,publications,andthecalendarwithevents.ThewebsitelinktoIEABioenergyTask39isTask39nowplansforthejointmeetinginOctober2023inLeipzig,GermanyatDBFZwithIEAAMFforcommoninterestandpossiblecooperationandprojects.IEAIETSisalsopresentasguest.Thereareimportantconsiderationsforbothinternalcombustionenginesandbiofuelsinthematterofadoptingpoliticalmeasuresforfuturesaleswherecombustionenginesarerestrictedornotallowed.Task39continuestoactivelyorganizeandparticipateinotherwebinarsandconferenceswiththegoalofsharingthenetworksinsightsonhowdecarbonizationofthetransportsectorcancontributetoa“greeneconomicrecovery”.AsofSeptemberfivereportshavebeendeliveredforpublicationtoIEABioenergyintheInter-taskprojectAssessmentofSuccessStoriesandLessonsLearnedinBiofuelsDeploymentfromTaskgroups39,40and45withtheIEABioenergywebinaron21stofSeptemberinconjunctionwiththeABCconferenceonsite.ThesecanbefoundontheIEABioenergywebsite.Asof2023fifteencountriesparticipateinTask39:Austria,Belgium,Brazil,Canada,China,Denmark,EuropeanGermany,Ireland,Japan,TheNetherlands,NewZealand,SouthKorea,Sweden,andtheUSA.Inaddition,USGrainsCouncilparticipatesasaLimitedSponsor(seeFigure1).Task39welcomesinterestfromothercountriestoparticipateintheTaskgroup.Withthecollaborationamongthesecountries,Task39issettodelivercooperativeresearchprojectstoaddressandassesspolicy,markets,andsustainablebiofuelimplementationissues.T39welcomeinternationalcontactfromindustryandacademiaandauthoritytoourgrouptoworkoncommongroundforfurtheruseandcommercializationofbiofuelstoreplacefossilERREnergy-ERR能研微訊開發(fā)的能源研究微信群，請?zhí)峁﹩蜤RR能研微訊聚焦世界能源行業(yè)熱點資訊，發(fā)布最新能源研究CreativeCommons協(xié)議。知識星球提供能源行業(yè)最新資訊、政策、前沿分析、報告（15條+plus能源行業(yè)分析師主理提供能源投資研究報告（8~12篇，覆蓋數(shù)十家券商研究所二維碼矩陣資報告號：ERR能研微訊訂閱號二維碼（左）丨行業(yè)咨詢、情報、專家合作：ERR能研君（右視頻、圖表號、研究成果：能研智庫訂閱號二維碼（左）ERR能研微訊頭條號、西瓜視頻（右能研智庫視頻號（左）丨能研智庫抖音號（右Task39programmeofThemissionofTask39istofacilitateandadvancedevelopmentanddeploymentofsustainable,lowercarbonintensitybiofuelstodecarbonizethetransportsector.Ourmethodistoassistmembercountriestransportbiofuelsstakeholdersintheireffortstodevelopanddeploysustainable,lowercarbonintensivebiofuelsthroughacoordinatedfocusontechnology,commercialization,sustainability,policy,markets,andimplementation.ThetaskleadsandcoordinatesactivitiesinthreemainprogramTechnologyandCommercialization(T-Technical/commercialaspectsofproducingandusinglowcarbonintensity(CI)liquidandgaseousbiofuelsfortransport,includingboth“conventional”and“advanced”biofuels.Sustainability(P-Sustainabilityandcarbonintensitymetricsareplayinganever-increasingroleinthepoliciesusedtodevelopandusebiofuels.Biofuelssustainability/LCAassessmentwillstayapriorityfortheTask.Policy(P-Policyanalysis,the“right”policies(suchasLCFSs)significantlyinfluencetherateandextentofdevelopment,deployment,anduseofbiofuels(e.g.,bioethanol,biodiesel,renewablediesel,drop-inbiofuels,etc).T39-OngoingprogressinthecommercializationofSAF/biojetT39-ProgressT39-OngoingprogressinthecommercializationofSAF/biojetT39-Progressinthecommercializationofdrop-inbiofuelsandco-processingtoproducelow-CItransportT39-“ExtendassessmentofdecarbonisationofthemarinetransportsectorandevaluatethecommercialproductionanduseofT39-“Phase2-SuccessesandLessonsLearnedforAdvancedBiofuelTechnologiesCommercialization(possiblyInterTaskwithTasks40and45)”T39-Inter-Taskproject‘Synergiesofgreenhydrogenandbio-basedvaluechainsT39-ImplementationAgendascompare-and-contrastreportofeachmembercountry’sbiofuelspoliciesthathavebeen/arebeingtodevelop,deployandexpandbiofuelsT39-ImplementationAgendascompare-and-contrastreportofeachmembercountry’sbiofuelspoliciesthathavebeen/arebeingtodevelop,deployandexpandbiofuelsproductionandT39-“Assessmentofthesustainabilityofbiofuelspathways,includingsocialandenvironmentalaspectsofsustainability,thespecificCIimpactof“new/advanced”feedstocks,andalsofurthercompareandharmonizeleadingLCAmodelstosupportcategorizationandregulation(possiblyInterTaskwithTasksT39-ImprovementopportunitiesforpoliciesandcertificationschemespromotingsustainablebiofuelswithlowGHGemissions.Part2:RobustnessofGHGemissioncertificationandverification–acasestudyofselectedbiofuelvaluechainsandT39-Biofuel'sproductionandusestatusin“emerging”Task39Startingfrom2023Task39willhave15membercountriesparticipatingaslistedperbelow.EachcountryisrepresentedbyaNationalTeamLeader(NTL)andadditionalrepresentativesaswellasanExComember.Furthermore,externalexpertsmaybeinvolvedaswell.Inaddition,USGrainsCouncilparticipatesasaLimitedSponsormakingthetotalnumberofmembersto16.CurrentIEABioenergytask39members(fromMemberTaskExCoAndreaSonnleitnerHannesDinaRobertHasseltThibautGlauciaMendesSouza(NTL)RubensMacielFilhoLuizAHortaBIOENFAPESPBIOENFAPESPBIOENMarlonJackSaddlerOshadaHanaAllisonFuliLiDouSuneTjalfeThomsenKatharinaPaarupEuropeanNicolaeScarlatMariaMarcoFranziskaMueller-LangerBirgerNicolausTomWalshLuizGay-YutaTakahisaNewPaulBennettPaulSouthChangHyuKoJin-SukTomasEkbom(NTLHannahEdgrenJonasThePaulSinnigeKeesJoséStephanUnitedLingTaoJimCurrentIEABioenergyTask39limited

Task

U.SGrains Isabelle MackenzieFuliLiandYixuanFan,QingdaoInstituteofBioenergyandBioprocessTechnology,ChineseAcademyofChinaistheworld’slargestliquefiednaturalgasimportcountry,hastheworld’slargestcarfleet,thesecondlargestgasolinemarketandthethirdlargestdieselmarketChina’sfuelethanolproductionwas2.57MMTin2021;China’sfuelethanolproductionwasover80%grain-based(i.e.,corn,wheat,andrice)in2022and10%cassavaorsugarcane-basedPolicyhasbeenissuedtostrictlycontrolthecorn-basedfuelethanolprocessingSugarandmolasses-ethanolproducerscontinuetostrugglewithlowThebiofuelsindustryisinvestingonadvancedbiofuelssuchascellulosicbioethanolaswellascoalandindustrialfluegas-basedsyntheticethanolIn2021,a240,000tonnesperyearbiomassprojectusingenzymaticprocessingandfermentationtoethanoloperating:therearetwosyntheticethanolplantsinoperationandanagreementtoinstallthefirstsyngas-basedfuelethanolplanthasbeensignedThe2022nationalaveragefuelethanolblendisestimatedat1.8%withaplantoreachanationalE10fuelethanolCovid-19lockdownsisbelievedtohavehadanimpactonblendwhichpeakedat2.8%inFuelethanoldemandisexpectedtoincreaseinthe2023withtheNationalVIBstandardmotorChinahasattachedgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofsyngasrelatedtechnologiesusingflugasfromcoalandotherindustries;theworld'sfirstbiofermentationfuelethanolprojectusingsteelindustrytailgasasrawmaterialislocatedinBiodieselmarketpenetrationandproductiontargetshavebeenverylowcomparedtoThenationalaveragebiodieselblendhasnevermovedoffof0.2toChina’s2022biodieselproductionisforecastat2.4BL,upbyover32%from2021,FAMEisat2.6BL,HDRDplantshaveacombinedannualcapacityof2.3BLwithanadditional3.4BLcapacityplannedNearlyallplantsareexport-orientedtotakeadvantageofEUtaxpolicies;China’sUCOexportrebatepolicesstimulateUCOInternallybiodieselisusedprimarilytofuelelectricalpowergeneration,fishingvessels,andfarmBiodieselconsumptiondroppedby50%inrelationtoBiodieselproductionischallengedbytheavailabilityoffeedstocks,whicharemostlyimported,underdevelopedpoliciesforbiodieselconsumptionandlackoffinancialsupportforfarmersPolicyhasbeenissuedthataimstobuildasustainablerawmaterialsupplysystemthatissuitableforthecharacteristicsofChina’sresources,basedonwasteoil,andsupplementedbywood(grass)-basednon-edibleoilplantsChina’s2022fuelethanolimports,mainlyfromFranceandtheUnitedStates,duetodomesticethanolsupplybeingsufficient,isexpectedtoremainlow;forbiodiesel,theimportsin2022increased89%fromthelastyear,beingmostlypalmoilbiodieselfromIndonesiaandMalaysia.Subsidiesforconventionalgrainethanolhavebeengraduallyphasedoutandnolongerexistsince2016,subsidiesforgenerationethanol(fromcassavaorsweetsorghum)wereintroducedin2013,cellulosicethanolstartedreceivingasubsidyin2014,subsidiesfornon-foodgrainfeedstockswillphaseoutby2018Subsidiesforconventionalgrainethanolhavebeengraduallyphasedoutandnolongerexistsince2016,subsidiesforgenerationethanol(fromcassavaorsweetsorghum)wereintroducedin2013,cellulosicethanolstartedreceivingasubsidyin2014,subsidiesfornon-foodgrainfeedstockswillphaseoutby2018Taxincentiveforfoodcrop-basedfuelethanolproductiongraduallyphasedout;taxincentivefornon-foodcrop-basedfuelethanolwasretainedWiththeexceptionofminortaxincentivesfortheconsumptiontaxandexportrebates,biodieseldoesnotreceiveanysubsidiesnormandatesupportthatfuelethanolenjoys,andmustcompetewithothermarketsforusedcookingoil(UCO)TheActionPlanforCarbonDioxidePeakingbefore2030promotestheuseofadvancedbiofuels,SAFandotheralternatives;atpresenttherearefewSAFenterprisesTheSpecializedGreen-developmentPlanforCivilAviationaimstoachievemorethan20,000tonnesofSAFconsumptionin2025,aswellas50,000tonnesofSAFconsumptionduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”period.In2022,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionproposedtocarryoutabiodieselpromotionpilotinareaswhereconditionspermit,promotethedemonstrationandapplicationofbioaviationfuel;developnongrainbiomassliquidfuel,andsupporttheresearch,developmentandpromotionofadvancedtechnologyandequipmentinfieldssuchasbiodieselandbioaviationkeroseneIn2022bio-aviationjetfuelhasbeenfirstusedininternationalfreighttransport(all30,000tonnesofproductsobtainedinatrialoperationin2020wereexportedtotheEU)Chinahasdevelopedgreentechnologiesformethanolformaritimeapplicationsbasedonbiomassgasificationwithcapacity,by2024,toproduce50,000tonnesannually;in2023asecondprojectutilizingtheby-producthydrogeninthecokeovengasandthecarbondioxidecapturedfromtheindustrialtailgastosynthesizemethanol,withatargettoproduce110,000tonnesofFourChineseNationalbiofuelresearchcentershavebeenestablishedeachhavingadifferentAstheworld’slargestenergyuser,ChinahassurpassedJapanandbecamethelargestliquefiednaturalgasimportcountryin2021.ItisthefirsttimethatChinahasbecometheworld'slargestLNGimportersincetheearly1970s(Luo,2021).China’sgasolinemarketisnowthesecondlargestintheworld.ItexceededtheEU’sdemandafewyearsagoandnowisonlybytheUS.However,unliketheUSmarket,whichhasslowinggasolineconsumption,China’sgasolinemarketcontinuestoexpandrapidlywithyear-to-yeargrowthsurpassingallothermarkets.AlthoughChina’stransportdieselmarketisthethirdlargestintheworld,China’sannualdieseluseisgrowingataratecomparabletotheUSandtheEU,twomuchlargermarkets.Atpresent,theindustrializationprocessinChinahasnotyetended,itscarbonemissionsandenergyconsumptionarebothontherise.In2000,China’snationalfleettotaledlessthan20millionpassengervehicles.However,from2005to2015,China’spassengercarfleetincreasedbyafactoroften.In2018,ChinasurpassedtheUSasthelargestcarmarketintheworldandnowtotalsmorethan322millionvehicles(GAIN,2018).Theproportionofenergyconsumedbythetransportationsectoralsoreacheditsmaximumin2018,asthedatafromtheGeneralAdministrationofCustomsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(GACC)showninFigure1.1.TheGHGemissionsinChinacontinuestogrow,andthecontributionoftransportationisalsoincreasing(Figure1.2).Biofuelsofferameanstostretchtheeconomicefficiencyandenvironmentvalueofenergyutilization.InChina,biodieselisprimarilytofuelelectricalpowergeneration,fishingvessels,andfarmequipment.On-roadtransportaccountsforaboutone-thirdoftotaldemand(GAIN,2018).Onemajorreasonforthistypeofpreferredusageisthelowqualityofthebiodieselthatisproduced(vanDyketal.,2016).Verylittleinformationisavailableonproductionofbiofuelsotherthanethanolorbiodiesel.Forexample,thereislittleinformationonbiobutanol,renewablediesel((HydrotreatedVegetableOil(HVO)),HydroprocessedEstersandFattyAcids(HEFA)orotherdrop-inbiofuels.ProspectsforChina’stransportationfueldemanddependonmacroeconomicfactors,theadoptionrateofNewEnergyVehicles(NEVs)suchaselectriccarsandadvancedfuelvehicles;andimplementationofChina’sambitiousnewdrivetoreachanationalE10fuelethanoltarget.Figure1.1.EnergyproductionandtransportationconsumptioninChina,2003to2020(datafromFigure1.2.GHGemissionsofvariousindustriesinChina,1990to2019(datafromBiofuelsproduction,consumptionandAtthistime,Chineselawrestrictsfuelethanolprocessingtolicensedfacilitiesthatproduceandsupplyfuelethanoltonationalrefinersandfuelmarketingcompanies.ProvincialDevelopmentandReformCommissions(DRCs)areresponsibleforthedistributionoffranchiselicensesforfuelproduction,refining,andmarketing.In2021,China'sfuelethanolproductionwas2.57MMT,accountingforonlyabout3%ofglobalproduction(QYResearch,2022).ItisreportedthatChina’sfuelethanolproductioncapacitywasabout6.25MMTin2022(SublimeChinsInformation,2023),over80%grain-based(i.e.,corn,wheat,andrice)and10%cassavaorsugarcane-based.Duetolimitedsuppliesofsugarcaneandrecordhighmolassesprices,sugarandmolasses-ethanolproducerscontinuetostrugglewithlowmargins.Cassavaethanol(forfuelandotherindustrialuse)productioncapacityisforecastat2.82MMTin2022,mainlyinShandong,Anhui,andJiangsu,asaresultofrelativelylowcassavapricescomparedtocorn(Gain,2022).Thebiofuelsindustryisinvestingresourcestotransitiontoadvancedbiofuelssuchascellulosicbioethanolaswellascoalandindustrialfluegas-basedsyntheticethanol.Inlate2021,HebeiYigaoBiofuelcompanyreportedsuccessfullyoperatingthefirsttrialoftheir240,000tonnesperyearbiomasscomprehensiveuseproject(Paperinsight,2022).TheprojectproducedethanolonNovember14aftersuccessfulenzymedecompositionandfermentation.Theprojectisdesignedtoproduce25,000tonnesofbiofuel,27,000tonnesofotherby-products.Asforthesyntheticethanol,currently,one58ML/yrfuelethanolfacilityinHebeiisoperationalandanother57ML/yrproductionline,theNingxiaShougangLanzaJiyuanstartedproductioninMay2021.InSeptember2020,thefirstsyngas-basedfuelethanolplantprojectinGuizhouheldasigningceremony.Onceoperational,theplantwillproduce76MLneoffuelethanolperPhotoofHebeiYigaobioethanolplant(Paperinsight,China’s2022biodieselproductionisforecastat2.4BL,upbyover32%from2021duetostrongexports.Beginningin2020,China’sproductionyearlycapacityoffattyacidmethylesters(FAME)grewto2.6BL.ThesefacilitiesarelocatedmainlyinShandong,Guangdong,Shaanxi,andJiangsu.Hydrogenation-derivedRenewableDiesel(HDRD)plantshaveacombinedannualcapacityof2.3BLwithanadditional3.4BLcapacityplanned.Nearlyallplantsareexport-orientedtotakeadvantageofEUtaxpolicies.ZhuoyueNewEnergyistheleadingFAMEbiodieselproducer,withanew114ML/yrproductionlinethatwillstartproductioninOctober2022.Thecompanyplanstoexpandcapacityto852ML(includingmorethan114MLofHDRDcapacity)fromthecurrent454MLin3-5years.ZhejiangJia’aoalsoplanstoexpandcapacityto398MLfromcurrentcapacityof171ML.China’sonlypubliclytradedcompany,BeiqingHuanneng,whichfocusesonusedcookingoil(UCO),alsoplanstobuild795ML(including454MLofHDRDand341MLofFAME)ofbiodieselproductioncapacity,ontopoftheirexistingUCObusiness.AvailabilityofUCOmaylimitbiodieselproductionasChina’sUCOexportrebatepolicesincentiveUCOexports.(GAIN,In2022,fuelethanolconsumptionisestimatedat3.8BL,down164MLfrom2021resultingina2022nationalaverageethanolblendrateestimatedat1.8%.Whileonlyslightlylowerthanthe2021blendrate,itissignificantlylowerthanthe2.8%peakblendrateachievedelevenyearsago.ThisisinpartattributedtocontinuedCovid-19lockdownsinvariouslocationswhichcompletelyhaltedfuelethanolproductionandtransportationinNortheastprovincesforseveralmonthsduringthefirsthalfof2022(GAIN,2022).Fuelethanoldemandisexpectedtoincreaseinthe2023withthepromotionofNationalVIBstandardmotorgasoline(withanolefincontentof15%)throughoutthecountry.AlthoughthereisapproximatelyequaldemandforgasolineanddieselinChina’stransportationsupplychain,biodieselpenetrationandproductiontargetshavebeenverylowcomparedtoethanol.China’s2022biodieselconsumptionisestimatedat600ML,slightlyhigherthan2021,but50%below2019levelsand40%below2018.Thisisattributedtothecoronavirusepidemic,whichcausedChina’sdemandtodropoffin2020andInChina,therearemanyrawmaterialsthatcanbeutilizedforrenewablefuelproduction.AsshowninFigure1.3,accordingtodifferentrawmaterials,biofuelsareroughlydividedintothreegenerations.China’sbiofuelpolicydefinessecondgenerationbiofuelasthosemadefromcellulosicbiomass.Whilecellulosicethanolhasbeenmentionedinvariousgovernmentplanningdocumentsandpoliciesasearlyas2011,includingagoaltoabuildyearlycapacityofmorethan760ML(600,000tonnes)2020,littlehasmaterialized.Celluloseethanoluses30~50timesmoreenzymesthanstarchethanol,whichleadstothehighcostofcellulosicbioethanol.ThecoalandindustrialfluegasmixturecomposedofCO,CO2,andH2,alsotermedassyngas,isconsideredasthegenerationofbiofuelfeedstock.ChinahasattachedgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofsyngasrelatedtechnologiesthatinDecember2016,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionandtheNationalEnergyAdministrationissuedthe"RevolutionaryStrategyforEnergyProductionandConsumption(2016-2030)",andinFebruary2017,theNationalAdministrationissuedthe"13thFive-YearPlanforDemonstrationofDeepProcessingofCoal",whichmentionedtheinnovationofcleanandefficientcoalutilizationtechnology,breakingthroughtheproductionofhighcarbonprimaryalcoholfromsyntheticgas,andexploringtheone-stepproductionofolefins,ethanolandothertechnologiesfromsyntheticgas.Developingthetechnologyofpreparinghigh-valuechemicalsfromsyntheticgasisofgreatsignificanceforsavingthecoalconsumptioninChinaandensuringthenationalenergysecurity.Figure1.3.BiomassandbiofuelclassificationsinChina(Haoetal.,Amajorchallengelimitingtheexpansionofbiodieselistheavailabilityoffeedstock.Chinaisanetimporterofvegetableoils(e.g.,soyoil,palmoil)whicharethemainconstituentfeedstocksusedtomakebiodiesel.OneoftheChinesegovernment’sattemptstomakebetteruseoftheunderutilisedbiodieselrefinerycapacitywastoencouragetheproductionof1.5generationfeedstockssuchasoilseedbearingtrees.ThiswasincorporatedintotheEleventhFive-YearPlanin2006,whereplantingtargetsof400,000haofjatropha,plusanother433,000haofotheroilseedbearingtreessuchasyellowhorn(Xanthocerassorbifolia),Chinesepistachio(Pistaciachinensis),varnishtree(Koelreuteriapaniculata),Chinesetallowtree(Sapiumsebiferum),Swidawilsoniana,idesia(Idesiapolycarpa),sumac(Rhuschinensis),aveloz(Euphorbiatirucalli),andtungtree(Verniciafordii)(Changetal.,2012;Lietal,2014;vanDyketal.,2016).Itwasestimatedthatthepotentialproductionvolumesofbiodieselbasedonoilseed-bearingtreesgrownonmarginallandalonecouldbebetween20.5and123.1BL(Changetal.,2012).However,asofearly2014,theextensivedevelopmentofthesefeedstockshasfailedtomaterialise.Jatrophaproduction,whichwasoriginallypromotedasthemostpromisingofallnon-traditionalfeedstocksourcesusedtomakebiodiesel,hasstagnated.Thishasbeenattributedtounderdevelopedpoliciesforbiodieselconsumptionandlackoffinancialsupportforfarmers(Lietal.,2014;vanDyketal.,Asthethird-generationresources,microalgaebioenergytechnologyhasbecomeaninternationalscienceandtechnologyhotspotinthepasttwodecades.Itisconsideredasapotentialfuturebiofuelproductionroute,whichcanconvertcarbondioxideandsolarenergyintoliquidbiofuelsinaone-stopmanner.However,intermsofthecurrenttechnology,therecoveryandtreatmentofcarbondioxidefromfluegasandothersourcesbycultivatingmicroalgaeisofcertainsignificanceinthecontextofthecurrentconstructionof"carbonpeaking-carbonneutralization",butitisnoteconomicallyfeasibletoprovideenergyproducts.Therefore,thereisnopracticalapplicationprogressofmicroalgaeenergytechnologyinChinaorevenintheInordertopromotetheapplicationofbiofuels,theChinesegovernmenthasintroducedmanypolicies.Article4oftheEnergyLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(DraftforComments)declaresthat"Thestateadjustsandoptimizestheenergyindustrystructureandconsumptionstructure,givesprioritytothedevelopmentofrenewableenergy,safelyandefficientlydevelopsnuclearpower,increasestheproportionofnon-fossilenergy,andpromotesthecleanandefficientuseoffossilenergyandlow-carbondevelopment".Article26alsostatesthat"Thestateencouragesthedevelopmentandutilizationofefficientandcleanenergyresourcesandsupportstheprioritydevelopmentofrenewableenergy".ChinaisoneoftheworldlargestfuelethanolproducersaftertheUS,Brazil,andtheEUbutitsfuelethanolmarkethasremainedinsularthroughoutits20-yearhistorywiththeexceptionofafewrecentyears.PRClawrestrictsfuelethanolprocessingtolicensedfacilitiesthatproduceandsupplyfuelethanoltonationalrefinersandfuelmarketingcompanies.InFebruary2022,theStateCouncilreleaseditsannualpolicyguidelinesonagricultureandruraldevelopmentknownasthe“No.1CentralDocument”whichstipulatedthoseofficials“strictlycontrolthecorn-basedfuelethanolprocessingindustry.”InJune2022,theNDRClednineministriestopublishthe“14thFive-Year-PlanforRenewableEnergy.”ThePlancallsforthedevelopmentofnon-grainbiofuelethanolsuchascellulosicbiofuel.(GAIN,2022;Industrialprospect,ThePRC’scommitmenttopeakcarbonemissionsisdrivingandcreatingnewprospectsforexpandedbiodieseluseproduction.InJanuary2015,theNationalEnergyAdministrationissuedtheBiodieselIndustryDevelopmentPolicy,proposedthat“buildasustainablerawmaterialsupplysystemthatissuitableforthecharacteristicsofChina’sresources,basedonwasteoil,andsupplementedbywood(grass)basednonedibleoilplants”.InDecember2020,theWhitePaperon“EnergyinChina’sNewEra”issuedbytheStateCouncilInformationOfficeclearlystatedthat“focusonimprovingthequalityofbiodieselproductsandpromotingtheindustrializationofnon-grainbiofueltechnology”.Asaliquidfuelforcommercialaviation,sustainableaviationfuel(SAF)hasattractedmuchattentionandbeentakenasanimportantstrategicreserveforindustrydecarbonization.In2021,theStateCouncilproposedintheActionPlanforDioxidePeakingBefore2030tovigorouslypromotetheuseofadvancedbiologicalliquidfuels,SAFandotheralternativestraditionalfuelstoimprovetheenergyefficiencyofterminalfuelproducts.In2022,theSpecializedGreen-developmentPlanforCivilAviationinthe“14thFive-Year-Plan”issuedbytheCivilAviationAdministrationofChinaalsoputsforwardaproposaltopromotethebreakthroughincommercialapplicationofSAF,andstrivetoachievemorethan20,000tonnesofSAFconsumptionin2025,aswellas50,000tonnesofSAFconsumptionduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”period.Meanwhile,goalsforoilsavingandemissionreductionweresetthatthefuelconsumptionpertonnekilometerofthetransportaviationfleetdecreasedto0.293kg,andtheCO2emissionspertonnekilometeroftransportaviationdroppedto0.886kg.In2022,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionproposedinthe“14thFive-YearPlanforBio-economicDevelopment”tocarryoutbiodieselpromotionpilotinareaswhereconditionspermit,andpromotethedemonstrationandapplicationofbioaviationfuel;aswellasinthe“14thFive-YearPlanforRenewableEnergy”tovigorouslydevelopnongrainbiomassliquidfuel,andsupporttheresearch,developmentandpromotionofadvancedtechno