千里之行，始于足下讓知識(shí)帶有溫度。第第2頁(yè)/共2頁(yè)精品文檔推薦胡壯麟的語(yǔ)言學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)英漢對(duì)照翻譯1.語(yǔ)言的普遍特征：

隨意性arbitrariness

雙層結(jié)構(gòu)duality既由聲音和意義結(jié)構(gòu)

多產(chǎn)性productivity

移位性displacement:我們能用語(yǔ)言可以表達(dá)許多不在場(chǎng)的東西

文化傳揚(yáng)性culturaltransmission

2。語(yǔ)言的功能：

傳達(dá)信息功能informative

人濟(jì)功能：interpersonal

行事功能：Performative

表情功能：Emotive

寒暄功能：Phatic

消遣功能recreational

元語(yǔ)言功能metallingual

3.語(yǔ)言學(xué)linguistics：包括六個(gè)分支

語(yǔ)音學(xué)Phonetics

音位學(xué)phonology

形態(tài)學(xué)Morphology

句法學(xué)syntax

語(yǔ)義學(xué)semantics

語(yǔ)用學(xué)pragmatics

4.現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)創(chuàng)始人：Ferdinanddesaussure

提出語(yǔ)言學(xué)中最重要的概念對(duì)之一：語(yǔ)言與言語(yǔ)languageandparole，語(yǔ)言之語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)的整體，言語(yǔ)則只待某個(gè)個(gè)體在實(shí)際語(yǔ)言使用環(huán)境中說(shuō)出的詳細(xì)話語(yǔ)5.語(yǔ)法創(chuàng)始人：NoamChomsky

提出概念語(yǔ)言能力與語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用competenceandperformance

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:

a.wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguage

b.wecanuseboth'shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.

c.wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresent

d.wecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefor

e.

2.Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?

erpersonal

b.phatic

rmative

d.metallingual

3.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?"is__

ainformative

b.phatic

c.directive

d.performative

4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby__

asaussure

b.halliday

c.chomsky

d.thepragueschool

5.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?

a.saussure

b.chomsky

c.halliday

danomymous

其次節(jié)語(yǔ)音學(xué)

1.發(fā)音器官由聲帶thevocalcords和三個(gè)回聲腔組成

2.輔音consonant：thereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.

3.輔音的發(fā)音方式

爆破音completeobstruction

鼻音nasals

破碎音plosives

部分堵塞輔音partialobstruction

擦音fricatives

破擦音affricates等

4.輔音清濁特征voicing

輔音的送氣特征aspiration

5.元音vowel

分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舌翹位置，舌高和嘴唇的外形

6雙元音diphthongs,有元音過(guò)渡vowelglides

1.Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.

a.thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech

b.theperceptionofsounds

c.thecombinationofsounds

d.theproductionofsounds

2.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin__

a.theplaceofarticulation

b.theobstructionfairstream

c.thepositionofthetongue

d.theshapeofthelips

3.Whatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:p,kt

a.voiceless

b.spread

c.voiced

d.nasal

4.Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?

a.voicing

b.aspiration

c.roundness

d.nasality

5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?

a.voicing

b.nasal

c.approximation

d.aspiration

6.Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkare__

a.voicedstop

b.voicelessstop

c.voicedfricative

d.voicelessfricative

7.pisdirverentfromkin__

a.themannerofarticulation

b.theshapeofthelips

c.thevibrationofthevocalcords

d.theplaceofarticualtion

8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin__

a.aspiration

b.nasality

c.obstruction

d.voicing

第三節(jié)音位學(xué)phonology

1.音位學(xué)與語(yǔ)音學(xué)的區(qū)分：語(yǔ)音學(xué)著重于語(yǔ)音的自然屬性，主要關(guān)注全部語(yǔ)言中人可能發(fā)出的全部聲音；音位學(xué)則強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)音的社會(huì)功能，其對(duì)象是某一種語(yǔ)言中可以用來(lái)組合成詞句的那些語(yǔ)音。

2.音位phoneme：最小語(yǔ)音單位

3.音位變體allophones:讀音差別

4.對(duì)照性分布：假如兩個(gè)音段浮現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)語(yǔ)音環(huán)境中，而且產(chǎn)生了兩個(gè)不同的單詞，

5.互補(bǔ)性分布；假如兩個(gè)基本相像的音段絕不會(huì)浮現(xiàn)在相同的語(yǔ)音環(huán)境中，那么它們之間就是互補(bǔ)性分布的關(guān)系，如送氣p絕不會(huì)浮現(xiàn)在s之后，不送氣的p絕不會(huì)浮現(xiàn)在詞首

6.音節(jié)syllable，分為節(jié)首o(hù)nset，節(jié)峰peak，節(jié)尾coda

7.輔音群:普通作為音節(jié)節(jié)首的輔音群不能超過(guò)三個(gè)福音，節(jié)尾不能超過(guò)4個(gè)

8.最小語(yǔ)音對(duì)minimalpairs

I.Introduction

1.WhatisLanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.WhatisLinguistics(語(yǔ)言學(xué))

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

3.SomeBasicDistinctions(區(qū)別)inLinguistics

3.1SpeechandWriting

Onegeneralprinciple(原則)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范疇)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.

3.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(說(shuō)明性)

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.

3.3Synchronic(共時(shí))andDiachronic(歷時(shí))Studies

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

3.4Langue(語(yǔ)言)andParole(言語(yǔ))

ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索緒爾）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(實(shí)際的)language,orrealizationoflangue.

3.5Competence(能力)andPerformance(行為)

Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances(發(fā)聲).

4.TheScopeofLinguistics

Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué))isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.

Phonology(音韻學(xué))isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.

Morphology(詞法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax(句法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.

Semantics(語(yǔ)義學(xué))isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics(應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué))isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics(歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué))isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics(人文語(yǔ)言學(xué))usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.

Neurolinguistics(神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué))studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.

Mathematicallinguistics(數(shù)學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué))studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.

Computationallinguistics(計(jì)算語(yǔ)言學(xué))isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.II.Phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué)）

1.scopeofphonetics

Speechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:

Articulatoryphonetics(發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)）wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate(協(xié)調(diào)）intheprocess.

Auditoryphonetics（聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)）wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated(調(diào)整）bytheear,theauditorynerve(神經(jīng)）andthebrain.Acousticphonetics(聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)）westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted（傳送）betweenmouthandear.

2.Thevocalorgans

Thevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,(氣流發(fā)生器官）theproducerofvoice（聲音發(fā)生器官）andtheresonatingcavities.（聲音共振器官）

3.Consonants(輔音）

Placesofarticulation(發(fā)音部位）:bilabial,(雙唇）Labiodentals,（唇齒）dental,（齒）alveolar,（齒齦）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齒齦）palatal,（上顎）velar,（軟腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(聲門）

Mannersofarticulation:plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（顫音）lateral,（邊音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）

4.Vowels(元音）

Theclassificationofvowels:theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low),thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back),andthedegreeofliprounding(rounded,unrounded)

III.Phonology（音韻學(xué)）

1.phonemes(音素）：adistinctive(有區(qū)分的）soundinalanguage.

2.Allophones(音位變體）：Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.

3.Minimalpairs(最小對(duì)立體）：wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.

4.Freevariation(自由變異）：Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment(環(huán)境）,theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.

5.Complementarydistribution(補(bǔ)充分類）：Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.

6.Suprasegmentalphonology(超音段音位）：thestudyofphonologicalproperties(

性質(zhì)）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable(音節(jié)），stress,（重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch（音調(diào)）andintonation（語(yǔ)調(diào)）.

IV.Morphology（詞法）

1.inflection(構(gòu)形法）：thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.(屈折詞綴）

2.Word-formation(構(gòu)詞）：theprocesses(過(guò)程）ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.（表明詞法關(guān)系）Theyarecompound(合成）andderivation(派生）.

3.Morpheme(詞素）：thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.

4.Allomorph(同質(zhì)異象變體）：somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.

5.Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,(詞根）affix（詞綴）andstem（詞干）.

6.Lexicon(語(yǔ)言詞匯）：initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.

7.Closed-classwords(封閉性）andopen-classwords(開(kāi)放性）：theformerwhose

membershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple(實(shí)際上）indefiniteorunlimited.

8.Wordclass(詞性）：Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.

9.Lexeme(詞位）：thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.

10.Idiom(習(xí)語(yǔ)，成語(yǔ)）：Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords(詞序）whichissemantically（語(yǔ)義上）andoftensyntactically(句法上）restricted.（限制）

11.Collocation(搭配）：thehabitual(習(xí)慣的）co-occurrences（同時(shí)浮現(xiàn)）ofindividuallexicalitems.

V.Syntax(句法）

1.Positionalrelationorwordorder（詞序）：thesequential(挨次）arrangementofwordsinalanguage.

2.Constructionorconstituent(句子結(jié)構(gòu)）：theoverallprocessofinternal(內(nèi)部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.

3.Syntacticfunction(句法功能）：therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffunctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates,modifiers,(修飾語(yǔ)）complements（補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）,etc.

4.Category(范疇）：Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Thecategoriesofthenounincludenumber,gender,caseandcountability.

5.Phrase:asingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.

6.Clause:agroupofwordswithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.

7.Sentence:Itistheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressesacompletethought.VI.Semantics

1.Conceptualismormentalism(概念主義）：FollowingF.DeSaussure(索學(xué)爾）'s"sign"theory,thelinguisticsignissaidtoconsistofasignifier

（所指）andsignified（被指）,i.e.,asoundimageandaconcept,likedbyapsychological（心理的）"associative"bond.（相關(guān)聯(lián)系）

2.Mechanism(機(jī)械主義）：Somelinguists,Bloomfield,(布魯費(fèi)爾德）forexample,turnedtosciencetocounter（反）-acttheprecioustheoriesandthisleadstowhatcallthemechanisticapproach（辦法）.Thenatureofthistheoryhasnothingtodowiththescientificstudyofmentalphenomena.（智力現(xiàn)象）

3.Contextualism（語(yǔ)境主義）：Itisbasedonthepresumption(假定）thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreduceittoobservablecontext.

4.Behaviorism(行為主義）：Behavioristsattempttodefine(定義）themeaningofalanguageformas"thesituation(情景）inwhichthespeakerutters（說(shuō)話）itandtheresponse（反應(yīng)）itcallsforthinthehearer."

5.functionalism(功能主義）：functionalistsasrepresented(代表）bythePragueschool（布拉格學(xué)派）linguistsandneo-Firthian（新弗斯）linguists,approachtheproblemfromanentirelyneworientation（辦法）.Theyargue（爭(zhēng)論）thatmeaning

couldonlybeinterpreted（解釋）fromitsuseorfunctioninsociallife.

6.Senserelationships:Whilereferencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,words,sentences,etc.,andthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,senserelatestothecomplexsystemofrelationshipsthatholdbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves.Theyincludesynonymy(同義詞）,antonym(反義詞）,hyponymy(下層次）Polysemy(一詞多義）andHomonymy(同音異義詞）

7.Semanticanalysis:Itincludes1)componential（成分）analysiswhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.(意義成分）2)predication(表述）analysisinwhichthemeaningofasentenceisnotmerelythesumofthemeaningsofthewordswhichcomposeit.3)relationalcomponentsinwhichthesemanticanalysisofsomewordspresentsacomplicatedpicture,becausetheyshowrelationsbetweentwoandperhapsmoreterms.

VII.Languagevariation(語(yǔ)言變化）

1.Lexicalchange(詞匯的變化）：changesinlexis.

2.Invention:(新造詞）newentities.

3.Compounding合成詞）Newwordsaresometimesconstructedbycombiningtwooldwords.

4.Blending:(混合詞）：Itisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtworootsareblendedbyjoiningt