... .. .Unit5conservativesandliberals保守派和革新派ConservativesandLiberalsRalphWaldoEmersonThetwopartieswhichdividethestate,thepartyofConservativeandthatofinnovation,areveryold,andhavedisputedthepossessionoftheworldeversinceitwasmade.Thisquarrelisthesubjectofcivilhistory.Theconservativepartyestablishedthereverendhierarchiesandmonarchiesofthemostancientworld.Thebattleofpatricianandplebian,ofparentstateandcolony,ofoldusageandaccommodationtonewfacts,oftherichand,ofthepoor,reappearsinallcountriesandtimes.Thewarragesnotonlyinbattlefields,innationalcouncils,andecclesiasticalsynods,butagitateseveryman’sbosomwithopposingadvantageseveryhour.Onrollstheoldworldmeantime,andnowone,nowtheothergetstheday,andstillthefightrenewsitselfasifforthefirsttime,undernewnamesandhotpersonalities.這個(gè)國(guó)家存在著兩個(gè)政黨，保守黨和革新黨。這兩個(gè)政黨長(zhǎng)期存在，并且，自從這個(gè)世界存在財(cái)產(chǎn)后，兩個(gè)政黨就有了爭(zhēng)端。這種爭(zhēng)端是人民歷史發(fā)展的主題。保守黨建立了這個(gè)世界最古老的值得尊敬的等級(jí)制度和君主制。兩黨之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)包括貴族和平民，宗主國(guó)和殖Suchanirreconcilableantagonism,ofcourse,musthaveacorrespondentdepthofseatinthehumanconstitution.ItistheoppositionofPastandFuture,ofMemoryandHope,oftheUnderstandingandReason.Itistheprimalantagonism,theappearanceintriflesofthetwopolesofnature.當(dāng)然，如此勢(shì)不兩立的敵對(duì)勢(shì)力必須對(duì)人類(lèi)的體制有相似深度的理解。這就是過(guò)去和將來(lái)，記憶和希望，理解和原因的對(duì)立。最基本的敵對(duì)勢(shì)力存在于自然兩級(jí)中的瑣事中。Thereisafragmentofoldfablewhichseemssomehowtohavebeendroppedfromthecurrentmythologies,whichmaydeserveattention,asitappearstorelatetothissubject.有一個(gè)古老預(yù)言的片段似乎一定程度上能用來(lái)解釋現(xiàn)今的神話(huà)，它很值得關(guān)注，因?yàn)樗c這個(gè)主題相關(guān)。Saturngrewwearyofsittingalone,orwithnonebutthegreatUranusorHeavenbeholdinghim,andhecreatedanoyster.Thenhewouldactagain,buthemadenothingmore,butwentoncreatingtheraceofoysters.ThenUranuscried,“anewwork,OSaturn!Theoldisnotgoodagain.”Saturnreplied,“Ifear.Thereisnotonlythealternativeofmakingandnotmaking,butalsoofunmaking.Seestthouthegreatsea,howitebbsand flows?Soisitwithme;mypowerebbs;andifIputforthmyhands,Ishallnotdo,butundo.ThereforeIdowhatIhavedone;IholdwhatIhavegot;andsoIresistNightandChaos.”“OSaturn,”repliedUranus.“Thoucanstnotholdthineown,butbymakingmore.Thyoystersarebarnaclesandcockles,andwiththenextflowingofthetide,theywillbepebbleandseafoam.”“Isee,”rejoinsSaturn,“thouartinleaguewithNight,thouartbecomeanevileye:thouspakestfromlove;nowthywordssmitemewithhatred.IappealtoFate,musttherenotberest?”---“IappealtoFatealso,”saidUranus,“musttherenotbemotion?”---ButSaturnwassilentandwentonmakingoystersforathousandyears.AfterthatthewordofUranuscameintohismindlikearayofthesun,andhemadeJupiter;andthenhefearedagain;andnaturefroze,thethingsthatweremadewentbackward,andtosavetheworld,JupiterslewhisfatherSaturn.ThismaystandfortheearliestaccountofaconversationonpoliticsbetweenaConservativeandaRadical,whichhascomedowntous.Itiseverthus.Itisthecounteractionofthecentripetalandthecentrifugalforces.Innovationisthesalientenergy;Conservatismthepauseonthelastmovement.“ThatwhichiswasmadebyGod,”saithConservatism.“Heisleavingthat,heisenteringthisother,”rejoinsInnovation.這個(gè)也許是保守黨和激進(jìn)黨政見(jiàn)最早描述的代表，它傳承下來(lái)給我新黨增加到上帝留下了一些東西，他也將加入其他的東西。Thereisalwaysacertainmeannessintheargumentofconservatism,joinedwithcertainsuperiorityinitsfact.Itaffirmsbecauseitholds.Itsfingersclutchthefact,anditwillnotopenitseyestoseeabetterfact.Thecastle,whichconservatismsettodefend,istheactualstateofthings.Ofcourse,conservatismalwayshastheworstoftheargument,isalwaysapologizing,pleadinganecessity,pleadingthattochangewould be to deteriorate; it must saddle itself with themountainousloadofalltheviolenceandviceofsociety,mustdenythepossibilityofgood,denyideas,andsuspectandstonetheprophet;whilstinnovationisalwaysintheright,triumphant,attacking,andsureoffinalsuccess.Conservatismstandsonman’sincontestablelimitations;reformonhisindisputableinfinitude;conservatismoncircumstance;liberalismonpower;onegoestomakeanadroitmemberofthesocialframe;theothertopostponeallthingstothemanhimself;conservatismisdebonairandsocial;reformisindividualandimperious.Wearereformersinthespringandsummer,inautumnandwinterwestandbytheold;reformersinthemorning,conserversatnight.Reformisaffirmative,conservatismnegative;conservatismgoesforcomfort,reformfortruth.Conservatismismorecandidtobeholdanother’sworth;reformmoredisposedtomaintainandincreaseitsown.Conservatismmakesnopoetry,breathesnoprayer,hasnoinvention;itisallmemory.Reformhasnogratitude,noprudence,nohusbandry.Itmakesagreatdifferencetoyourfigureandtoyourthought,whetheryourfootisadvancingorreceding.Conservatismneverputsthefootforward;inthehourwhenitdoesthat,itisnotestablishment,but reform. Conservatismtendsto universalseeming andtreachery,believesinanegativefate;believesthatmen’stempergovernsthem;thatforme,itavailsnottotrustinprinciples;theywillfailme;Imustbendalittle;itdistrustsnature;itthinksthereisagenerallawwithoutaparticularapplication,lawforallthatdoesnotincludeanyone.Reforminitsantagonisminclinestoasinineresistance,tokickwithhoofs;itrunstoegotismandbloatedself-conceit;itrunstoabodilesspretension,tounnaturalrefiningandelevation,whichendsinhypocrisyandsensualreaction.否定觀點(diǎn)，否定和懷疑先知，與此同時(shí)，革新黨總是對(duì)的，成功的，Andsowhilstwedonotgobeyondgeneralstatements,itmaybesafelyaffirmedofthesetwometaphysicalantagonists,thateachisagoodhalf,butanimpossiblewhole.Eachexposestheabusesoftheother,butinatruesociety,inatrueman,bothmust combine. Nature does not give the crown of itsapprobation,namely,beau