1、Cerebral Hemispheres1 external morphology and lobes1) Left and right cerebral hemispheres are almost completely separated by the longitudinal cerebral fissure. The transverse cerebral fissure lies between the hemispheres and cerebellum.2) 3 sulcus divided the hemispheres into the 5 lobes.3 sulcus ar

2、e the lateral sulcus, central sulcus and parietooccipital sulcus. 5 lobes are frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe and the insula.Frontal lobePrecentral sulcusPrecentral gyrussuperior, middle, inferior frontal gyrus Parietal lobePostcentral sulcusPostcentral gyrusIntraparietal

3、sulcus: superior & inferior parietal lobule (supramarginal gyrus & angular gyrus )3) Important sulcus and gyrus on each lobe頂內(nèi)溝緣上回角回Temporal lobe Superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus Transverse temporal gyrus Superior temporal sulcusInferior temporal sulcusOccipital Cuneus 楔葉Lingual gyrus 舌回Cor

4、texes of both calcarrins sulcusTemporal lobeParahippocampal gyrusUncus 鉤Paracentral lobuleCalcarrinssulcusCorpus callosumLimbic lobe is a part of the limbic system.Cingulate gyrus扣帶回Hippocampus gyrus海馬回 Uncus Hippocampus海馬Mammillary bodiesAmygdala杏仁核Olfactory bulb嗅球Septum 隔區(qū)Fornix穹窿Epithalamus ,hypo

5、thalamusLimbic lobe & Limbic system邊緣葉邊緣系統(tǒng)Functions of the limbic system concerned with Reflex of the olfactory 嗅覺反射Visceral action 內(nèi)臟活動(dòng)Morale action 情緒活動(dòng)Memory 記憶.function of cortex of the hemispherePrimary somatic motor cortex (area) 1. The precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobu

6、le is somatomotor area, and control contralateral movements (opposite)2. Character: *The projection of the body is inverted. But, the head and face is not inverted. 倒置投影,頭面正位*The surface area of the projection area of the parts of body is adaptability with flexibility of muscular movement. 投影區(qū)面積與肌的靈

7、活性成正變關(guān)系*The motor area of one side generally supplies opposite muscles of the body.一般交叉性管理*The motor area gives off pyramidal tract. The lower one third of the precentral gyrus gives off the corticonuclear tract. The corticospinal tract arises from the upper two thirds of precentral gyrus and anteri

8、or part of the paracentral lobule.*The symptom after damaging the area is hard paralysis of opposite side muscles of the limbs, parts of facial muscles and lingual muscles.Primary somatic sensory cortex The postcentral gyrus (+posterior portion of paracentral lobule) is somatosensory area, which rec

9、eives impulses from contralateral somatic sensory organs.-thalamocortic tractCharacter: *The projection of the body is inverted .But the head and face is not inverted. The genual part is on the superior border of the hemisphere. The leg is on the posterior part of the paracentral lobule. 倒置投影, 頭面正位,

10、 膝在上緣，小腿在旁中央小葉后部*The surface of the projecting area of the parts of body is adaptability with sensory susceptibility on body. 投影區(qū)面積與感覺的敏感性成正變關(guān)系*The general sensory area of one side generally supplies superficial and deep senses of the contralateral half of the body and limbs. 交叉管理*The general sensor

11、y area receives thalamocortical tract. The lower 1/3 of the postcentral gyrus supplies head-face; upper 2/3 represented the body and upper limb, and the posterior part of the paracentral lobule represents the lower limb. (contralateral)The symptom after damaging the area is impairment 丟失、損傷 of gener

12、al sensation on the opposite side of the body.special somatic sensory cortex(area)Auditory area: transverse temporal gyrus The auditory cortex in each hemisphere receives impulses from both side of the hearing.Visual area: Both banks cortex of calcarine sulcus The visual cortex in each hemisphere re

13、ceives impulses from the temporal half of ipsolateral retina and the nasal half of the contralateral retina 視網(wǎng)膜.Speech area: motor speech: talkwriting center: writeauditory speech: hearvisual speech: readOn the superiority (left) cerebral hemisphere 優(yōu)勢(shì)半球Language areas on the left hemispheres(1)Audit

14、ory language area (supramarginal gyrus )(2)Visual language area( angular gyrus )(3)Motor language area( Brocas area-posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus)(4)Writing language area on the posterior part of middle frontal GInternal structures Basal ganglia Lateral ventricle White matter Basal Gangli

15、a Components of the extrapyramidal system caudate nucleus 尾狀核lentiform nucleus 豆?fàn)詈薬mygdaloid body 杏仁核claustrum 屏狀核Putamen 殼Globus pallidus蒼白球neostriatumpalaeostriatum新紋狀體舊紋狀體Relationship of basal ganglia Functions of Basal NucleiInfluence muscular activity Regulate attention and cognition調(diào)節(jié)注意力和情緒Reg

16、ulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movementsDoesnt initiate movements but once movement is underway, they assist in the pattern and rhythmInhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement (example: prevents tremors at rest)CerebrumFunctions of Basal NucleiInfluence muscular activity 參與調(diào)節(jié)肌的運(yùn)動(dòng)Regulate

17、 attention and cognition 調(diào)節(jié)人體對(duì)刺激的注意力和情緒 .CerebrumWhite matter of the cerebral hemisphereAssociation fibers 聯(lián)絡(luò)纖維Commissural fibers 連合纖維Projection fibers 投射纖維Association fibersShort-association-fibers connect adjacent gyrus in ipsolateral hemisphere.Long-association-fibers connects cortex regions in d

18、ifferent lobes within same hemisphere.Commissural fibersinterconnect corresponding cortical regions of two hemispheres are: Corpus callosum 胼胝體 Anterior commissure 前連合 is a small compact bundle which crosses the midline rostral to columns of fornix. 連接兩側(cè)顳葉和嗅球Hippocampal commissure 海馬連合 連接兩側(cè)海馬Commiss

19、ural fibers: Connect corresponding grey areas of the two hemispheres. Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, hippocampal commissureCorpus callosumanterior commissureanterior commissurehippocampal commissurerostrumgenubodyspleniumAssociation fibers: Connect different parts of the same hemisphereProjec

20、tion fibers is the gathering area of ascending and descending fibers between the cortex and subcortic centerInternal capsule is a concentrated structure of the projection fibers between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially, and the lentiform nucleus laterally.內(nèi)囊The internal capsuleLocation: it

21、lies between the caudate nucleus and thalamus and lentiform nucleus, at the horizontal section of the brain.The internal capsule can be divided into three portions.anterior limb of internal capsule: between the caudate nucleus and lentiform frontopontine tract and anterior thalamus radiationposterio

22、r limb: between the thalamus and lentiform corticospinal tract, thalamocortical tract(superior/central thalamic radiation) optic radiation auditory radiationgenu. between the anterior limb and posterior limb corticonuclear tract/ corticobulbar tract Injured the internal capsuleShowing 3 contralatera

23、l impairment:損傷 1.Contralateral paralysis on body偏癱 2. Contralateral sensory impairment on bode 偏身感覺障礙 3. Contralateral visual fields of the 2 eyes are impairment 偏盲Lateral ventricleThe lateral ventricle can be divided into 4 parts: anterior (front) horn. posterior(occipital)horn ventricle body inferio