1、2022考研英語真題及答案(英語一)Sectio n I Use of En glishDirections:Read the followi ng text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mberedbla nk and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 poi nts)資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that theirmemory and men tal clarity are not

2、what they used to be. We sudde nly can't remember1we put the keys just a mome nt ago, or an oldacquaintance ' s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As thebrain 2 , werefer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seem in gly innocent, this loss of men tal focus can

3、 pote ntially have a (n) 4 impact on our professi on al, social, and pers onal 5 .資料個 人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Neuroscie ntists, experts who study the n ervous system, areincreasingly showing that there ' s actually a lot that can be done. It6out that the brain needs exercise in muchthe sameway our muscles d

4、o, and the right men tal7can sig nifica ntly improve our basiccog nitive8. Thinking is esse ntially a9of maki ngconn ecti ons in the brain. To a certa in exte nt, our ability to10in making the connections that drive intelligeneeis inherited. 11,because these connections are made through effort and p

5、ractice,scie ntists believe that in tellige nee can expa nd and fluctuate12mental effort.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Now, a newWeb-basedcompanyhas taken it a step13and developedthe first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and rega in their mental14.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途The Web-

6、based program15you to systematically improve yourmemoryand attentionskills. The program keeps16of your progressand provides detailed feedback17your performanee and improvement.Most importantly,it 18modifies and enhances the gamesyou play to19on the stre ngths you are develop ing much like a( n)20exe

7、rcise rout ine requires you to in crease resista nee and varyyour muscle use. 資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途1. Awhere Bwhe n Cthat Dwhy1 / 17資料個人收集資料個人收資料個人收集整理,資料個人收集整資料個人收集資料個人2. Aimproves Bfades Crecovers Dcollapses3. Alf BUnless COnce DWhile4. Auneven Blimited Cdamaging Dobscure5. Awellbei ng Be nviro nmen t C

8、relati on ship Doutlook整理，勿做商業(yè)用途6. Aturns Bfinds Cpoints Dfigures7. Aro un dabouts Bresp on ses Cworkouts Dassociati ons集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途8. Age nre Bf un cti ons Ccircumsta nces Dcriteri on勿做商業(yè)用途9. Acha nn el Bco nditio n Cseque nce Dprocess10. Apersist Bbelieve Cexcel Dfeature11. A Therefore B Moreover C

9、Otherwise D However理，勿做商業(yè)用途12. Aaccording to Bregardless of Capart from Dinstead of料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途13. Aback Bfurther Caside Darou nd14. Asharpness Bstability Cframework Dflexibility整理，勿做商業(yè)用途15. Aforces Breminds Churries Dallows16. Ahold Btrack Corder Dpace17. Ato Bwith Cfor Do n18. Airregularly Bhabi

10、tually Cconstantly Dunusually收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途19. Acarry Bput Cbuild Dtake20. Arisky Beffective Cidle DfamiliarSection n Read ing Comprehe nsionPart ADirections:Read the followi ng four texts. An swer the questi ons below each textby choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWESHEET.(40 points)資料

11、個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Text 1In order to "cha nge lives for the better" and reduce "depe ndency"George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront worksearch" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for on li ne job search, and st

12、art look ing for work will they be eligible for ben efit and the n they should report weekly rather tha n fortni ghtly. What could be more reas on able?資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途More appare nt reas on able ness followed. There will now be a seve n-day wait for the jobseeker ' s allowanee. "Those first

13、 few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he claimed. "We' re doing these things because we know they help people stay off ben efits and help those on ben efits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first heari ng, this was the socially concerned cha n

14、cellor, trying to cha nge lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously in dulge nt system that dema nds too little effort from the n ewly un employed to find work, and subsidises laz in ess. What motivated him, we were to un dersta nd, was his zeal for "fu ndame ntal

15、fair ness" protect ing the taxpayer, con trolli ngspe nding and en suri ng that only the most deserv ing claima nts receivedtheir ben efits. 資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Losing a job is hurting: you don ' t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubli ng your

16、in come from the gen erous state. It is finan cially terrifyi ng, psychologically embarrass ing and you kno wthat support is mini mal and extraord in arilyhardto get. You are nownot wan ted; you support is mini mal and extraord in arily hard to get. You are now no t wan ted; you are now excluded fro

17、m the work en vir onment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial in come to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone n ewly un employed what they want and the an swer is always: a job.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途But in Osbor nela nd, your first in st

18、inct is to fall into depe ndencyperma nent depe ndency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to in dulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and ben efit admi nistrati onsystemn ever happe ned. The prin ciple of British welfare is no Ion

19、 ger that you can in sure yourself aga inst the risk of un employme nt and receive uncon diti onal payme nts if the disaster happe ns. Eve n the very phrase "jobseeker ' s allowa nee" inven ted in 1996 is about redefi ningtheun employed as a "jobseeker" who had no man datory

20、right to a ben efit heor she has earned through making n ati onal in sura nee con tributi ons.In stead, the elaima nt receives a time-limited "allowa nee," eon diti onalon actively seek ing a job; no en titleme nt and no in sura nee, at£ 71.70a week, one of the least gen erous in the

21、EU.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途21. George Osborne ' s seheme was intended toA provide the un employed with easier aeeess to ben efits.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途B encourage jobseekers ' aetive engagement in job seeking.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途C motivate the un employed to report volun tarily.D guara ntee jobseekers ' leg

22、itimate right to ben efits.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途22. The phrase, "to sig n on" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A to check on the availability of jobs at the jobee ntre.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途B to accept the government' s restrietions on the allowanee.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途C to register f

23、or an allowa nee from the gover nment.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途D to atte nd a gover nmen tal job-trai ning program.23. What prompted the eha ncellor to develop his seheme?資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A A desire to secure a better life for all.B An eagerness to protect the unemployed.C A n urge to be gen erous to the elaima

24、 nts.D A passi on to en sure fair ness for taxpayers.24. Accord ing to Paragraph 3, being un employed makes one feel資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A un easyB e nraged.C i nsulted.D guilty.25. To which of the followi ng would the author most probably agree?資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途lazin ess. 資料個資料個人收資料個人收集資料個人收集整A The British

25、 welfare system in dulges jobseekers人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途B Osborne ' s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途C The jobseekers ' allowanee has met their actual needs.整理，勿做商業(yè)用途D U nemployme nt ben efits should not be made con diti on al.理，勿做商業(yè)用途Text 2All around the world, lawyers gen e

26、rate more hostilitytha n the membersof any other professi onwith the possible excepti on of jour nalism. Butthere are few places where clie nts have more grounds for compla int tha nAmerica.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途During the decade before the econo mic crisis, spe nding on legal services in America grew twic

27、e as fast as inflation.The best lawyers madeskyscrapers-full of mon ey, tempti ng ever more stude nts to pile into law schools. But most law graduates n ever get a big-firm job. Many of them in stead become the ki nd of nu isa nce-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly ni ghtmare.資料個人收集整理

28、，勿做商業(yè)用途There are manyreasons for this. Oneis the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year un dergraduate degree in some un related subject, the n a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Ass

29、ociation and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today ' s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profitwork, and that they have to work fearsomelyhard.資料個人收集整理

30、，勿做商業(yè)用途Reformi ng the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an un dergraduate degree.Another i

31、s to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar examis truly a ster n eno ugh test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途do so. Stude nts who do not n eed the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.資料個

32、人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like own ership structure of the bus in ess. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers maynot own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the professi

33、on, but opponents of change amongthe regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make moneyrather tha n serve clie nts ethically.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to cus

34、tomers, by encouraging law firms to use tech no logy and to employ professi onal man agers to focus on impro ving firms ' efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britai n, have started liberalizi ng their legal professi ons. Americashould follow.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途26. a lot of

35、stude nts take up law as their professi on due to資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A the grow ing dema nd from clie nts.B the increasing pressure of inflation.C the prospect of work ing in big firms.D the attractio n of finan cial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American

36、 states? 資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A Higher tuiti on fees for un dergraduate studies.B Admissions approval from the bar association.C Pursuing a bachelor' s degree in another major.D Receivi ng trai ning by professi onal associati ons.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system origi nat

37、es from資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A lawyers ' and clie nts ' stro ng resista nee.B the rigid bodies gover ning the professi on.C the stem exam for would-be lawyers.D non-professionals' sharp criticism.29. The guild-like own ership structure is con sidered"restrictive"partly because it資料個人收

38、集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A ba ns outsiders' invo Iveme nt in the professi on.B keeps lawyers from holdi ng law-firm shares.C aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.D preve nts lawyers from gai ning due profits.3O.ln this text, the author mainly discussesA flawed ownership of America' s law firms and

39、 its causes. 資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途B the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途C a problem in America ' s legal profession and solutions to it.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途D the role of undergraduate studies in America' s legal education.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Text 3The US$3-milli on Fun d

40、ame ntal physics prize is in deed an in terest ingexperiment, as Alexander Polyakov said whenhe accepted this year' s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Pri

41、zes in rece nt years. Many, like the Fun dame ntal Physics Prize, are fun ded from the teleph one-nu mber-sized bank acco unts of Internet en trepre neurs. These ben efactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw atte nti on to those who have succ

42、eeded in scie nee.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途W(wǎng)hat' s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the NewsFeature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart en trepre neurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in

43、 self-promotio n for those beh ind them, say scie ntists. They could distort the achieveme nt-based system of peer-review-led research. They could ceme nt the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do n ot fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone geni us.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途T

44、he goals of the prize-givers seemas scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into scie nee, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how scie nee prizes bot

45、h new and old are distributed. TheBreakthrough Prize in Life Scien ces, la un ched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation ' s limit of three recipientsper prize, each of whommust stillbe liv ing, has long bee n outgrow n by the colla

46、borative n ature of moder n research as will be dem on strated by the in evitable row over who is ignored whe n it comes to ack no wledg ing the discovery of the Higgs bos on. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich in dividual who had decided what he wan ted to do with his own

47、mon ey. Time, rather tha n inten ti on, has give n them legitimacy.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途As much as some scie ntists may complai n about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Secon d, it is surely a good thing that the money and a

48、tte nti on come to scie nee rather tha n go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and questi on the mecha nism that is the culture of research,after all but it is the prize-givers ' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途31. The Fun da

49、me ntal Physics Prize is see n asA a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth.B a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.C an example of bankers' investments.D a han dsome reward for researchers.32. The critics thi nk that the new awards will most ben efit資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A the profit-oriented sc

50、ientists.B the foun ders of the new awards.C the achieveme nt-based system.D peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs bos on is a typical case which invo Ives資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A co ntroversies over the recipie ntsstatus.B the joint effort of modern researchers.C legitimate concerns over

51、the new prizes.D the dem on strati on of research findin gs.34. Accord ing to Paragraph 4,which of the followi ng is true of theNobels?資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途A Their en dura nee has done justice to them.B Their legitimacy has long bee n in dispute.C They are the most represe ntative honor.D History has n ev

52、er cast doubt on them.35. The author believes that the now awards areA acceptable despite the criticism.B harmful to the culture of research.C subject to un desirable cha nges.D un worthy of public atte nti on.Text 4"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the America n Acade

53、my of Arts and Scie nces (AAAS), deserves praise for affirmi ng the importa nee of the huma nities and social scie nces to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report ' s failure to address the true nature of the crisisfacing liberaleducatio n ma

54、y cause more harm tha n good.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途In 2022, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAASasking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local gover nmen ts, uni versities, foun dati ons, educators, in dividual ben efactors and othe

55、rs" to "mai nta in n ati onal excelle nee in humanities and social scientificscholarship and education." In response,the America n Academy formed the Commissi on on the Huma nities and Social Scie nces. Among the commissi on' s 51 members are top-tier- un iversitypreside nts, scho

56、lars, lawyers, judges, and bus in ess executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaki ng, music and journalism.資料個人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途The goals ide ntified in the report are gen erally admirable. Because represe ntativegover nment presupposes an in formed citize nry, the reportsupports ful

57、l literacy; stresses the study of history and gover nment,particularlyAmerica n history and America n gover nment; and en courages theuse of new digitaltech no logies.To en courage inno vatio n and competiti on,the report calls for in creased in vestme nt in research, the crafti ng of cohere nt curr

58、icula that improve stude nts ' ability to solve problems and com muni cate effectively in the 21st cen tury, in creased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreig n Ian guages, intern ati onal affairs and the expa nsion of study ab