考點8閱讀理解

推理判斷之文章結(jié)構(gòu)(核心考點精講精練)

考情探究

1.命題規(guī)律及備考策略

【命題規(guī)律】近3年新高考卷對于閱讀理解中沒有對推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行考查，這不意味著未來不會考查。高考備考

要充分準(zhǔn)備未來可能考的題，不是盲目追風(fēng)必考考過的試題。主要考查：

根據(jù)閱讀文章整體推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)。推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的方法：1.從整體出發(fā)，辨別文章結(jié)構(gòu)圖；2.根據(jù)文章的某一段落，

選擇文章作者是怎么展開或組織段落的。

【備考策略】系統(tǒng)歸類推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的方法；熟練掌握閱讀技能。

【命題預(yù)測】

學(xué)業(yè)水平考試的是高中生的畢業(yè)考試，高考是國家選拔創(chuàng)新人才的考試。學(xué)考和高考分開考的FI的很明確。高

考就是選拔性考試，通過高考英語試題，考杳學(xué)生的推理判斷能力和邏輯思維能力及品質(zhì)是重要導(dǎo)向。

通過閱讀理解中，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查考生的整體觀，從全局看問題的能力，在新高考命題中很可能會出現(xiàn)。推

斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的命題依據(jù)是：新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中要求學(xué)生掌握：主要語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特征。因此，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的推理判斷題，

有可能在2024年高考中將成為高考閱讀理解的題型，應(yīng)該倍加注意。

考點梳理

【2024年高考命題預(yù)測】

推理判斷之推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)考點是新課標(biāo)中明確要考的考點。在當(dāng)今高考的新改革時代，考查文章結(jié)構(gòu)題最能考

查學(xué)生對語篇的整體把控，要求學(xué)生必須從大處著眼。預(yù)測在2024高考中，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)題有可能在高考閱讀理

解中呈現(xiàn)。

【推理判斷之文章結(jié)構(gòu)考點指南】

規(guī)律方法：

文章結(jié)構(gòu)主要的設(shè)題方式常有：

(1)Howisthepassageorganized?

(2)Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructure/organizationofthepassage?

規(guī)律方法：如何解決文章結(jié)構(gòu)題？

考查組織結(jié)構(gòu)的文章通常行文組織結(jié)構(gòu)都比較清晰、規(guī)范，因此，具備文體、寫作方式和文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)方面相關(guān)

知識對于有效解答此類題目具有至關(guān)重要的作用。

1、記敘文可以采取以時間為序、以地點為序、以故事情節(jié)發(fā)展為序(開端、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局)等敘事方式進(jìn)行

寫作。以故事情節(jié)為序又可以不按照時間的先后順序敘述，比如，先寫結(jié)局，再寫其他，最后寫高潮，這種敘事手

法叫做倒敘八

2、議論文總體上可以分為四類：

第一類，”提出論點----分論點一----分論點二----分論點三……----結(jié)論”；

第二類，”引入段——導(dǎo)出論點——分點論述——結(jié)論”；

第三類，”提出問題——分析問題——解決問題”；

第四類，”提出反面觀點——批駁反面觀點——提出正面觀點

3、說明文往往采取下定義、舉例子、列數(shù)字、對比或比較等說明方式進(jìn)行寫作，而這些說明方式都是為了使文章

要說明為內(nèi)容或問題更加清晰明了、真實可信，或者更具說服力。

☆典例引領(lǐng)

(2023屈江西省贛州市高三下學(xué)期二模)

Sleepisreparative.Becauseweneedtorepairalotwhilewesleep,it'simportanttogetqualitysleep.

Mostofusfunctionbetterinthedaytimewithroutines.Wealsofunctionbetteratnightwitharoutinebecausewewant

tokeeppacewithournaturalbodyrhythms.Eachperson'sroutinemaybedifferent—somepeoplewashtheirfaceatnight,

andsometakeabath—justmakesureitisaroutine.That'strueduringtheweekandontheweekend;consistencymatters.

Haveawindingdown,gettingreadyforsleeproutine,andcarrythatoutatthesametimeeverynight.Findthingsthatare

relaxingandhelpslowyoudownforsleep.Thatmaybereading,listeningtomusic,meditating,praying—anythingthat's

relaxingwhilealsobeingconstructiveorhealthy.

Typically,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweveiythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,theytakedeeperbreaths,

increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskintemperature.Thisisoneofthekeyreasonswhywesleepbetterinacooler

environment.Ifyourskintemperatureincreasesandyourroomisalreadyabitwarm,youwillbetoohottosleepwell.

Theexacttemperatureisapersonalmatter.Thekeyisthatil'smoretowardcoolthanhot.Manyconsider68degreesan

environmentthat'sneithersocoldwcshivernorsohotwcsweat.But:here'snoscientificevidencefbranexact,perfect

sleepingtemperature.

Attheendoftheday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ithelpsusrepairandrejuvenatesowccanfight

infection,concentrate,regulateourmoods,showupforourselvesand(hepeopleinourlives,andbasicallyfunctionas

humans.Wccan'tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthink.So,ifsreallyhightimewcshoulddo

allwecantofosterthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.

1.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?

A.Aroutinecanbehelpfulingettingqualitysleep.

B.It'sbesttoavoidscreensbeforeyougotobed.

C.Higherqualityofsleepleadstobettermentalhealth.

D.Listeningtomusicmakesitdifficulttostayasleep.

2.Whatwillhappenwhenpeoplerelaxduringsleepatnight?

A.They'lltakemoreregularbreaths.B.They,llfeelcoolerthanintheday.

C.Theirskintemperaturewillrise.D.Theywillnotgetenoughoxygen.

3.Whatmainpointdoestheauthorwanttomakein(helastparagraph?

A.Goodsleepcanbemadeatanytime.B.Sleepisimportantformanyreasons.

C.Trytodevelopgoodsleephabitsnow.D.Lostsleepmakesnodifferencetopeople.

4.What'sthestructureofthetext?

【答案】1.A2.C3.C4.A

【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文，高質(zhì)量的睡眠至關(guān)重要，作者在文章中主要論述了養(yǎng)成良好的睡前讓自己放松的

習(xí)慣并通格執(zhí)行、保持涼爽的溫度有益于提高睡眠質(zhì)量。

1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Mostofusfunctionbetterinthedaytimewithroutines.Wealsofiinctionbetteratnightwith

aroutinebecausewewanttokeeppacewithournaturalbodyrhythms.Eachperson'sroutinemaybedifterentsomepeople

washtheirfaceatnight,andsometakeabathjustmakesureitisaroutine.That'strueduringtheweekandontheweekend;

consistencymakers.（我們大多數(shù)人在白天按照習(xí)慣就會表現(xiàn)更好。我們在晚上按照習(xí)慣也會更好，因為我們想要跟

上我們自然的身體節(jié)奏。每個人的習(xí)慣可能是不同的——有些人晚上洗臉，有些人洗澡——只要確架這是一種習(xí)慣。

工作日和周末都是如此；一致性很重要。）“可知，養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣有助于獲得高質(zhì)量的睡眠。故選A。

2.細(xì)節(jié)'理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Typic川y,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweverythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,they

takedeeperbreaths,increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskin（emperalure.（通常情況卜，人們在睡覺時會放松，往

往會放慢一切。當(dāng)他們放松時，他們會深呼吸，增加氧氣流量，從而提高皮膚溫度。廣可知，當(dāng)人們在晚上睡覺時

放松，他們的皮膚溫度會升高。故選C。

3.主旨大意題-根據(jù)最后一段"Attheendoftheday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ilhelpsusrepairand

rejuvenatesowecanfightinfection,concentrate,regulateourmoods,shewupforourselvesandthepeopleinourlives,and

basicallyfunctionashumans.Wecan,tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthink,So,it'sreally

hightimeweshoulddoallwecantofosterthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.

（歸根結(jié)底，出于多種原因，睡眠絕對至關(guān)重要。它幫助我們修復(fù)和恢復(fù)活力，這樣我們就可以對抗感染，集中注意

力，調(diào)節(jié)我們的情緒，為自己和我們生活中的人出現(xiàn)，并且基本上像人類一樣發(fā)揮作用。我們無法彌補失去的睡眠，

這與許多夜貓子的想法相反。所以，現(xiàn)在真的是時候了，我們應(yīng)該盡我們所能來促進(jìn)最好的睡眠，從涼爽的房間和

放松的就寢時間開始。）“可知，作者闡述良好睡眠的諸多益處，并且指出失去的睡眠是無法彌補的，并由此得出結(jié)

論：從現(xiàn)在開始，盡我們所能來促進(jìn)最好的睡眠，從涼爽的房間和放松的就寢時間開始；由此可知，作者在最后一

段要闡述的主要觀點是現(xiàn)在就努力養(yǎng)成良好的睡眠習(xí)慣。故選Co

4.推理判斷題。在文章第一段“Sleepisreparative.Becausewcneedtorepairalotwhilewcsleep,it'simportanttoget

qualitysleep.（睡眠是修復(fù)性的。因為我們需要在睡覺時修復(fù)很多東西，所以獲得高質(zhì)量的睡眠很重要。）”作者闡述

了高質(zhì)量睡眠的重要性；由第二段中“Haveawindingdown,gettingreadyforsleeproutine,andcarryrthatoutatthesame

timeeverynight.Findthingsthatarerelaxingandhelpslowyoudownforsleep.Thatmaybereading,listeningtomusic,

meditatng,praying—anythingthat'srelaxingwhilealsobeingconstructiveorhealthy.（有一個放松下來.準(zhǔn)備睡覺的程

序，每天晚上在同一時間進(jìn)行。找一些能讓你放松的事情，讓你慢慢入睡?？梢允情喿x、聽音樂、冥想、祈禱——

任何既放松乂有益健康的事情4戶可知第二段闡述了養(yǎng)成良好的睡前讓自己放松的一些習(xí)慣并嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行有助于提高

thatthestudyonlydrewondatafrompeoplewithwhite,BritishorIrishancestry.Shesaid,“Whiletherearenosurefire

waystopreventdementiayet,adietrichinfruitandvegetables,alongwithplentyofexerciseandnotsmoking,all

contributetogoodhearthealth,whichinturnhelpstoprotectourbrainfromdiseasesthatleadtodementia.**

5.Whatdidthestudyfindout?

A.Anewwaytocureadisease.B.Apopulardiettokeepbalance.

C.Amedicaldatabasetodoresearch.D.Apossiblestrategytoreducetheriskofdementia

6.Howdidtheresearcherscarryoutthestudy?

A.Bymakingparison.B.Bypresenting(heprocess.

C.Byconsultingotherstudies.D.Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.

7.WhatdocsSusanMitchellthinkofthestudy?

A.It'sevident.B.ItJslimited.C.It,spractical.D.It'spromising.

8.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?

L^J

A.[mcK]

【答案】5.D6.A7.B8.C

【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)富含水果和蔬菜的飲食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保護(hù)大

腦免受癡呆癥的侵害。介紹了研究開展的過程以及SusanMitchell博士對此研究的看法。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotectthebrain

againstdementia,astudysuggests.StickingcloselyloMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,

seafood,wholegrainsandoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedtoa23percentlowerriskofdementia.（一項研究表明,富含水果和蔬

菜的飲食，每天喝一杯酒?，可以保護(hù)大腦免受癡呆癥的侵害。堅持地中海飲食習(xí)慣，包括大量的堅果、海鮮、全谷

物和橄欖油，可以將患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險降低23%）”可知，這項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)降低癡呆癥風(fēng)險的可能策略。故選D。

6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin

2006,theresearchersscoredparticipants'dietsforhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.（根

據(jù)2006年建立的英國生物銀行收集的6萬人的數(shù)據(jù)，研究人員從兩個方面對參與者的飲食與理想地中海飲食的匹

配程度.進(jìn)行了評分）''可知，研究人員通過比較進(jìn)行這項研究。故選A。

7.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Shepointedoutthatthestudyonlydrewondatafrompeoplewithwhite,BritishorIrish

ancestry.（她指出，這項研究只利用了白人、英國或愛爾蘭血統(tǒng)的人的數(shù)據(jù)）“可知，SusanMitchell認(rèn)為這項研究有限

制性。故選B。

8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段"Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotectthebrain

againstdementia,astudysuggests.StickingcloselytoMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,

seafood,wholegrainsandoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedtoa23percentlowerriskofdementia.（一項研究表明,富含水果和蔬

菜的飲食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保護(hù)大腦免受癡呆癥的侵害。堅持地中海飲食習(xí)慣，包括大量的堅果、海鮮、全谷

物和橄欖油，可以將患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險降低23%）”可知第一段引出文章關(guān)于新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)降低癡呆癥風(fēng)險的可能策略；

第二段“Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin2006,theresearchers

scoredparticipants'dietsforhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.（根據(jù)2006年建立的英

國生物銀行收集的6萬人的數(shù)據(jù)，研究人員從兩個方面對參與者的飲食與理想地中海飲食的匹配程度進(jìn)行了評分）”

總述研究開展的方式：第三段“Usingone,thosewhoseeatinghabitswerethebestmatchwere23percentlesslikelyto

developdementiathanthosewhosedietsleastfitthepattem.（使用一種方法，飲食習(xí)慣最匹配的人患癡呆癥的可能性比

飲食習(xí)慣最不匹配的人低23%）”以及第四段“Thesecondscaleusedsimilarcriteriaandaclosematchonthatwaslinked

toa14percentlowerriskofdememia.（第二個量表使用了類似的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，與之接近的人患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險降低了14%）”為

第二段的分論點，具體闡述研究過程；最后一段是SusanMitchell對此研究的看法?？赏浦?，C選項最符合文章結(jié)

構(gòu)。故選C。

好題沖關(guān)

基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)

（最新模擬試題演練）

1.12023?廣東省華附、省實、廣雅、深中四校聯(lián)考】

Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimprovelifeinthemistoseparatepeoplefromtheircars.Even

whenyouhaveastrongpublictransportsysteminmovingpeoplebetweenpopulationhubs,thelastmilethatsection

betweentherailwaystationandsomeone'shome,forexamplecanleadtocaruseifit'sconsideredtoofarortoo

dangercustowalk.

Theideaofalowtrafficneighbourhood（LTN）wherecarsarcbannedfromquieter4ratruns，（偏僻小路）tokeepthem

onthemajorrouteshastakenoffinpartsoftheUK.LTNsattempttofilteroutcarsfromresidentialstreetsusingbollards,

cameracontrolledgatesorevenplantersfullofflowersplacedacrosstheroad,whilepedestrians,cyclistsandemergency

vehiclescanstillpass.

AnalysisfbrtheactivetransportcharitySustransfoundthat“drivingamileonaminorurbanroadistwiceaslikelyto

killorseriouslyinjureachildpedestrian,andthreetimesmorelikelyiokillorseriouslyinjureachildcyclist,pared（o

drivingamileonanurbanAroad,“andthatheavycartrafficinresidentialareascanleadtoariseinsocialisolation.LTNs

reducethisdanger,leadingtoathreefoldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincreasethenumberofvisitorsto

localbusinesses.

Alsopopulararccscootcrhiretrials,whicharctakingplaceintownsandcitiesincludingMiddlesbrough,Bristoland

Chelmsford.Thetrialsseegagglesofelectricscootersavailabletobepickedupfromstreetcorners.Thescootersarchired

usinganappandthen,oncethey'refinishedwith,parkedelsewhereinsidethetrialarea,wherethey'recollectedand

rechargedbythehiringpany.ADepartmentofTransportreportoncscootcrusefoundtheywere“widelyperceivedtohave

environmentalandconveniencebenef^ts,,,butsufferedfromparisonstochildren'stoys.

Butthat'snotall.Theworld'sfirsthubfbrdemonstratingelectricairtaxisanddronesopenedinCoventryearlierthis

year.Thetaxisanddronesbasedatthehuballtakeoffandlandverticallylikehelicoptersandarebeingusedtotravelshort

journeysordelivercargo.

Weaningusoffourcaraddictionisoneofthemoredifficultbarriersstandingbetweenusandhealthiercities.Thefirst

stepthatneedstobetakenwillbetotacklethedominanceofthecar.

1.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?

A.Peoplearcconsideredreliantoncarstotravel.

B.Publictransportsystemstillneedsimprovement.

C.Pollutionfromcarshasanimpactonpeople'slifequality.

D.Residentialareasareusuallyfarawayfromtherailwaystation.

2.Whatdoweknowabout（heideaofanLTN?

A.It'sawaytoencouragesocialinteractionandlocalbusiness.

B.It'saseriesofmeasurestoreservethestreetstowalkingresidents.

C.It'sasystemthatemployshightechnologytokeepcarsonthemainroads.

D.It'sapracticeprovedeffectiveinkeepingchildrensafefromtrafficaccidents.

3.What'sthestructureofthetext?

P二Paragraph

4.Whal'sthepurposeofthetext?

A.Tocallonreaderstoconstructahealthiercity.

B.Topromotethelatestdevelopmentsincaralternatives.

C.Tointroducepossiblewaystogetridofdependenceoncars.

D.Toinformcitizensoftechnologicaladvancestotacklesocialproblems.

【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.C

【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。文章指出人們過于依賴汽車，這不利于健康城市的建設(shè)，因此需要解除對汽車的依

賴，并提出三個措施。

I.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句"Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimprovelifeinthemisto

separatepeoplefromtheircars.（為了改善城市的生活，城市必須做出的最重要的改變之一就是將人們與汽車分開。）”

可知，改善城市生活最重要的改變就是將人們與汽車分開，可見人們出行對汽車很依賴。故選A項。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“AnalysisfortheactivetransportcharitySustransfoundthat"drivingamileonaminorurban

roadistwiceaslikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildpedestrian,andthreetimesmorelikelytokillorseriouslyinjurea

childcyclist,paredtodrivingamileonanurbanAroad,“andthatheavycartrafficinresidentialareascanleadtoarisein

socialisolation.LTNsreduce（hisdanger,leadingtoathreefoldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincreasethe

numberofvisitorstolocalbusinesses.（積極交通慈善機(jī)構(gòu)Sustrans進(jìn)行的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，“與在城市一級道路上行駛一英里

相比，在城市次要道路上行駛?英里，導(dǎo)致兒童行人死亡或嚴(yán)重受傷的可能性是前者的兩倍，而導(dǎo)致兒童騎自行車

者死亡或嚴(yán)重傷害的可能性是前者的三倍”，居民區(qū)的汽車交通擁擠可能會導(dǎo)致社會孤立的加劇。LTN減少了這一

危險，導(dǎo)致受傷人數(shù)減少了三倍，并已表明增加了當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的游客數(shù)量。廠可知，LTN使得在次要道路上因交通工

具導(dǎo)致的兒童重傷和死亡人數(shù)減少，因此它被證實是使孩子遠(yuǎn)離交通事故的有效措施。故選D項c

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句"Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimproveliieinthemisto

separatepeoplefromtheircars.（為了改善城市的生活，城市必須做出的最重要的改變之一就是將人們與汽車分開。）“

可知，改善城市生活最重要的改變就是將人們與汽車分開，可見人們出行對汽車很依賴，本文旨在解決這個問題；

根據(jù)第二段第一句"Theideaofalowtrafficneighbourhood（LTN）wherecarsarebannedfromquieter4ratruns'（偏僻小

路）tokeepthemonthemajorrouteshastakenoffinpartsoftheUK.（低交通軟社區(qū)（LTN）的想法已經(jīng)在英國部分地

區(qū)流行起來。在這里，汽車被禁止在較安靜的“老鼠跑道”上行駛，以保證它們在主干道上行駛。）“，第四段笫一句“Ais。

popularareescooterhiretrials,whicharetakingplaceintownsandcitiesincludingMiddlesbrough,BristolandChelmsford.

（試行電子滑板車租賃也很受歡迎，目前正在米德爾斯堡、布里斯托爾和切爾姆斯福德等城鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行。）”和第五段第一

二句"Butthat'snotall.Theworld'sfirsthubfordemonstratingelectricairtaxisanddronesopenedinCoventryearlierthis

year.（但這還不是全部。今年早些時候，世界上第一個演示電動空中出租車和無人機(jī)的中心在考文垂開始營業(yè)。）“

可知，二，四，五段分別提出一種措施；根據(jù)第三段最后一句"LTNsreducethisdanger,leadingtoathreefoldreduction

ininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincreasethenumberofvisitorstolocalbusinesses.（LTN減少了這一危險,導(dǎo)致受傷

人數(shù)減少了三倍，并已表明增加了當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的游客數(shù)量。）”可知，第三段延續(xù)第二段，繼續(xù)討論LTN。因此文章結(jié)

構(gòu)應(yīng)該是總分總，第一段總起介紹，第二三段討論措施一，第四段i寸論措施二，第五段討論措施三，第六段總結(jié)。

故選B項。

4.推理判斷題°根據(jù)本文最后一段“Weaningusoffourcaraddictionisoneofthemoredifficultbarriersstandingbetween

usandhealthiercities.Thefirststepthatneedstobetakenwillbetotackethedominanceofthecar.（讓我們擺脫對汽車

的依賴是我們與更健康的城市之間更困難的障礙之一。需要采取的第一步是解決汽車的主導(dǎo)地位。戶可知，文章最

后作者再次強(qiáng)調(diào)要擺脫對汽車的依賴，而前文幾段也提出了三種措施，故可推測本文作者旨在介紹解除汽車依賴的

措施。故選C項。

2.[2023?江西省贛州市期末】

You'veprobablyalreadyheardaboutAlpowcrcdcamerasthatcanrecognizepeoplejustbyanalyzingtheirfacial

features,butwhatiftherewasawayforartificialintelligencetofigureoutwhatyoulooklikejustbythesoundofyour

voiceandwithoutparingyourvoicetoadatabase?That'sexactlywhatateamofscientistsatMIThasbeenworkingon,and

theresultsoftheirworkareimpressive.Whiletheirneuralnetwork,namedSpeech2Face,can'tyetfigureouttheexact

facialfeaturesofahumanjustbytheirvoice,itcertainlygetsplentyofdetailsright.

Spsech2Faceistrainedinthetrainingdata,whichisacollectionofeducationalvideosfromYouTube."Ourmodelis

designedtorevealstatisticalconnectionsthatexistbetweenfacialfeaturesandvoicesofspeakersinthetrainingdata,“the

creatorsofSpeech2Facesaid.However,thedatadoesnotrepresentequallytheentireworldpopulation.Therefore,the

modelasisthecasewithanymachinelearningmodelisaffectedbythisunevendistributionofdata.

Youcantellalotaboutapersonfromthewaytheyspeakalone.Forexample,youcanmostlikelytellifsomeoneis

maleorfemale,oriftheyareyoungorold,butSpeech2Facegoesbeyondthat.Itcandeterminefairlyaccuratelytheshape

ofsomeone'snose,cheekbonesorjawfromtheirvoicealone,becausethewaythenoseandotherbonesinourfacesarc

structureddeterminesthewaywesound.

TheracialcharacteristicisalsooneofthethingsSpeech2Facecanfigureoutwithaccuracyfromlisteningto

someone'svoiceforjustafewmilliseconds,aspeoplewhoefrom(hesamegroupstendtohavesimilarqualitiesorfeatures.

TheAItakesavarietyoffactorsintoaccount,anditsometimesproducesimpressiveresults,butit'sstillaworkinprogress.

1.HowdoesSpeech2Facerecognizeahuman'sfacialfeatures?

A.Bytheshapeoftheirnose.B.Bythesoundoftheirvoice.

C.Bytheexpressiononiheirface.D.Byiheresultsofdataparison.

2.WhatcanwelearnaboutSpeech2Faceaccordingtothepassage?

A.Itcantellaperson'spersonalitybyhisvoice.

B.Itcandetenninewhereapersonesfrom.

C.Itcantellthesizeofapersonbyhisvoice.

D.Itcanreconstructanimageofaperson'sface.

3.Whatisthecorrectstructureofthetext?

4.Whatwillthe(extprobablymentionaboutSpeech2Facefallowing(helastparagraph?

A.Itsmarketfuture.B.Itsfeatures.

C.Itslimitations.D.Itsapplications.

【答案】1.B2.D3.B4.C

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹Specch2Face——一個可以通過聲音猜出某人長什么樣的人工智能。

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Whiletheirneuralnetwork,namedSpeech2Face,caiftyetfigureouttheexactfacialfeatures

ofahumanjustbytheirvoice,itcertainlygetsplentyofdetailsright.（雖然他們的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò),名為Speech2Face,還不能

僅僅通過聲音來判斷出人類的確切面部特征，但它肯定在很多細(xì)節(jié)上是正確的。）“可知，Spccch2Face通過他們的聲

音識別人類的面部特征。故選Bo

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段''Itcandeterminefairlyaccuratelytheshapeofsomeone'snose,cheekbonesorjawfromtheir

voicealone,becausethewaythenoseandotherbonesinourfacesarcstructureddeterminesthewaywcsound.（僅從一個

人的聲音，它就能相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確地確定一個人鼻子、頸骨或下巴的形狀，因為鼻子和面部其他骨骼的結(jié)構(gòu)方式?jīng)Q定了我

們的發(fā)音方式。戶可推斷，Speech2Face可以重建一個人的面部圖像,故選D。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章第一段引入文章主題；第二、三、四三段分別介紹Speech2Face的工作原理、

優(yōu)點和局限性。所以文章的結(jié)構(gòu)為總分關(guān)系。故選B。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段''TheAItakesavarietyoffactorsintoaccount,anditsometimesproducesimpressiveresults,

butit'sstillaworkinprogress.(人工智能考慮了各種因素，有時它會產(chǎn)生令人印象深刻的結(jié)果，但它仍然是一項正在

進(jìn)行的工作。戶可推斷，Speech2Face具有局限性。故選C。

3.12023屆湖北省荊門市龍泉中學(xué)高考考前模擬】

Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybefore:changesforthebetter,changesfortheworse;

changesthatbroughtalolofbenefits(ohumanbeings,changes(hatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,

inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.

Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthe

structureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuous

development.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartof

life.

Thecontinuationofsuchactivititesinthetwentyfirstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:

inpurescience—awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning,inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingof

materialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.

Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamageto

mankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhas

createdarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wchaveseenthishappeninthecaseof

nuclearweapons.AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclear

weaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresult

couldhavebeentheruinof(hehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.

WilliamShakespearesaid,44Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(紗線)，goodandilltogether”Theabovebrief

reviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepariofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhalShakespearesaid.Butdoesit

havetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?

17.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?

(?="Paragraph1",②二"Paragraph"2.③="Paragraph"3,@="Paragraph"4,⑤="Paragraph"5)

18.Fromthefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat.

A.agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedfbrwar

B.alargenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwar

C.theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweapons

D.theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofunclearweaponsontheearth

19.Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans

A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy

20.Whatyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?

A.Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.

B.MorereadingofWilliamShakespeare.

C.Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.

D.Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.

【答案】17.A18.D19.B20.D

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文，從正反兩方面論述了科技進(jìn)步的利弊。

17.推理判斷題。在文章首段的最后一句話,通過but找到主題句“Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,

themostimportantwastheprogressinscience（很多東西導(dǎo)致了這些變化，但在我看來，最重要的是科學(xué)的進(jìn)步），

第二、三段的主題句都出現(xiàn)了段尾,都講了科技帶來的benefit,從正面印證了主題。而第四段首句的Sadly和however,

表明文章轉(zhuǎn)入另外一個方面的論證，而且是反面的的論證。全文尾段用Shakespeare的話再次總結(jié)主題。根據(jù)這個

分析，可以很容易地看出這篇文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是“總一分一總”式，在“分”的部分有分為正、反兩方面，與A項意思

一致，故選A。

18.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容，特別是“AllhoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,

thenuirberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactually

beenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals（盡管至lj目前為止，

它們的實際使用僅發(fā)生在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中，但生產(chǎn)和準(zhǔn)備使用的核武器數(shù)量如此之多，如果這些武器真的被使用，

其結(jié)果可能是毀滅人類和許多動物）可以看出作者對核武器的擔(dān)憂，故選Do

19.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后的“goodandilltogether”（好的和壞的交織在一起）可以猜測出mingled的意思為“混

雜的“，與mixed同義，所以選B。

20.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后?段“Buidoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewe

biologicallyprogrammedfbrwar（但一定要這樣嗎？惡總是與善相伴嗎？我們天生就要打仗嗎？）可以推理出作

者會繼續(xù)寫如何有效地將good和ill分開，故選D。

考點：生活百味類短文閱讀。

4.【江西省贛州市摸底考試（一模）】

Wcallknowapickycater（挑食者）ortwo,ormaybeyou'rethepickycater,avoidingfoodadventuresatallcosts,

becauseyou'reconvincedyou'llhatewhatevernewandbadlookingfoodisputonyourplate.Butwhyisitthatsomepeople

arepickyeaterswhileothersarewillingtotryprettymuchanythingthatcanbeeaten?

Ph.De'snosingleexplanationfbrthepickyeatinghabit.Pickyeatersaretypicallyunwillingtotrynewfoods,which

canbetheresultofyourDNAandthewayyouaretreatedandeducatedwhenyouareyoung.MarciaPelchat,Ph.D.,a

researcherattheMonellChemicalSensesCenterinPhiladelphiawhospecializesinfoodpreferencesinhumans,tellsChina

Daily,44AgroupinFinlandlookedatwhatwecallfoodneophobia,whichliterallymeans'fearofthenew',andtheyfound

thatthereissomegeneticbasisfbrthis.”

“Also,ifyouhaveparentswhodon'treallyliketotryanythingnew,youwillalsobeexposedtofewernewfoods,M

Pelchalsays.Theoppositeisalsotrue:Thosewhotrynewfoodsandhavepositiveexperiencesarethenmorelikelytotry

unfamiliarfoodsinthefuture.

Peoplewhoarelessadventurousmaybemorehesitant（otrynewfoods.Tryinganythingnew,foodincluded,requires

youtostepoutsideofyourfortzone.Ifyou'renotveryadventurous,youmayhaveatoughtimewiththis.Peoplewhoseek

newadventuresorthrillsmightbemorelikelytoexperimentwithfood.t4Thereisathrillseekingpersonalitytrait,MPelchat

says.Tt'sbeenshown,especiallywithspicyfood,thatthereissomeconnectionbetweentryingnewfoodsandthrill

seeking,Msheexplains.

Mostadultpickycatersstartaschildpickycaters.lkIt'snormalfbrchildrentogothroughapickystagewhenthey're

toddlers,maybetwoorthreeyearsold,and（hatmakessenseevolutionarily,“Pelchatsays.Butaswegetolder,ifwe

continuetoavoidnewfoods,pickincsscanpersist.

35.Whichofthefollowingshowsthebeststructureofthepassage?（P=Paragraph）

B.

D.

【答案】35.B

【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章對為什么有些人挑食，而有些人卻愿意嘗試幾乎所有能吃的東西這個問題進(jìn)行了解

釋和說明。

35.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一1段最后一■句"Butwhyisitthatsomepeoplearepickyeaterswhileothersarewillingtotrypretty

muchanythingthatcanbeeaten?（但為葉么有些人挑食，而有些人卻愿意嘗試幾乎所有能吃的東西呢？）”可知，第一

段提出問題，根據(jù)第二段第一句"Therdsnosingleexplanationforthepickyeatinghabil