北京2025自考[生物育種技術(shù)]英語（二）模擬題及答案一、選擇題（共10題，每題1分，計10分）1.Thedevelopmentofmodernbiotechnologyhassignificantlyimprovedtheefficiencyof______incropbreeding.A.mutationinductionB.artificialselectionC.geneeditingD.traditionalhybridization2.InthecontextofBeijing'sagriculturalstrategy,whichofthefollowingisamajorchallengeforbiotechcrops?A.HighyieldpotentialB.ResistancetolocalpestsC.ReducednutritionalvalueD.Limitedadoptionbyfarmers3.Theterm"Marker-AssistedSelection(MAS)"referstotheuseof______topredictdesirabletraitsinplants.A.biochemicalassaysB.phenotypicobservationsC.geneticmarkersD.environmentalsimulations4.ArecombinantDNAmoleculeistypicallycreatedby______.A.naturalgeneticrecombinationB.viralinfectionC.enzymaticligationD.radiationexposure5.The"GreenRevolution"primarilyreliedon______toincreaseagriculturalproductivity.A.biotechnologicalinterventionsB.organicfarmingpracticesC.traditionalbreedingmethodsD.chemicalfertilizers6.InBeijing'surbanagriculture,verticalfarmsuse______tooptimizelightexposureforplants.A.artificialintelligenceB.hydroponicsystemsC.LEDlightingtechnologyD.wind-poweredmechanisms7.Theprocessofinsertingaforeigngeneintoaplantcelliscalled______.A.polyploidizationB.transgenesisC.polycultureD.polyclonalantibodies8.Whichofthefollowingisakeyconcernregardinggeneticallymodified(GM)cropsinChina?A.EnhanceddroughttoleranceB.IncreasedpesticideresistanceC.ReducedenvironmentalimpactD.Improvedshelflife9.Theenzyme"PCR"isprimarilyusedfor______.A.DNAreplicationincellsB.proteinsynthesisC.genecloningD.enzymeactivitymeasurement10.The"GoldenRice"projectaimedtoimprove______instaplecrops.A.vitaminAcontentB.glutenproductionC.starchyieldD.proteinefficiency二、填空題（共10題，每題1分，計10分）1.______isatechniquethatinvolvesmodifyingthegeneticmakeupofanorganismtoenhancedesirabletraits.2.Beijing'sagriculturalresearchfocusesondevelopingcropswith______toadapttoclimatechange.3.The______isamoleculartoolusedtoidentifyspecificDNAsequenceslinkedtotraitsofinterest.4.______isatypeofcropbreedingthatinvolvesselectingplantswiththebestcharacteristicsovergenerations.5.The"Double-Helix"structurewasfirstdescribedby______and______in1953.6.______isamethodofgrowingplantswithoutsoil,usingnutrient-richsolutions.7.The______isaglobalinitiativetoreducepovertythroughagriculturalproductivityimprovements.8.______isageneticdisordercausedbyasingle-genemutation,suchascysticfibrosis.9.The______isanaturalprocesswheregenesareexchangedbetweenhomologouschromosomesduringmeiosis.10.______isageneticallymodifiedorganism(GMO)thathasbeenalteredtoexpressaforeigngene.三、判斷題（共10題，每題1分，計10分）1.Marker-AssistedSelection(MAS)ismoreaccuratethantraditionalbreedingmethods.(√)2.Geneticallymodifiedcropsarebannedinallcountries.(×)3.CRISPR-Cas9isatoolforeditingplantgenomes.(√)4.TheGreenRevolutiondidnotsignificantlyimpactglobalfoodsecurity.(×)5.Beijing'surbanagricultureaimstoreducefoodmilesbyusingverticalfarms.(√)6.Horizontalgenetransferiscommoninbacteriabutrareinplants.(×)7.PCRcanamplifyRNAmolecules.(×)8.Polyploidizationalwaysleadstoimprovedcropperformance.(×)9.TheCentralInstituteofAgriculturalSciences(CIAS)isakeyresearchinstitutioninBeijing.(√)10.Traditionalhybridizationisaslowerprocessthangeneticengineering.(√)四、簡答題（共5題，每題4分，計20分）1.Explaintheroleofgeneticmarkersincropbreeding.GeneticmarkersareDNAsequenceswithknownlocationsonchromosomesthatcanbeusedtotracktheinheritanceofnearbygenes.Theyhelpbreedersidentifyplantswithdesirabletraits(e.g.,droughtresistance)withoutwaitingforthetraitstomanifestphenotypically.2.Describetheadvantagesofhydroponicsystemsinurbanagriculture.Hydroponicsallowsforefficientuseofspace,reducedwaterconsumption,andfastercropgrowthduetocontrollednutrientdelivery.Itisparticularlyusefulinurbansettingswherelandislimited.3.Whatisthesignificanceofthe"GoldenRice"project?GoldenRiceisgeneticallymodifiedtoproducebeta-carotene,aprecursortovitaminA,addressingmicronutrientdeficienciesindevelopingcountries.Itrepresentsabreakthroughinbiofortification.4.HowdoesCRISPR-Cas9differfromtraditionalgeneticengineering?CRISPR-Cas9usesRNA-guidededitingtomakeprecisecutsinDNA,enablingtargetedmodificationswithoutintroducingforeignDNA.Traditionalgeneticengineeringofteninvolvesinsertingentiregenesviavectors.5.WhyisBeijinginvestinginbiotechcropsforsustainableagriculture?Beijingaimstoenhancefoodsecurity,reducerelianceonimports,anddevelopclimate-resilientcrops.Biotechnologyofferssolutionsforimprovingyield,pestresistance,andnutritionalvalue.五、論述題（共1題，計10分）DiscusstheethicalandenvironmentalimplicationsofgeneticallymodifiedcropsinBeijing'sagriculturalcontext.Geneticallymodifiedcropsofferbenefitssuchasincreasedyieldandpestresistance,supportingBeijing'sfoodsecuritygoals.However,ethicalconcernsincludepotentialimpactsonbiodiversity(e.g.,geneflowtowildrelatives)andconsumersafety.Environmentalrisksincludethedevelopmentofresistantpestsandherbicidetolerance.Balancinginnovationwithregulationisessentialtoensuresustainableagriculturaldevelopment.答案及解析一、選擇題答案1.C2.D3.C4.C5.D6.C7.B8.B9.A10.A二、填空題答案1.Geneticengineering2.Droughttolerance3.Geneticmarkers4.Artificialselection5.JamesWatson,FrancisCrick6.Hydroponics7.GreenRevolution8.Cysticfibrosis9.Crossingover10.Geneticallymodifiedorganism(GMO)三、判斷題答案1.√2.×3.√4.×5.√6.×7.×8.×9.√10.√四、簡答題解析1.Geneticmarkersincropbreeding:GeneticmarkersareDNAsequencesthathelptrackgeneinheritance.TheyareusedinMAStoidentifyplantswithdesirabletraits(e.g.,diseaseresistance)earlyinbreedingprograms,savingtimeandresources.2.Hydroponicsystemsinurbanagriculture:Hydroponicsissoil-freefarmingwithnutrientsolutions,optimizingspaceandwateruse.Itisidealforurbanverticalfarms,reducingfoodmilesandsupportinglocalfoodproduction.3.SignificanceofGoldenRice:GoldenRiceenhancesvitaminAcontenttocombatmalnutrition.Itisabiofortificationexample,demonstratinghowbiotechnologycanaddressnutritionaldeficiencies.4.CRISPR-Cas9vs.traditionalgeneticengineering:CRISPR-Cas9allowsprecisegeneeditingwithoutforeignDNAinsertion,whiletraditionalmethodsoftenusevectorstointroduceentiregenes.CRISPRisfaster,cheaper,andmoretargeted.5.Beijing'sbiotechcrops