#高一英語生命科學(xué)試題一、選擇題（每題2分，共20分）WhichofthefollowingisNOTaresearchfieldoflifescience?A.BiologyB.ChemicalEngineeringC.EarthScienceD.ComputerScienceWhichorganelleisresponsibleforproteinsynthesisincells?A.MitochondriaB.RibosomeC.ChloroplastD.NucleusWhichorganismbelongstoeukaryotes?A.BacteriaB.MycoplasmaC.FungiD.VirusWhichofthefollowingisNOTabasiccomponentofDNA?A.DeoxyriboseB.AminogroupC.PhosphateD.FatWhichsubstanceisaproductofcellularrespiration?A.OxygenB.CarbondioxideC.WaterD.EnergyWhichofthefollowingisNOTevidenceforbiologicalevolution?A.FossilrecordsB.GeneticsequenceanalysisC.Earth'sclimatechangeD.BiodiversityWhichisNOTataxonomicrankinbiologicalclassification?A.SpeciesB.FamilyC.OrderD.RealmWhichdiseaseisrelatedtogenemutations?A.CancerB.DiabetesC.HeartdiseaseD.PneumoniaWhichofthefollowingisNOTatypeofbiotechnology?A.GeneticengineeringB.ProteinengineeringC.PharmaceuticalengineeringD.FoodengineeringWhichmethodisNOTusedforbiodiversityconservation?A.EstablishingnaturereservesB.ArtificialbreedingC.InvasivespeciescontrolD.Artificialsynthesis二、填空題（每題2分，共20分）Lifesciencestudies________and________.Thecell,thebasicunitoflifeactivities,consistsof________and________.Researchmethodsinlifescienceinclude________,________,________,and________.Biologicalresearchfieldsinclude________,________,________,and________.Thedevelopmentoflifesciencehasprofoundlyinfluenced________,________,and________.Biotechnologyincludes________,________,________,and________.Biodiversityreferstothediversityof________,________,and________.Lifescienceresearchissignificantfor________,________,and________.Lifesciencehelpsusbetter________,________,and________life.Theprogressoflifescienceplaysakeyrolein________,________,and________.三、閱讀理解（共30分）Passage1:TheMechanismofPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisistheprocessbywhichgreenplantsconvertlightenergyintochemicalenergystoredinglucose.Thisprocessoccursinchloroplasts,wherechlorophyllabsorbssunlight.Thereactioncanbesummarizedas:6CO?+6H?O→C?H??O?+6O?.Duringthelight-dependentreactions,lightenergysplitswatermoleculesintooxygenandhydrogenions,releasingATP.IntheCalvincycle(light-independentreactions),carbondioxideisfixedandconvertedintoglucoseusingATPandhydrogenions.Thisprocessnotonlysustainsplantgrowthbutalsomaintainsatmosphericoxygenlevels,supportinglifeonEarth.Questions:Wheredoesphotosynthesistakeplaceinplantcells?Whatarethetwomainstagesofphotosynthesis?Howdoesphotosynthesisaffecttheatmosphere?Passage2:DNAReplicationandGeneticInformationTransferDNAreplicationisasemi-conservativeprocesswhereeachDNAstrandservesasatemplateforanewcomplementarystrand.EnzymeslikeDNAhelicaseunwindthedoublehelix,andDNApolymeraseaddsnucleotidestoformnewstrands.Errorsinreplicationcanleadtomutations,whichmaybeharmfulorbeneficialforevolution.GeneticinformationflowsfromDNAtoRNAthroughtranscription,thentoproteinsthroughtranslation.MessengerRNA(mRNA)carriesgeneticcodestoribosomes,wheretransferRNA(tRNA)deliversaminoacidstobuildpolypeptidechains.This"centraldogma"ofmolecularbiologyexplainshowtraitsareinheritedandexpressed.Questions:Describethesemi-conservativenatureofDNAreplication.WhatroledomRNAandtRNAplayinproteinsynthesis?Howcanreplicationerrorsimpactorganisms?四、簡答題（每題5分，共20分）Explainthefunctionsofthecellmembrane.Describetherelationshipbetweenphotosynthesisandcellularrespiration.Howdoesbiotechnologycontributetoagriculturaldevelopment?Discusstheimportanceofbiodiversityconservation.五、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)題（10分）DesignanexperimenttoinvestigatehowlightintensityaffectstherateofphotosynthesisinElodeaplants.Includeexperimentalsteps,variables,andexpectedresults.參考答案及解析一、選擇題C(EarthSciencefocusesongeologicalandatmosphericstudies,notlifeprocesses.)B(Ribosomesarethesiteofproteinsynthesis;mitochondriaproduceenergy,chloroplastsconductphotosynthesis,andthenucleusstoresDNA.)C(Fungihavemembrane-boundorganelles,unlikeprokaryoteslikebacteriaoracellularviruses.)D(DNAconsistsofdeoxyribose,phosphate,andnitrogenousbases;fatsarelipidsunrelatedtoDNAstructure.)B(CellularrespirationbreaksdownglucosetoproduceCO?,H?O,andATP;oxygenisareactant,notaproduct.)C(Climatechangeisanenvironmentalfactorinfluencingevolution,notdirectevidencelikefossilsorgenes.)D(ThetaxonomichierarchyisDomain,Kingdom,Phylum,Class,Order,Family,Genus,Species;"Realm"isnotastandardrank.)A(Canceroftenarisesfrommutationsinoncogenesortumorsuppressorgenes,disruptingcellcycleregulation.)C(Pharmaceuticalengineeringfocusesondrugproduction,whilebiotechnologyinvolvesmanipulatingbiologicalsystems.)D(Artificialsynthesiscreatesnon-naturalsubstancesanddoesnotprotectexistingbiodiversity.)二、填空題lifephenomena;lifeactivity規(guī)律cellmembrane;cytoplasmobservation;experiment;comparison;reasoningcellbiology;molecularbiology;ecology;evolutionarybiologymedicine;agriculture;environmentgeneticengineering;proteinengineering;cellengineering;tissueengineeringspecies;geneticdiversity;ecosystemshumanhealth;foodsecurity;environmentalprotectionunderstand;utilize;modifyhumancivilization;socialdevelopment;sustainabledevelopment三、閱讀理解Passage1Answers:Chloroplasts.Light-dependentreactionsandtheCalvincycle(light-independentreactions).Itreleasesoxygen,whichisessentialforaerobicorganisms,andabsorbscarbondioxide,regulatingthecarboncycle.Passage2Answers:EachnewDNAmoleculecontainsoneoriginalstrandandonenewlysynthesizedstrand.mRNAcarriesgeneticinformationfromDNAtoribosomes;tRNAtransportsaminoacidstobuildproteins.Errorsmaycausediseases(e.g.,cancer)orprovidegeneticvariationfornaturalselection.四、簡答題Thecellmembranecontrolssubstanceexchange(selectivepermeability),transmitssignals(viareceptors),andenablescellrecognition(throughsurfaceproteins).Photosynthesisproducesglucoseandoxygen,whichareusedincellularrespirationtogenerateATP,CO?,andwater—thesebyproductsthenfuelphotosynthesis,formingacyclicrelationship.Biotechnologyimprovescropyieldsviageneticallymodifiedorganisms(e.g.,pest-resistantcorn),developsbiofertilizers,andcreatesdisease-resistantlivestockbreeds.Biodiversitymaintainsecosystemstability,providesresources(food,medicine),andsupportsscientificresearchonevolutionandadaptation.五、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)題ExperimentalDesign:Materials:Elodeaplants,sodiumbicarbonate(CO?source),testtubes,lightsourcesofvaryingintensities(e.g.,20W,40W,60Wbulbs),stopwatch.Variables:Independent:Lightintensity(distancefromlightso