專題12閱讀理解說明文

考點(diǎn)五年考情（2021-2025）命題趨勢(shì)

1.說明文選材通常是科技領(lǐng)域的

考點(diǎn)1人與自我類

最新科研成果(介紹最新科技、重

說明文2025八省聯(lián)考卷--體育鍛煉促進(jìn)記憶；

大成就、新產(chǎn)品、新工藝等)；人

新課標(biāo)卷體育鍛煉有利于心臟。

（年考）2022II—

55們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問題和令人好

奇的自然現(xiàn)象以及人文地理、風(fēng)

2025全國二卷--餐廳創(chuàng)意改造被丟棄食材；

土人情等等。

2025八省聯(lián)考卷—獨(dú)特的城市社區(qū)；

2.題型涉及到細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判

2024新課標(biāo)II卷—人工智能安全發(fā)展；

斷題、主旨大意題和詞義猜測(cè)題。

2024全國甲卷—醫(yī)療列車巡回服務(wù)；

2024浙江1月卷—棉花糖測(cè)試的背后；以細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷為主。

考點(diǎn)2人與社會(huì)類2023新課標(biāo)I卷—極簡(jiǎn)生活方式；3.從段落組織方式上分五種：總分

說明文2023新課標(biāo)I卷—群體智慧效應(yīng)；式結(jié)構(gòu)；并列式結(jié)構(gòu)；對(duì)照式結(jié)

2023新課標(biāo)II卷—紙質(zhì)書籍和閱讀；

（5年13考）構(gòu)；遞進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)；連貫式結(jié)構(gòu)。

2023新課標(biāo)II卷—保護(hù)城市野生生態(tài)；

4.說明文常見的說明方法有：定義

2023全國甲卷—書評(píng)；

與詮釋、舉例與引用、分類與圖

2023全國乙卷—電視烹飪節(jié)目影響；

表、比較與比喻和分析與綜合等。

2022新課標(biāo)I卷—改善老年人孤獨(dú)項(xiàng)目；

如果文章有標(biāo)題那首先就要抓

2022新課標(biāo)I卷—飲食影響語言發(fā)展；5.

2022新課標(biāo)II卷—軟件應(yīng)對(duì)司機(jī)分神。住文章的標(biāo)題明確說明對(duì)象或是

關(guān)注文章主題句、各段首末句明

2025全國一卷--減少自來水中微塑料；

2025全國二卷--室內(nèi)植物利于身心；確說明對(duì)象；其次可抓住文章的

2025浙江1月卷--矩陣式種植方法；結(jié)構(gòu)歸納說明對(duì)象。

考點(diǎn)3人與自然類2024新課標(biāo)I卷—科學(xué)記錄生物多樣性；6.破解長難句：學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用括號(hào)法

新課標(biāo)卷巴比倫微農(nóng)場(chǎng)；

說明文2024I—分析長難句，把影響考生理解的

2024全國甲卷—對(duì)貓的行為研究；

（5年9考）各種從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞短語以及

2024浙江1月卷—農(nóng)民擔(dān)心冰雹計(jì)劃；

復(fù)雜介詞短語括起來，從而達(dá)到

2023全國甲卷—保護(hù)灰熊新問題；

“去枝葉，留主干”的目的，進(jìn)

2023浙江1月卷—太陽能農(nóng)場(chǎng)；

2022全國甲卷—鳳頭鸚鵡會(huì)識(shí)別形狀。而準(zhǔn)確理解句子含義。

考點(diǎn)01人與自我類說明文

【2025八省聯(lián)考卷】

WanttolearnanewlanguageorgetA’sincollegeexams?Previousstudieshaveshownthatexercisecanhelp

stimulatetheareasofthebrainthatconvert(轉(zhuǎn)換)newinformationintolong-termmemory.Anewstudyhastaken

thisinformationonestepfurtherandfoundthebesttimewhenexercisecanhelpmaximizelearning.

Buildinguponpastresearchthatfoundexercisereleasesbiochemicalsthatimprovementalfunction,scientists

atRadboudUniversityandtheUniversityofEdinburghconductedastudytodeterminewhenexercisewasmost

beneficialtolearning.

Participants—72healthymaleandfemaleadults—werefirstaskedtoperformacomputertestthat

challengedtheirvisualandspatiallearning.Afterthetest,allofthesubjectswatchednaturedocumentaries,but

two-thirdsofthemalsoexercised.Halfoftheexercisersdidcircuittrainingonanexercisebikefor35minutes

immediatelyafterthetest.Theotherhalfdidthesameexercisebutnotuntilfourhoursaftertheyhadbeentested.

Twodayslater,alloftheparticipantsreturnedtothelabforarecalltest,andtheywereconnectedtoMRI(磁

共振成像)machinestoassesstheirbrainactivity.Theparticipantswhoexercisedfourhoursaftertakingthe

computertestwereabletorecallwhattheyhadlearnedmostaccurately.Theirbrainwavesalsoshowedmore

consistentlevelsofactivity,indicatingthattheirbrainswerelesstaxedtorememberwhattheyhadlearned.

Accordingtothisresearch,thebesttimetoexercisetoimprovelearningisfourhoursafterstudying.Butwhy?

That’sonequestiontheresearchershaveyettoanswer.Anotherquestionleftunansweredisthelevelofexercise

thatmightbestimprovelearning.I’verunenoughmarathonstoprovethefactthatmybrainisanythingbutsharp

duringorafteratoughworkout.Buttheresearchersnotedthatlightworkoutsmightnotgivethebrainenoughofa

biochemicalboosttoimprovelearning.

32.Whatdidthenewstudyaimtoexplore?

A.Whenexerciseisbestforlearning.B.Whatbiochemicalsaregoodforhealth.

C.Howbrainwavesshouldbemeasured.D.Whichareaofthebrainisthemostactive.

33.Whatwerealltheparticipantsaskedtododuringtheexperiment?

A.Trainonbicycles.B.Domathematicsexercises.

C.Playcomputergames.D.Watchfilmsaboutnature.

34.Whydidtheparticipantsreturntothelabtwodayslater?

A.Todoamedicalexamination.B.Tohavetheirmemorytested.

C.Togettheirworkoutsrecorded.D.Tofinishtheirprevioustasks.

35.Whatmighttheauthor’smarathonrunningprove?

A.Thefindingsofthestudyarereliable.B.Long-distancerunnersareoftensmart.

C.Studiesonthemarathonarenotenough.D.Hardexercisemaynotsharpenthebrain.

【2022新課標(biāo)II卷】

Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmost

peoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstart

evensooner.

“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecome

dryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappensto

theheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,

gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.

Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwere

otherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramof

nonaerobic(無氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdid

high-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,the

secondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.

“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“And

thereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alot

morebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,he

says.

“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhas

flexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothing

happenedtothematall.”

Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreat

start.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhich

aspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.

32.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?

A.Therightwayofexercising.B.Thecausesofaheartattack.

C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.

33.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?

A.Dietplan.B.Professionalbackground.

C.Exercisetype.D.Previousphysicalcondition.

34.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?

A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.

B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.

C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.

D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.

35.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?

A.Makinguseofthefindings.

B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.

C.Conductingfurtherresearch.

D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.

【2020全國I卷】

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelp

childrenwithmath-relatedskills.

PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityof

Chicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplay

wasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,

educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.

Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeand

foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat

54monthsofage.

“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheir

abilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.

Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthe

studyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmore

frequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplay

withmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremore

activeduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.

ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.

24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?

A.Buildingconfidence.B.Developingspatialskills.

C.Learningself-control.D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.

25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment?

A.Parents’age.B.Children’simagination.

C.Parents’education.D.Child-parentrelationship.

26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?

A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.

C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.

27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.

C.Awomanpsychologist.D.Ateachingprogram.

【2020全國I卷】

Returningtoabookyou’vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There’sawelcome

familiarity—butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthustherelationship.But

booksdon’tchange,peopledo.Andthat’swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.

Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It’s

true,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading,it’sallaboutthepresent.It’saboutthenow

andwhatonecontributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopull

theirownweight.

TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspringisErnestHemingway’sA

MoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令

人陶醉的),anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard’sHolythe

Firm,herpoetic1975ramble(隨筆)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:

SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortazar.

WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattach

tothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor’sworkisthe

highestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,

it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.

24.Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?

A.Itevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.

B.It’sawindowtoawholenewworld.

C.It’sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.

D.Itextendstheunderstandingofoneself.

25.WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?

A.It’sabriefaccountofatrip.

B.It’saboutHemingway’slifeasayoungman.

C.It’sarecordofahistoricevent.

D.It’saboutHemingway’sfriendsinParis.

26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inparagraph4referto?

A.Debt.B.Reward.C.Allowance.D.Facevalue.

27.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?

A.Helovespoetry..He’saneditor.C.He’sveryambitious.D.Heteachesreading.

【2020全國I卷】

Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingto

fewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.

Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe

50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethatarace

walker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundat

alltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,

anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.

Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkers

movingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximately

twiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000

ormorecaloriesperhour.

However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoher

research,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodo

notleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.

Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamong

racewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewitha

historyofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalking

shouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessome

practice.

28.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?

A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.

C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.

29.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?

A.It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It’slesschallengingphysically.

C.It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.

30.WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?

A.Gettingexperts’opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup.

C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.

31.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?

A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.

考點(diǎn)02人與社會(huì)類說明文

【2025全國二卷】

Doesyoursouldiealittleeverytimeyouthrowawayunusedfood?Minedoes.Maybethatfeelingcomes

fromgrowingupinSouthAfrica,wherethephrase“therearechildrenstarvinginAfrica”wasmoreofan

uncomfortablereminderoffactthanaprayeratdinnertime.

Foodwasteisagrowingconcernintherestaurant,supermarket,andsupplychainindustries.From

technologicalsolutionstoeducationalcampaigns,foodproducersandsellersarelookingforwaystousemoreof

whatwe’realreadygrowing.Butlastmonth,onepopularNewYorkCityrestauranttriedadifferentway:It

changeditsmenutoexclusively(專門)offerfoodthatwouldotherwisebethrownaway.

FortwoweeksinMarch,GreenwichVillage’sBlueHillrestaurantwasrenamedwastED,andserveditems

likefriedskatecartilage,ajuicepulpburger,andadumpsterdiver’svegetablesalad.Eachdishwastailor-madeto

raiseawarenessregardingfoodwaste.

AstudybytheFoodWasteAlliancedeterminedthattheaveragerestaurantgenerates33poundsoffoodwaste

forevery$1,000inrevenue(收入),andofthatwasteonly15.7%isdonatedorrecycled.Upto84.3%issimply

thrownout.RestaurantslikeSilointheUKhaveexperimentedwithzero-wastesystems,butwastEDtookthe

concepttoitslogicalconclusion.

ItshouldbenotedthatnoneoftheitemsonwastED’smenuwastechnicallymadefromgarbage.Instead,all

theingredients(配料)usedwereexamplesofmeatcutsandproducethatmostrestaurantswouldneverconsider

serving.Thingslikekaleribs,fishcollars,rejectedsweetpotatoes,andcucumberbuttswereallre-appropriatedand,

withthehelpofanumberofgoodchefs,turnedintoexcellentcuisine.

ThoughwastEDreceivedenthusiasticreviews,itwasdesignedfromthestartasashort-livedexperiment;Blue

Hillhassincereturnedtoitsregularmenu.Nevertheless,itservesasareminderthattherearemanywaystoaddress

problemsofsustainability,andthatyoucanmakeanamazingmealoutofalmostanything.

32.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheauthor’searlylife?

A.Hewitnessedfoodshortage.B.Heenjoyedthelocalcuisine.

C.HedonatedfoodtoAfricans.D.Hehelpedtocookathome.

33.WhydidBlueHillcarryouttheexperiment?

A.Tocustomizedishesforguests.B.Tomakethepublicawareoffoodwaste.

C.Totestafoodprocessingmethod.D.ToimprovetheUK’szero-wastesystems.

34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Whytheingredientswereused.B.Whichdisheswerebestliked.

C.Whatthedishesweremadeof.D.Wheretheingredientswerebought.

35.WhatcanwelearnaboutwastED?

A.Ithasendedasplanned.B.Itiscreatingnewjobs.

C.Ithasregainedpopularity.D.Itiscriticizedbytopchefs.

【2025浙江1月卷】

Anoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.Referredtoasmatrix

planting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthe

designing.Eschewingfertilizers(化肥)andpowertools,it’sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togarden

morelikenaturedoes.

TheconceptwasbornwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarIIin

areproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.Plannerscreatedplantingmixesthatcouldbeused

modularly(模塊化).Inamatrixgarden,plantswithsimilarculturalneedsaregroupedsothattheywillgrow

togetheraboveandbelowground,formingacooperativeecosystemthatconserveswateranddiscouragesweeds.

DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolf’sgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstothe

plantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfour-seasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.

Beautifulyear-round,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundofgrassesinthegentlewindto

thesculptureofodd-lookingseedheads.

Ittakesalotofthoughttolookthisnatural.Whilematrixgardensappearwild,theyarecarefullyplanned,with

culturalneedsthefirstconsideration.Ledbytheconceptof“rightplant,rightplace,”theymatchplantsthatenjoy

thesamesoil,sunandweatherconditions,andarrangethemaccordingtotheirpatternsofgrowth.

Thebenefitsaresubstantialforbothgardenerandplanet.Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,the

garden’secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemost

gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.Comparedtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,

reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.

28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Eschewing”inthefirstparagraphmean?

A.Runningoutof.B.Keepingawayfrom.

C.Puttingupwith.D.Takingadvantageof.

29.Whywastheideaofmatrixplantingintroduced?

A.Tocontrolweedsinlargegardens.B.Tobringinforeignspeciesofplants.

C.Toconservesoilandwaterresources.D.Todeveloplow-maintenanceparkland.

30.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesPietOudolf’sgardens?

A.Traditional.B.Odd-looking.

C.Tasteful.D.Well-protected.

31.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ThefutureofgardeningisWILDB.NaturetreatsalllivesasEQUALS

C.MatrixgardensneedmoreCARED.OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS

【2025八省聯(lián)考卷】

JaneJacobsspentherworkinglifeadvancingadistinctvisionofthecity—inparticularfocusingonwhat

makesasuccessfulurbancommunity.Attheheartofhervisionistheideathaturbanlifeshouldbeanenergeticand

richaffair,wherebypeopleareabletointeractwithoneanotherindense(稠密)andexcitingurbanenvironments.

Sheprefersdisordertoorder,walkingtodriving,anddiversitytouniformity.

ForJacobs,urbancommunitiesareorganicbeingsthatshouldbelefttogrowandchangebythemselvesand

notbesubjecttothegrandplansofso-calledexpertsandofficials.Thebestjudgesofhowacityshouldbe—and

howitshoulddevelop—arethelocalresidentsthemselves.Jacobsarguesthaturbancommunitiesarebestplaced

tounderstandhowtheircityfunctions,becausecitylifeiscreatedandsustainedthroughtheirvariousinteractions.

Jacobsnotesthatthebuiltformofacityiscrucialtothelifeofanurbancommunity,especiallythesidewalks.

Thestreetsinwhichpeopleliveshouldbeatightpatternofcrossedsidewalks,whichallowpeopletomeet,talk,

andgettoknowoneanother.Suchacomplexbutultimatelyenrichingsetofencountershelpsindividualsknow

theirneighboursandneighbourhoodbetter.

Diversityandmixed-useofspacearealso,forJacobs,keyelementsofthisurbanform.Thecommercial,

business,andresidentialelementsofacityshouldnotbeseparatedoutbutinsteadbesidebyside,toallowfor

greaterintegrationofpeople.Thereshouldalsobeadiversityofoldandnewbuildings,andpeople'sinteractions

shoulddeterminehowbuildingsgetusedandreused.

Finally,urbancommunitiesgrowbetterinplaceswhereacriticalmassofpeoplelive,work,andinteract.Such

high-densityspacesare,shefeels,enginesofcreativityandvitality.Theyarealsosafeplacestobe,becausethe

higherdensitymeansthattherearemore“eyesonthestreet”:shopkeepersandlocalswhoknowtheirareaand

maintainaclosewatchovertheneighbourhood.

28.WhatdoesJacobsfindmostimportantforasuccessfulurbancommunity?

A.Efficientpublictransport.B.Stronginteractionbetweenpeople.

C.Uniformstyleofbuildings.D.Acomparativelylargepopulation.

29.WhodoesJacobsthinkshouldmakedecisionsonurbandevelopment?

A.Localresidents.B.Governmentofficials.

C.Cityplanners.D.Constructionworkers.

30.HowdoesJacobssuggestsidewalksbebuilt?

A.Linedwithplants.B.Paintedwithclearsigns.

C.Tightlyconnected.D.Convenientfortheold.

31.AccordingtoJacobs,the“eyesonthestreet”bringasenseof_______.

A.prideB.comfortC.securityD.urgency

【2024新課標(biāo)II卷】

GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithour

AI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.This

absorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbythe

forthcomingAIrevolution(變革).

Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)that

powersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyinto

theunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingfor

aguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartas

AI.

AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,

movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,

willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuture

now-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeep

controlofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.

Campbell’spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey

areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistory

andmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.Weneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuture

withAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatness

ratherthanourdownfall.

AIwillaf