第09講閱讀理解記敘文類、應(yīng)用文類

目錄

01考情解碼?命題預(yù)警2

02體系構(gòu)建?思維可視4

03核心突破?靶向攻堅(jiān)5

重

知識(shí)點(diǎn)1細(xì)節(jié)理解題5

知識(shí)點(diǎn)2推理判斷題6

知識(shí)點(diǎn)3詞義推斷題6

知識(shí)點(diǎn)4主旨大意題6

考向1考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題7

考向2號(hào)查推理判斷題8

考向3整查詞義推斷題9

考向4考查主旨大意題10

【思維建模】把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)；理解故事脈絡(luò)

12

知識(shí)點(diǎn)1直接信息題

知識(shí)點(diǎn)2直接信息題

知識(shí)點(diǎn)3判斷推理題

知識(shí)點(diǎn)4主旨大意題

考向1跨查“細(xì)節(jié)研讀”題

考向2督查“尋找共同點(diǎn)”題12

考向3帶查“文章出處”題17

考向4考查“數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算”題19

【思維建?！慷ㄎ恍畔⒓?xì)比對(duì)；排除干擾辨主題

04真題溯源?考向感知24

01

考情解碼-命題預(yù)警

維度記敘文類閱讀（含新聞報(bào)道）應(yīng)用文類閱讀

主題與選材1.人與自然和諧共處（如作家與野兔的故事）1.校園生活（如講座報(bào)名、活動(dòng)通知）

2.社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)（如環(huán)保政策、AI倫理）2.社會(huì)服務(wù)（如志愿者招募、公益倡議）

3.人物故事（如志愿者經(jīng)歷、歷史事件）3.跨文化交流（如文化推介、國(guó)際合作）

4.新聞報(bào)道聚焦科技、健康、文化交流（如糖尿4.科技應(yīng)用（如AI倫理討論、在線平

病研究）臺(tái)使用指南）

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題（60%-70%）：直接考查事件要素

1.信息查找題（主要）：定位關(guān)鍵信息

或具體信息

（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、要求）

2.推理判斷題（20%-30%）：推斷隱含意義或作

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題：確認(rèn)具體內(nèi)容（如格式

題型分布者意圖

要求、步驟）

3.詞義猜測(cè)題（約10%）：結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法和語(yǔ)境推

3.應(yīng)用能力題：根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容做出實(shí)際

測(cè)超綱詞或熟詞生義

判斷（如回復(fù)郵件、撰寫(xiě)通知）

4.主旨大意題：概括文章中心思想或標(biāo)題

變化趨勢(shì)1.閱讀材料直接選用《英國(guó)獨(dú)立報(bào)》《金融時(shí)報(bào)》1.題型從“知識(shí)型”轉(zhuǎn)向“能力應(yīng)用

等外刊原文，真實(shí)性與時(shí)效性增強(qiáng)型”，側(cè)重實(shí)際問(wèn)題解決

2.推理題和主旨題比例上升，弱化純事實(shí)記憶考2.格式要求從固定模板轉(zhuǎn)向靈活創(chuàng)新，

查鼓勵(lì)個(gè)性化表達(dá)

3.新聞報(bào)道類文章增加，強(qiáng)調(diào)批判性思維（如分3.跨文化任務(wù)增加，要求結(jié)合本土與國(guó)

析正反觀點(diǎn)）際視角

02

體系構(gòu)建"思維可視

■03

核心突破?靶向攻堅(jiān)

PU

?考點(diǎn)一、考查閱讀記敘文或新聞報(bào)道類

知識(shí)點(diǎn)01細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題順藤摸瓜

記敘文中有大量的事件發(fā)展過(guò)程中的細(xì)節(jié)，包括記敘文的5W(what,who,when,where,why)要素。因

此作答細(xì)節(jié)題的時(shí)候，就沒(méi)有那么復(fù)雜，一般只需要由前到后，從上到下，一題一題地做就可以了。

（2025?上海奉賢?二模）

CustomizingcarsbecamepopularafterWorldWarII,becausepeoplesoughtsomethingpersonaltoexpress

theirindividuality.Carclubsemerged,andtheappetitefornewvehiclesgrew,especiallyamongthewealthy.The

bigautomobilecompaniesdidnotventureintothismarket,leavingthefieldopentoindependentoperatorssuchas

GeorgeBarrisandothers.However,nobodycouldmatchBarris'sskillinthisfield.

2.WhatwastheprimaryreasonfortheriseofcarcustomizationafterWorldWarII?

A.Theriseofcarclubsdemandingexclusivedesigns

B.Theinnovationsinautomotiveproductiontechnology

C.People'sgrowingappetitefordistinctiveself-expression

D.Post-wareconomicrecoveryboostingconsumerspending

知識(shí)點(diǎn)02推理推斷題……左顧右盼

在做題過(guò)程中，我們大都不能在文中找到與題干一字不差的詞語(yǔ)或句子。這時(shí)我們需要認(rèn)真研究問(wèn)題，抓

住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，然后到文中準(zhǔn)確地找到與之相關(guān)的語(yǔ)句，或是疑似語(yǔ)句的位置，接著去左顧，或右

盼，在前句或后句尋找線索。

（2025?上海虹口?二模）It'seighto'clockonChristmasmorning,anddadsayshewantstolistentothenews.

My11-year-oldselfiswonderingwhyonEarthgrown-upswouldbeinterestedinthenewswhenthereare

importantthingstobedone,suchashandingoutpresents.Andthen,whileIamonlyhalf-listeningtotheradio

broadcast,somethingunusualhappens:theboringnewsreaderbeginstalkingaboutaChristmasmessage.Hadn't

weheardthatreportearlier?

Myolderbrother,Colin,figuresoutwhafshappening."Pete,Pete,ifsataperecorder!We'vegotourtape

recorder!9,

Itfinallydawnsonme:mydadrecordedthenewsandisplayingitbacknow.

1.WhydiddadwanttolistentothenewsonChristmasmorning?

A.Heexpectedtogivetheboysasurprise.

B.Hewaspostponinghandingouthispresents.

C.Hehadalwaysenjoyedlisteningtothenews.

D.HemissedtheChristmasnewsthedaybefore.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)3詞義句意推測(cè)題撥云見(jiàn)日

閱讀題中，特別是記敘文的閱讀題，都會(huì)出現(xiàn)一至兩道句意或詞義猜測(cè)題。而這些詞匯往往是與你素昧平

生的，或者和你有點(diǎn)頭之交的，在文中卻另有新意的，總之，猜的是那些在詞匯表要求之外的詞匯。小小

的一個(gè)詞，一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，考核的不是你的語(yǔ)法的熟練程度，也不是你的記憶力，而是你對(duì)文章通篇或者一個(gè)

段落的整體把握和變通能力。

（2025年閔行一模）

Everyyear,millionsoftonsofclothingarethrownaside,withalmosthalfofitendingupinlandfills.And

here*sthekicker,mostofitbarelygetswornbeforeit'sthrownaway,thankstotheendlesscycleoffastfashion.

Parkthought,t4Icandobetterthanthis."So,shepicturedanewkindofstoreonethatwouldn'tjustreduce

wastebutwouldalsoinspirepeopletomakesmarter,greenerchoices.

37.Thephrase“thekicker"inparagraph2mostlikelymeans.

A.thepersonkickingthefootballB.somethingunexpectedandsurprising

C.themostexcitingpartofthesituationD.thereasonwhyfastfashionissuccessful

知識(shí)點(diǎn)4主旨大意或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷—刨根問(wèn)底

如前所述，主旨大意推理判斷、作者意圖題等實(shí)際上是同一類型的問(wèn)題，或者說(shuō)是可用同種方法解答的題

型。在解答此類題目的時(shí)候，不可被題干的表象所迷惑，要像剝洋蔥一樣，一層一層地剝；在四個(gè)可選項(xiàng)

中，一個(gè)一個(gè)地去證實(shí)，去排除。特別是解答推論或暗指類的題目，比如“Whatcanbeinferred”或

是“Whatdoestheauthorimplyin...?”之類的題目，文中所陳述的往往不是答案。我們要在文前文后去查找，

在字里行間里去尋覓。有時(shí)還少不了借助自己的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常理來(lái)

體會(huì)這言外之意。

（2025年浦東新區(qū)一模）

Iwasn'tpreparedtobeaclimaterefugee.NotafterrelocatingmyfamilyfromdroughtandwildfireCalifornia

tothe“climateshelter“ofAsheville,N.C.Butlessthantwomonthsafterwemovedintoourdelightfullywooded,

mild-weathercommunity,wewereforcedtoleave.

OnSeptember26,thehurricanemadeitswayinlandfromtheGulfofMexicothroughFlorida,Georgiaand

SouthCarolina.Alongitspath,ittoreapartcommunityaftercommunity.AndthenithitwesternAppalachia.At

2,000feetabovesealeveland300milesfromthecoast,Ashevilleisaplacewherepeoplewenttogetawayfrom

destructivehurricanes.

Thatnight,Icouldn'tsleep.Treescrasheddownaroundmyhomeasemergencyalertssoundedonmyphone.

Powerlineswentdown.Roadsflooded.DespitebeingwithinamileoftheFrenchBroadRiver,wewerenottoldto

ewzCe（撤離）aheadofthestorm.

Whenwehearditwouldtakeweeksorlongertorestorebasicservices,Imadeplansformyfamilytoleave

town.Wewerelucky-welivedneartheonehighwaythatwasopen,andhadafulltankofgasandaplacetogo.

SoonSundayweleftAshevilletostaywithfamilyontheOuterBanks.

39.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.Consequencesofahurricane

B.Measuresagainstthedisaster

C.AnewbeginninginAsheville

D.Anaccountofaclimaterefugee

考向i事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【考向破譯】

在做直接事實(shí)題時(shí)，要抓住題干文字信息，采用針對(duì)性方法進(jìn)行閱讀，因?yàn)檫@類題的答案在文章中可

以直接找到。做間接事實(shí)題時(shí)，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語(yǔ)境和信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的概括和判斷或者要進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單

的計(jì)算。數(shù)據(jù)推算題要求學(xué)生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算和推斷。在

做此類題時(shí)：1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于

干擾信息。3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語(yǔ)的意義。

?精準(zhǔn)定位：仔細(xì)閱讀題目，確定關(guān)鍵詞（如人名、地名、時(shí)間、事件等），然后在新聞報(bào)道中快速定

位包含這些關(guān)鍵詞的句子或段落。

?比對(duì)信息：將選項(xiàng)與定位到的原文內(nèi)容逐字比對(duì)。注意選項(xiàng)中的細(xì)節(jié)表述與原文是否完全一致，包括

數(shù)字、范圍、程度等。

（2024青浦二模）

Butinthedepression,arealizationbegantodawnonme-Ihadfailed,yes,butIhadalsolearnedvaluable

lessonsalongtheway.Armedwiththisnewfoundwisdom,IensuredthatIwoulddobetternexttime.Ithrew

myselfintomystudieswithreneweddetermination,devourincbooksandpracticingpastexamswithaneagerness

Ihadneverknownbefore.

57.Whatdidtheauthordoafterhefailedintheexam?

A.Heattendedvaluablelessonsinschool.

B.Heretooktheexamoverandoveragain.

C.Hepromisedtoarmhimselfwitheagerness.

D.Hedeterminedtoengagehimselfinlearning.

APilgrimagetoMontBlanc

Itwasonagreywinter'sdayinmyparents5houseoutsideGlasgowthatIfirstsuggestedMontBlancin

summer.IknewIshouldmakemoreefforttospendtimewithmy74-year-olddad,butwhatIwasproposingathis

agewasarisk.Aten-dayhikearoundoneofEurope?shighestmountainsseemedalittleextreme.

“Oldagedoesn'tcomealone,9,hereplied,implyingthememorylossfromarecentlife-threateningstroke.

Yet,tostirmemoryinlong-forgottenfootprintsseemedliketherightthingtodo.Webookedaflight,andfour

monthslater,arrivedintheshadowofMontBlancinChamonix,France.

Tocapturethemoment,Itookaphoto,butonlythendiditdawnonmethatitwasnearlythesame

compositionasonaslideIhadfirstseeninoneofthosejunkboxes.Therewasthatsmile,thoseeyesfixedonthe

horizon,thebeautifulAlpineridgesofMontBlanccrowdingoutthebackground.Forasplitsecond,itlookedasif

nothinghadchanged.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whatmainlymotivatedtheauthortotakehisfatheronahikearoundMontBlanc?

A.Hisfather'soldageandpoorhealth.

B.Hisfather^memorylossfromastroke.

C.Hisdreamoftravelingwithhisfatheragain.

D.HiswishtovisitoneofEurope9shighestmountains.

4.Whatdidtheauthorrealizeaftertakingthefamilypicture?

A.Itwasnevertoolatetoaccompanyhisfather.

B.Heandhisfatherchangedwithtimepassingby.

C.Everythingchangeswithtimeexceptthemountains.

D.Thefather'spassionforthemountainsdidn,tfadewithage.

InatownnearthePotomacRiver,GeorgeandAnneAllen,both82,struggletoremainintheirbeloved

three-storyhouseandneighborhood.Mr.Allenhashadtroublewalkingsincehebrokehisbackboneinafalldown

thestairs,andheexpectstolosehisdriver'slicensewhenitcomesupforrenewalgivenhisphysicalstate.Mrs.

Allenrecentlygotherfoothurtgettingoutofbed.Neithercanclimbuptochangethelightorbendunderthesink

tofixaleak.Withoutoutsidehelp,storesandpubliclocationsmeanunimaginablehikestothem.

Forinspiration,4taginginplace^^groupsnowpayyearlydues一$580foranindividualinexchangeforthe

securityofknowingthatcarpenters,chefs,computerexpertsorhomehealthhelpersareonephonecallaway.

36.WhatisNOTmentionedasaproblemtheAllensmeetwith?

A.Physicalweaknessduetothebrokenbone.

B.Possiblelossofdriver'slicenseduetobreakingtrafficrules.

C.Failuretohandlecertainfixingtasksduetolimitedmobility.

D.Difficultyintravelingtopublicplacesaloneduetophysicalcondition.

37.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.PeoplelikeAllensgathertoliveinaspecialplaceforsharedelderlycaring.

B.ThegovernmentarrangesnecessaryservicesforpeoplelikeAllens.

C.Seniorpeoplegiveup"aginginplace,,lifemainlyoutofpressurefromchildren.

D.”Aginginplace“peoplepaytohavenecessaryservicestaffoncall.

考向2推理判斷題

【考向破譯】

推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒(méi)有提到或者沒(méi)有明說(shuō)的事實(shí)

或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。這類題旨在考查學(xué)生透過(guò)詞語(yǔ)的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力,

屬于深層理解題。推斷題是屬于難度較高的一類題型，需要學(xué)生在理解原文字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)分析

語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)在邏輯和理解其中的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的暗示，理解文章深層意義和隱含意義，然后作出一定的推理判斷，

切忌憑空猜想，而要以原文內(nèi)容為依據(jù)，對(duì)文章信息細(xì)致分析、深入挖掘，揭示其深層含義，同時(shí)也要注

意避免過(guò)度推斷。

區(qū)間定位是快速定位的重要手段之一，使用區(qū)間定位能夠幫助學(xué)生在沒(méi)有完全讀懂原文的情況下盡可

能答對(duì)較多的題。

?抓住關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行推理：善于捕捉文章中的關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)，利用這些信息進(jìn)行分析、推理和判斷，從

而推斷出隱含的深層含義。

?結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和常識(shí)：利用文章的語(yǔ)境和已知常識(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，如通過(guò)語(yǔ)境的褒貶性來(lái)推斷人物心理、

作者意圖等。

?區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)與事實(shí)：明確文章中哪些是作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度，哪些是客觀事實(shí)，避免將作者的觀點(diǎn)誤認(rèn)為

事實(shí)。

（2024虹口二模）

ThenIsawBoruagain.Hetoldmehow,overtwoyears,he'dfoundajobheloves,rentedaflatwithafriend.

He'snowcyclingroundtheworld,havingadventuresthatwillkeephimstrongfortherestofhislife.Sowhat

changed?”Youstarttohavethoseconversationswithyourself,andyoubecomemoreofanhonestperson.Idon't

feellikeI'mhidingfromanythinganymore,becauseI'mnothidingfrommyself.”

57.WhatcriticallessondidtheauthorlearnfromBoruaboutbeingagoodgrown-up?

A.Itinvolveshavingaclearcareerpathandfinancialstability.

B.Itrequiresconstantself-improvementandeducation.

C.Itmeansbeingemployedandlivingindependently.

D.Itislikeajourneyofself-discoveryandhonesty.

InruralSouthAfrica,16teamsofwomen,allofusover50yearsold,participatedinthisinaugural（開(kāi)幕的）

event-theGranniesInternationalFootballTournament.Itwas13yearsinthemaking,builtondreamsanda

friendshipthatcrossescontinents.

Theorganizer,BekaNtsanwisi——awell-knowncommunityactivistandcancersurvivor——foundedthe

originalteamofsoccer-playinggrandmothersaged40to80,some15yearsago,toimprovetheirhealth.Atfirstthe

localslaughedatthemandtoldthemtheybelongedathomecaringfortheirgrandchildren.Butateamdoctor

recordedresultsfromtheirregularexercise:improvedmobility,loweredbloodpressureandbetterdigestion.

In2010,theinternationalspotlightlandedtheteamaninvitationtotravelandplayinatournamentin

Massachusetts——fromyourstruly.LiketheGrannies,IfoundsoccerlaterinlifeandmyLexington,Massachusetts

teammatesareamongmybestfriends.Bekarepliedtomyinvitationwithouthesitation:"Wewillcome,mysister.^^

InJuly2010,15GranniesstreamedthroughtheBostonairport.Theywowed（博得稱贊）uswiththeirdancingon

thesidelinesofthefieldandtheirenthusiasmforlife.Andduringthatvisit,Bekaannounced,"BeforeIdie,Iwant

tohostaGranniesWorldCup.”

InMarch,2023,Beka's13-yearwishtohostaGranniesinternationaltournamentwasfinallyandjoyfully

met.Thetournament,heldinthetownofNkowankowa,wasintenseasFrance,Zambia,threeSouthAfricanteams,

andallthreeU.S.teamsenteredthequarterfinalsonthefourthandfinalday.Myteamwouldsettleforsecond

place,buttheU.S.Breakers,alsofromMassachusetts,heldthe3-foot-talltrophy（獎(jiǎng)杯）intheair.Thegoalie（守

門員）presentedthetrophytoBekaandthehostGranniesteam,withoutwhomthiseventwouldneverhavetaken

place.WeknowBekaisthetruechampion.

Forme,theGranniestournamentwasanextraordinarygift,anexperienceIwillneverforget.Forallofus,

weholdontoourmemoriesofbondingwith,oursoccersisters.

1.Whatcanbeimpliedfromparagraph1?

A.Ittooklongtomakethetournamentareality.

B.Thetournamentaimstohelpgranniesmakefriends.

C.Thesewomen'steamsconsistofprofessionalfootballplayers.

D.Thetournamentcausedastirintheinternationalfootballcommunity.

2.WhatcanwelearnabouttheoriginalteamfoundedbyBeka?

A.Itwas13yearsinthemaking.B.Itreceivedsupportfromthelocals.

C.Itpromotedthewellbeingofitsmembers.D.Itconsistedofmiddleagedwomenplayers.

考向3詞義、句意猜測(cè)題

【考向破譯】

詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解題考查對(duì)文中關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)的理解，旨在考查學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文推斷詞匯和短語(yǔ)的能力，包括

超綱詞義、熟詞生義、代詞的指代關(guān)系、俗語(yǔ)、特殊表達(dá)等，因此學(xué)生不僅需要加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)境中的理解推斷能

力，也需要在平時(shí)注意積累和擴(kuò)大詞匯量。

詞義推斷題有時(shí)候可以同時(shí)運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)境和代入法，短語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義高度依賴上下文內(nèi)容和邏輯。

?利用上下文語(yǔ)境：通過(guò)閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。

?借助語(yǔ)法知識(shí)：根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法關(guān)系來(lái)判斷詞義，如通過(guò)句子成分、從句關(guān)系等來(lái)推斷。

?注意詞義的多義性和搭配：一個(gè)詞可能有多個(gè)義項(xiàng)，要結(jié)合上下文選擇最合適的詞義；同時(shí)注意詞與

詞之間的搭配習(xí)慣。

（2024奉賢二模）

Wemetfordinner,perhapstwohours,andrarelyhadIfeltateasewithotherhumansasIdidwithhim.We

talkedandtalked.Aboutwhowewerethen.Whowearenow.Andwhatmadeusthejerks（混蛋）wewerethen.

Weacknowledgedthatifnotforeachother,andthecirclesofgoodpeopleweranwithbackthen,thegoodfriends

whokeptusreasonablyontrackandincheck,lifecouldhaveeasilygonesouthforeitherofus.Eachofusrecalled

thingstheotherhadnomemoryof.Fragmentsofmemories,scatteredyetprecious.Weknowweweretightthen,

andwevaluethatfriendshipandsharedexperiencestilltoday.

38.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“l(fā)ifecouldhaveeasilygonesouthforeitherofus”?

A.Theycouldhaveeasilybeenoffthetrackinlife.

B.Theymighthavesettleddowninthesouthernregion.

C.Theirfriendshipcouldhaveeasilyturnedsour.

D.Theycouldhavefacedfinancialdifficulties.

TheSewingMachineProjectcoversabasicyetnecessaryneedofmanyimpoverishedpeoplearoundthe

world.Forthem,sewingcanbeatoolforsurvival.Whetherinafactoryorathome,asewingmachinecanbethe

doortobrighterfinancialopportunities.Asewingmachinecanalsoenablemanytopreservetheirculturalidentity.

AfterHurricaneKatrinaoccurredin2005,acommunityofNewOrleansthatwearsskillfully-madesuitsfortheir

owntraditionalfestivallostmanyoftheirsewingmachines.Sincethen,thenon-profitorganizationhasdistributed

hundredsofmachinesamongthecreatorsofthecostumes,helpingthemmaintaintheirtraditionaswellastheir

income.

19.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“imuoveaished''inparagraph4mean?

A.uneducated.B.badly-off.C.exhausted.D.pessimistic.

Thefirstandonlyfungus(真菌)onaglobalconservationgroup's'"25MostWantedList”,thebigpuma

fungus,whichisactuallyquitesmall,hasbeenfoundintherainymountainsofChile,almost40yearsafteritwas

firstdocumented.

ThemysteriousspeciesoffungithatlivesundergroundinChile'sNahuelbutaMountainshadonlyeverbeen

foundinthewildonce.AnexpeditionteamfromtheFungiFoundationinChilesetoutforthetemperateforestsof

theNahuelbutasinMay2023toretracethefootstepsofChileanmycologist(真菌學(xué)家)NorbertoGarrido,who

discoveredthebigpumafungusanddescribedittoWesternsciencein1988.

TheytimedtheexpeditiontocoincidewiththeexactdatesinMaythatGarridohadhikedthemountains

morethan40yearsearlier.66Ifspossiblethatthereproductivepartsofthebigpumafungus-themushroom一are

onlyfadinglyvisibleabovethesoilonthesamefewdayseachyear,whichmadethetimingofthemissionacrucial

factor,saidClaudiaBustamante,amycologistandmemberoftheexpeditionteam.

31.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"'coincidewith“inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Putoff.B.Correspondto.C.Workout.D.Dealwith.

考向4主旨大意或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷題

【考向破譯】

寫(xiě)作意圖題要求考生在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上明白作者的言外之意，找到作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。題干中常

有purpose,inordert。等詞。不同體裁文章的寫(xiě)作意圖不同。故事類記敘文的目的通常是娛樂(lè)讀者

(toentertain)；廣告類應(yīng)用文的目的一般是推銷產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)(toadvertise);議論文的目的是要闡述論點(diǎn)

(toargue/persuade);科普、文化類說(shuō)明文的目的大多是介紹知識(shí)(toinform)。這類題型經(jīng)常考查短文的標(biāo)題

(title,headline)；短文或段落的主題(subject)；中心思想(mainidea)；作者的寫(xiě)作目的(purpose)。

做寫(xiě)作意圖題有兩種方法：一是主旨推斷法：根據(jù)文章或段落的主旨推斷作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。二是文體

推斷法：根據(jù)文體的特點(diǎn)來(lái)推斷。

（2024寶山二模）

AfterMelk,theboatspassthroughwinecountrytoVienna.Calledthe“CityofWaltzes”,Viennahasa

magnificentoperahouseandanimperialpalace.AsidetripfromViennatakesvisitorsintotheAustrianAlps.The

tourbustripoffersmarvelousviewsofthesurroundingcountryside.

57.WhatdoesVienna'snicknameimplyaboutthecity?

A.Itslocationmadeitanimportantpoliticalcenter.

B.Huntingwasapopularactivitythereyearsago.

C.Ithasattractedalotofpeoplewhoenjoyskating.

D.Dancinghasbeenanimportantpartofitsculture.

For44years,rainorshine,EmilyThompsonwokeup,putonheruniformandwenttoworkasazookeeper

atWildwoodZoo.'Tmluckytohaveworkedinaplacethathasgivenmesomuchpleasure,9,saysthe65-year-old

Emilyenthusiastically.uThezooislikeaminiaturereflectionoflife.Therearebirths,deathsandmarriages,along

withamixofamazing,happy,andsadevents.Butyoudealwithwhat*sinfrontofyouandmoveonbecauseother

animalsarerelyingonyou.^^

Emily*sambitiontobecomeazookeeperstartedasateenager.Shewasinspiredbythewell-known

conservationistandTVpresenterEthanMarlowe*sanimalbooks.Shestillremembersherfirst-everjobinterview

withBenjaminAdams,thethenzoocurator（館長(zhǎng)），whokindlytoldhertogetsomemorelifeexperiencefirst.Two

yearslater,afterworkingasaKaritanenurseandcompletingananimalsciencecourse,shewasdelightedwhen

Benjamingotintouchtoofferherazookeeperjobin1979.

Throughoutherworkingjourney,oneofthemostmemorableresponsibilitiesforEmilywascaringfor

chimpanzeeJanie,withwhomshesharedadeepbond.Anotherhighlightwasbeingpartof12seasonsonthe

populartelevisionseriesTheZoo,whichfollowedkeepersandanimalsbehindthescenesduringtheirday-to-day

life.64IrememberwhenIwasfirstrecognizedatthesupermarketafterworkinmyuniform,9,sherecalls,hadno

ideawhotheywere,butthenIrealizedtheyhadseenmefromtheshow.Itwasbrilliantpublicityforthezoo.^^

FilmingalsotookEmilytoSumatrain2010,wheresheexperiencedWildwoodZoo-supportedconservationefforts

withanimalsinthewild.

DespiteEmily'sloveforthejob,herbodyslowingdownconvincedheritwastimetoretire.Nowwithmore

timeonherhands,sheisconsideringsharingherknowledgeasalecturer.Whateverthefutureholds,onethingis

forsure.Emilydefinitelyhasn'tsaidgoodbyetoherbelovedWildwoodZooforgood.

60.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.BondingwithChimpanzee:AZookeeper'sRole

B.FromBeginnertoExpert:AZookeeper'sGrowth

C.BehindtheScenes:AZookeeper'sLifeonTelevision

D.DecadesofJoyandDevotion:AZookeepefsJourney

Thesustainablevillageofthefuture,ifMartinaWaldemarandJoaoAlmeidahaveanysayaboutit,willhave

solarpanels,earthenbuildings,andaformofregenerativeagriculturethatcopiesnaturetoproduceclimate-friendly

food.ThefieldhandswhoworktherewillearnwageswellabovewhafsstandardforthisruralareaofPortugal.

Therewillbecoworkingspacewithfastinternet."'Thelifecanbeeasy,"Mr.Almeidasaysofhisfamily'sproject,

whichtheycallGandumVillage.

BuyinglocalisonegoalofanewprojectcalledRuralRevive,aprivateconservationeffortwheretourists

stayinfashionable,low-impactrooms-andtheprojectisdevelopingintoaservicecenterforadeserteconomy.

ButthepurposeofRuralReviveisnotjusteconomic.Atthesametime,ittrainslocalssuchasElricoBekeurin

horticulture（園藝）andenterprise.

ReinholdMangundubeganRuralRevivewhenherememberssittingbyabonfire,listeningtohisfathertell

himabouttheforestandbirdsofhisbirthplaceinhiscountry.Thosevillagefireslitadesireinhimtorestoreand

regeneratetheearthandwildlifethathecouldonlyimagine.力believeit'stimewestartbuildingbeautifulstories

aboutthefutureandusethosestoriesofthefuturetoaddressourcurrentproblems,hesays.

21.WhatdoesParagraph1focuson?

A.Alljobswillbecarriedoutremotely.B.Asustainablelifecanbeenjoyable.

C.Climateisfriendlytoagriculture.D.Eco-friendlyvillagesneedhigh-paidfarmers.

思維建模把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)；理解故事脈絡(luò)

?命題類型

?細(xì)節(jié)理解題：考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章中具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力。

?詞義猜測(cè)題：要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。

主旨大意題：考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章中心思想或主要觀點(diǎn)的把握。

?推理判斷題：考查學(xué)生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行邏輯推理和判斷的能力。

作者意圖題：考查學(xué)生對(duì)作者寫(xiě)作目的和態(tài)度的理解。

?解題思路

?順藤摸瓜：按照文章脈絡(luò)和故事發(fā)展順序，一題一題地解答細(xì)節(jié)題，不漏掉任何細(xì)節(jié)。

?左顧右盼：在做題過(guò)程中，如果找不到與題干一字不差的詞語(yǔ)或句子，需要通過(guò)上下文語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行同

義替換，找到正確答案。

?把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)：記敘文一般可以分為事實(shí)記敘和想象記敘，注意文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，如5W要素(what,

who,when,where,why),這有助于理解文章和回答問(wèn)題。

理解故事脈絡(luò)：弄明白整件事情的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，這對(duì)于解答細(xì)節(jié)題和推理判斷題至關(guān)重要。

把握寓意：對(duì)于哲理故事或逸聞趣事，要理解故事所蘊(yùn)含的哲理意義或風(fēng)趣性，這有助于解答主旨

大意題和作者意圖題。

?考點(diǎn)二、考查閱讀理解應(yīng)用文?

知識(shí)點(diǎn)1直接信息題—先題后文法

應(yīng)用文體文章比較長(zhǎng)，此時(shí)我們不必記住所有信息，可以先閱讀題目，帶著問(wèn)題閱讀，多注意細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)

間、地點(diǎn)、人物或數(shù)據(jù)等，簡(jiǎn)明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章內(nèi)容。尤其是廣告文章的閱讀一般采取跳

讀、略讀等快速閱讀法，快速瀏覽信息，搜索對(duì)比。對(duì)文中信息的快速處理能力是考查閱讀理解能力的重

要方面。

（2025?上海靜安?二模）

AndJuneau'snaturalcharm,withitsvariousscenicspots,isJuneau'sbiggestdrawingforceinvisitors9eyes.

TheremarkableMendenhallGlacier-rockyenoughtofascinatehikers——isjustoneofJuneau'smanynatural

attractions.DuringtheMendenhallGlacierhike,you9repersonallyexperiencingwildwatersandsharpforested

slopes.Forhardcorehikers,itspullishardtoresist.

1.WhichofthefollowingitemisJuneau'smajorsellingpointtovisitors?

A.Culturalbackground.B.Developmenthistory.

C.Naturalattraction.D.Climateadvantage.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)2間接信息題一題干定位法

應(yīng)用文閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對(duì)信息的需求，但在試題中，常常是就某

一點(diǎn)提問(wèn)，以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，考生完全沒(méi)有必要從頭到尾全部仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o(wú)效信

息。做此類題時(shí)，宜采用”題干定位法"，即先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問(wèn)題要求，按照題目順序依次有針對(duì)

性地結(jié)合題干關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位答案范圍，閱讀相關(guān)部分，快速尋找有效信息，再把原文和選項(xiàng)相比較。

問(wèn)題與材料相同一對(duì)號(hào)入座；問(wèn)題與原文相同一同義替換、歸納事實(shí)等。

（2025?上海奉賢?二模）

Abrain-computerinterface（BCI）functionsthroughaseriesofinterconnectedsteps.Initially,aspecialized

devicecapturesthebrain?selectricalactivity,providingrawdatathatreflectstheuser'sintentions.Thisdataisthen

senttoacomputer,whichprocessesandanalyzesthesignalstodecodetheuser'sdesiredactions.Finally,the

interpretedinformationcontrolsanexternalapplicationordevice,allowingtheusertointeractsmoothly.This

integrationofmeasurement,analysis,andcontrolformsthebackboneofBCItechnology.

2.WhatroledoesthecomputerplayinaBCIsystem?

A.Measuringbrainactivitythroughsensors.

B.Providingphysicalfeedbacktotheuser.

C?Processingbrainsignalstoidentifyintent

D.Replacingtheuser'sdecision-makingprocess.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)3推理判斷題——選項(xiàng)排除法

排除法在應(yīng)用文閱讀中也應(yīng)用得較多，即排除與文章內(nèi)容不一致的錯(cuò)誤信息，從而確定正確選項(xiàng)。應(yīng)用文

閱讀理解設(shè)題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，因此，閱讀這類文章時(shí)，應(yīng)該在整體把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下，主要注意

細(xì)節(jié)信息。細(xì)節(jié)題的題干都是相應(yīng)原文的變形（如同義改寫(xiě)、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等），因此要找到答案一定要找到題干

在原文中的出處，再把原文和選項(xiàng)相比較。做題時(shí)，根據(jù)所提問(wèn)題用尋讀、跳讀的方法可達(dá)到事半功倍的

效果。同時(shí)，在閱讀時(shí)也要特別注意文中以粗體、大寫(xiě)、下劃線等方式加以提示的文字，因?yàn)檫@很有可能

是文章的核心或某一部分內(nèi)容的概括。

（2025?上海崇明?二模）

Travellingbyrailholdsaromanticandold-fashionedappealthatcan'tbematchedbyflyingordriving.Bytaking

theslowroute,yougettoexperienceandinteractwithanareainacompletelyd