類型3|科普知識考查要點方法技巧1.科學(xué)現(xiàn)象、概念、定義、類別等。2．事物的性質(zhì)、特點、原理、用途等。3．事物或現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因、過程、演變。4．相似事物間的異同。1.理清說明順序：時間、空間、邏輯順序。2．把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)：并列式、承接式、遞進式、總分式。3．認(rèn)清說明方法：下定義、舉事例、做比較、打比方等。(2016·浙江10月卷·C)Digitaltechnology-emailandsmartphonesespecially-havevastlyimprovedworkers'abilitytobeproductivoffice.Evenfatraditionaloffice.Evenso，mostwhite-office.Onekstillhappensinanoffice.Onereasonisthat，accordingtofindingsofanewsurvey(調(diào)查)ofofficeworkersconductedbyWakefieldResearchfortheITpanyCitrix，mostbossesaredoubtfulabworking.Halfworking.Halfoftheworkerssaytheirbossdoesn'tacceptitandonly35percentsayit'stolerated.Skepticalbosseswilllikelyhavetheirdoubtsreinforced(加深)bythesamesurvey，whichshowsthat43percentofworkerssaythey'vewatchedTVoramoviewhile“working”remotely，while35percenthavedonehousework，and28percenthavecookeddinner.Itistrue，however，thatworkingathomemakespeoplemuchmoreefficient(高效的)，becauseitallowsworkerstotakecareofannoyinghouseworkwhilestillgettingtheirjobsdone.It'smuchfaster，forexample，toshopforgroceriesataquartertothreethantostandinlineduringtheafter-workrush.Thefactthatsuchpracticesremainofficiallyunacceptedreflectshowfarwehaven'teasasocietyfromthedayswhenweexpectedeveryfull-timeworkertobesupportedbyafull-timehomemaker.MorebroadlytheWakefieldsurveysuggeststhatemployersmaybemissingalow-costwaytogiveworkerssomethingofvalue.Sixty-fourpercentofthosesurveyparticipantswhohaven'tworkedremotelywouldrathergiveupsomebonusinordertogetevenonedayaweekworkingfromhome.Undersuchcircumstances，smartfirmsneedtofindwaystolettheiremployeeshaveenoughflexibilitytomanagetheirtimeefficiently.28．Whydosomeemployershesitatetoallowremoteworking?A．Theyfearlosingcontroloftheirworkers.B．Theywanttosticktotheirroutinepractice.C．Theyhavelittletrustinmoderntechnology.D．Theyareusedtoface-to-facemunication.29．Whatseemstobemostworkers'attitudetowardremoteworking?A．Doubtful. B．Favorable.C．Reserved. D．Disapproving.30．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestsmartfirmsdo?A．Shortentheirofficehours.B．Giveemployeesapayraise.C．Adoptflexibleworkpatterns.D．Reducetheirstaff'sworkload.語篇解讀：數(shù)字技術(shù)，特別是電子郵件和智能手機，使得人們可以在家遠(yuǎn)程辦公。但老板們害怕失去對工人的控制，并不太贊成。作者建議小公司可以采取靈活的工作模式。長難句解讀：Halfoftheworkerssaytheirbossdoesn'tacceptitandonly35percentsayit'stolerated.分析：本句為并列復(fù)合句。第一個分句中theirbossdoesn'tacceptit為賓語從句，第二個分句中it'stolerated也是一個賓語從句。翻譯：一半的員工說他們的老板不接受在家遠(yuǎn)程辦公，只有35%的老板說這是可以容許的。28．A[考查細(xì)節(jié)判斷。根據(jù)第二段可知，大多數(shù)員工在遠(yuǎn)程辦公時不是在工作而是從事其他的活動，這加深了老板的疑慮，由此可判斷出，他們害怕失去對員工的控制。]29．B[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的thatworkingathomemakespeoplemuchmoreefficient可知，在家遠(yuǎn)程辦公更高效，再結(jié)合最后一段可判斷出，大多數(shù)員工是贊成的。]30．C[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的smartfirmsneedtofindwaystolettheiremployeeshaveenoughflexibilitytomanagetheirtimeefficiently可知，作者建議小公司要采取靈活的工作模式。]A(2017·浙江寧波三模)Here'sanotherreasontogetoffthecouchandstartworkingupasweat.Timetheexerciserightandyoucouldimproveyourabilitytoremembersomethingnew.That'sthefindingofanewstudy.Butitallesdowntotiming.Tolockupthenewinformation，startburningthosecaloriesroughlyfourhoursafteryoutookinthenewinformation.That'saccordingtoresearchersataninstituteonbrain，cognition(認(rèn)知)andbehavior.It'satRadboudUniversity'smedicalcenter，inNijmegen，theNetherlands.EelcovanDongenandhiscolleaguessharedtheirnewfindingsintheJune16CurrentBiology.Thispreciselytimedmemorytrickesfromtestswith72people.Eachlearnedthelocationof90objectsonaputerscreen.Afterwards，someofthememberswatchedrelaxingnaturevideos.Othersworkedupasweatonbody-buildingbikes，changingbetweenhardandeasyridingfor35minutes.Theirworkoutscameeithersoonafterthe“cramsession(考前突擊復(fù)習(xí))”orfourhourslater.Twodayslatertheyweretestedagain.Thosewhorememberedtheobjects'sitesbestwerethepeoplewhohadwaitedfourhoursaftertheirlearningbeforeriding.Amongthosewhorememberedthesitescorrectly，thefour-hourdelaybeforebikingalsoledtomoreconsistentactivityinanareaimportantformemory.It'sknownasthehippocampus(海馬區(qū))．Theconsistentactivityheresuggeststhatthememorieshavebeenstrong，thescientistssay.EelcovanDongen'steamdoesnotyetknowhowexerciseworksitsmemorymagic.Theydo，however，haveaguess.Aerobicexerciseleadstothecreationofseveralimportantchemicalsinthebrain.OneisaproteinknownasBDNF.Theotherisdopamine.Itcanhelpconveymessagesbetweennervecells.Thesetwochemicalsmayhelpstrengthenmemoriesbylinkingbraincells，theresearcherssuspect.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇科普說明文。研究表明，在學(xué)習(xí)后等待四小時再進行體育鍛煉有助于增強記憶力和牢記所學(xué)的知識。但是對于其原理，人們至今仍無法解釋。1．Thebestwaytolockupthenewinformationis．A．togetoffthecouchsoonaftertheirlearningB．todosportsforfourhoursandworkupasweatC．toseesomenaturevideosonaputerscreenD．todosportsfourhoursaftertakinginnewinformationD[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Tolockupthenewinformation，startburningthosecaloriesroughlyfourhoursafteryoutookinthenewinformation”可知，在接收新信息四小時后再進行體育鍛煉可以牢記這些信息，故D項正確。][干擾項分析]A項錯在“soonaftertheirlearning”，與第二段的“fourhoursafteryoutookinthenewinformation”不一致；根據(jù)第二段第二句可知，在接收新信息四小時后再鍛煉可以牢記這些信息，而不是鍛煉四小時，故B項錯誤；C項是試驗的一個環(huán)節(jié)，故排除。2．WhichisNOTrightabouttheexperiment?A．Thereare90objectsonthescreen.B．Theyweretestedagaintwodayslater.C．72peopletookpartintheexperiment.D．Theyallhadtodoridingfor35minutes.D[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第一、二句“Thispreciselytimedmemorytrickesfromtestswith72people.Eachlearnedthelocationof90objectsonaputerscreen”可知，該試驗的參加者共有72人，每人要記憶電腦屏幕上的90個物體的位置，故排除A、C項；根據(jù)第四段第一句“Twodayslatertheyweretestedagain”可知，兩天后他們再次進行了測試，故B項排除；D項與第三段的倒數(shù)第二句的描述不一致，故D項符合題意。]3．Howdoesexerciseworkitsmemorymagic?A．Bythehippocampus.B．Nooneknowsforsure.C．AproteinknownasBDNF.D．Aproteinknownasdopamine.B[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第五段的第一、二句“EelcovanDongen'steamdoesnotyetknowhowexerciseworksitsmemorymagic.Theydo，however，haveaguess”可知，人們對鍛煉增強記憶力的原理仍不清楚，對該原理僅僅是猜測，故B項正確。]B【導(dǎo)學(xué)號：】(2017·浙江寧波十校聯(lián)考)Cancerisadiseasefearedbyeveryone.Oncetheharddecisionshavebeenmadeabouthowtotreatapatient'scancer,doctorsfaceanevenmoredifficultquestion:howdoyouhelppatientsdealwiththesideeffectsofthetreatment?Theissueisachallengeforphysiciansbecause，unlikecancertherapies，therearefewscientificstudiesonthemosteffectivewaystohandlethesideeffects—includingmonsymptomssuchaspoorsleeporexhaustion.Butaddressingtheseseeminglymonplications(并發(fā)癥)isextremelyimportantforhelpingpatientsmaintaintheirregularlifestyle,whichinturnmayevenencouragethesuccessoftheircancertreatment.That'swhyDr.KarenMustianoftheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenterdecidedtoputafavoritepracticeofcancersurvivors—yoga—tothetest.InapapershewillpresentattheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncology(腫瘤學(xué))(ASCO)annualmeetinginJune，Mustiandesignedastandardizedprogrambasedonhathayoga—aslow-movingformofthediscipline—andtesteditseffectonimprovingthequalityoflifeforcancersurvivors.CalledYOCAS，thefour-weekprograminvolvedsessionsofhathayogatwiceaweekfor75minuteseach，inbinationwithbreathingexercisesandmeditation(冥想)．Amongthe410participants，whoweredividedintoyogaandtraditionalfollow-upcaregroups，thosepracticingyogarecordednearlydoubletheimprovementinsleepqualityandreductionofexhaustionparedtothosenotpracticingyoga.Theyalsoreportedbetterqualityoflifeoverall，Mustiansays.Forcancerphysicians，thefindingswillbeaweleadditiontotheirdiscussionswithpatients.“Manypatientsaskaboutplementarytherapies(補充療法)，”saysDr.DouglasBlayney，medicaldirectoroftheprehensivecancercenteratUniversityofMichiganandpresidentofASCO.“Ioftendon'tknowwhattotellthembecausethereisn'talotofscienceontheseplementarytherapies.Hereisascientificstudyshowingbenefit，soatleastwecanhavesomeassuranceintellingwomenthathereisayogaprogram，hereareitscharacteristicsandithasbeenshowntohavepositiveeffectsonsleepandqualitylife.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，主要講述了癌癥術(shù)后可以通過哈他瑜伽來進行一定的恢復(fù)，實驗也證明是有效果的。4．Whatbothersthecancerphysiciansafterdeterminingthetreatmentplan?A.Howtohandlethesideeffectseffectively.B．Howtopreventthesideeffectsfromappearing.C．Howtopersuadethepatienttoacceptthetherapy.D．Howtoproveeffectivenessofthetreatment.A[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段的“Oncethehard...question：howdoyouhelppatientsdealwiththesideeffectsofthetreatment”以及第二段的“studiesonthemosteffectivewaystohandlethesideeffects”可知，在確定治療方案后，醫(yī)生們更關(guān)心的是如何有效解決術(shù)后副作用的問題，所以選A項。]5．Whyisitsignificanttohelppatientsdealwiththesideeffectsofthecancertreatment?A.Becauseitisthemosteffectivewaytocurecancer.B．Becauseitcouldshortenthetimeofthetreatment.C．Becauseitenablesthemtodoexerciseregularly.D．Becauseitincreasesthepossibilityoftheirpleterecovery.D[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段的“Butaddressingthese...isextremelyimportant...inturnmayevenencouragethesuccessoftheircancertreatment”可知，解決癌癥的副作用能有效幫助癌癥病人保持原有的生活方式，并有助于增加癌癥康復(fù)的成功率，故選D項。]6．AccordingtoDr.DouglasBlayney，theYOCASprogramis．A．beneficial B．unscientificC．useless D．popularA[考查觀點態(tài)度。根據(jù)文章最后一段的“Hereisascientificstudyshowingbenefit...assuranceintelling...tohavepositiveeffectsonsleepandqualitylife”可知，DouglasBlayney醫(yī)生認(rèn)可哈他瑜伽的作用，認(rèn)為它是一種比較有效的癌癥術(shù)后恢復(fù)手段，所以選A項。]CWhenArmstrongandAldrinweredonewiththeirwalk，theyreturnedtothemandmodule，andbacktotheEarth.ThatpartofthespaceshipisonviewattheSmithsonian'sNationalAirandSpaceMuseuminWashington，D.C.But，ifyoucannotgettoWashington，soonyouwillbeabletoseeColumbiaonyourputeroryoursmartphone.DigitalscientistsarescanningtheinsideofColumbia.Theyarecreatinganonlinemodel，inthreedimensions，or“3D”．Bylookingatthesephotographs，youwillbeabletoseeouterspacethewaytheastronautsdid.Itwillbelikesittingintheirseats.WantyourveryownColumbia?Youwillbeabletoprinta3DcopyofColumbia.Expertssayanyonecanmakealife-sizedmodel.Buttheyexpectmostpeopletomakesmallermodelsofthe320×400cm(11*×13*)mandmodule.Scientistsareusingspecial3Dtechnologytoscantheinside.Theyusecamerasonlongarmstotakethephotographs.Thethousandsofphotographstakenwillbebinedwith50laserscans.WhatwoulditbeliketositinsideColumbiaandtakealookaround？Alltheimageswillbeloadedintosoftwarethatallowsyoutolookaroundthemoduleonaputerscreen.TheuserwillbeabletoseeColumbiabothinsideandout.TheSmithsoniansaysthatthe3Dtechnologygivestheuserwaystoseethingstheycannotseeatthemuseum.Anditwillgiveinformationthateventhemuseumcurators(館長)havenotseenbefore.“Withthemandmodule，noonehasbeeninsidesinceitcameintothecollection，”saysAdamMetallo，Smithsonian3Dimagingspecialist.“Nowtheinformationwecapturecangiveanyoneintheworldaviewofwhatit