Unit12語法篇

第十二單元重點單詞和句型

一、過去完成時的概念

過去完成時表示在過去的某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，即表示“過去的過去”。

二、過去完成時的構(gòu)成

過去完成時是由“助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成，had用于各種人稱和數(shù)。如：

Shehadarrivedatthevillagebefore8o'clocklastnight.她在昨晚8點之前就到達(dá)了這個村莊。

三、過去完成時的句式

過去完成時的否定句是在had后加not,一般疑問句是將had移至句首，其肯定回答為:Yes,主語+had,

否定回答為：No,主語+hadn,t。如：

Herlittlebrotherhadn'tgoneintothebathroombythetimeshegotup.當(dāng)她起床時,她弟弟還沒有進入浴

室。

一Hadyoustartedteachingwhenshegottotheclass?當(dāng)她走進教室時，你開始講課了嗎？

—Yes,Ihad.是的，我開始講了。（No,Ihadn't.不,我還沒有講。）

四、過去完成時的標(biāo)志

1.用于表示過去某一時刻前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。常與by,before,after,until,when等引導(dǎo)的過去時間

狀語連用。如：

Theyhadcollectedover1,000stampsbytheendoflastmonth.至Ll上個月底，他們已收集了1,000多張郵

票。

ThebushadalreadyleftbythetimeIgotoutside.當(dāng)我出去時，公共汽車已經(jīng)開走了。

提示：如果時間狀語從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句用過去完成時，主句用一般過去時。如：

MywatchwentwellafterI'dhaditrepaired.我的手表修了以后，走得很準(zhǔn)。

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2.過去完成時用于賓語從句中，表示從句的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在主句的謂語動作之前。如：

Hetoldmethathehadheardofthegoodnews.他告訴我,他己經(jīng)聽說了那個好消息。

提示：有時過去完成時也用在其他從句中。如：

Whathehadsaidmademeangry.他說的話讓我生氣。（用于主語從句中）

3.有時句子中沒有明顯的時間狀語，動作發(fā)生的時間先后，需從上下文中去判斷。如：

Shewasveryhappy.Herwholefamilywerepleasedwithher,too.Shehadjustwonthefirstplaceinthe

game.她非常高興，她的全家人也為她高興。她剛剛在比賽中獲得第一名。

五、過去完成時的持續(xù)用法

表示過去某一時間之前發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到過去某一時間，并有可能繼續(xù)下去。常

與由for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時間的短語或從句連用。如：

Hehadworkedinthefactorysinceitopenedin2019.自從2019年工廠建成以，來他一直在那兒工作。

Mr.SmithhadtaughtinEuropefor15yearsbeforehewenttoAustralia.史密斯先生在去澳大利亞之前在

歐洲從教了15年。

六、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別

1.過去完成時表示過去某一時間或某個動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。它是個相對的時態(tài)，

只有在與過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才會用到它。而一般過去時則表示過去某一個時間發(fā)生

了某事或在過去某一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事。如：

TheyhadalreadyleftwhenIarrived.我到達(dá)時他們已經(jīng)走了。（在我“到達(dá)”這一過去動作之前,他們就

已經(jīng)“離開”了，因此用hadleft表示。）

Isawhiminthestreetyesterday.昨天我在街上看見他了。（“看見他”這一動作是在“昨天”這一過去的時

間發(fā)生的）

2.在過去某時之前的持續(xù)動作，表示某事持續(xù)到過去某時已有一段時間，則用過去完成時，并與for,

since等詞連用。如：

Hehadbeenillforaweekwhenhewassenttothehospital.他被送到醫(yī)院時已病了一周了。

Hesaidthathehadworkedinthatfactorysince1994.他說他從1994年以來就一直在那家工廠工作。

3.在并列句或復(fù)合句中，幾個（一般是兩個）謂語動詞的行為發(fā)生的順序有明顯的先后之分時，則先發(fā)

生的行為用過去完成時。但若句中有before,after等連詞，由于它已表明動作發(fā)生的先后，兩個動作

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都可以用一般過去時。如：

WhenIwokeup,ithadalreadystoppedsnowing.我醒來時雪已停了。

I（had）heardthenewsbeforeshetoldme.她告訴我那個消息之前我已經(jīng)聽說了。

Afterwefinishedourhomework,wewentswimming.做完作業(yè)后，我們?nèi)ビ斡玖恕?/p>

4.兩個或兩個以上的動作，用and,then或but等連接，按照動作發(fā)生的順序表達(dá)時，用一般過去時，

表示過去發(fā)生的連續(xù)動作。如：

Themangotup,putonhiscapandwentaway.那個人站了起來，戴上帽子走了。

【拓展】動詞think,hope,want,mean,intend,plan等可以用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的

想法、愿望、打算或意圖等。如：

Wehadhopedtobeabletocomeandseeyou.我們本來希望能來看看你。

Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldnotgetthereintime他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒能及時趕到那里。

七、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別

過去完成時與already,ever,just,never,since+時間點，for+時間段等連用時，強調(diào)事件發(fā)生的先后順序，

不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況。而現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是“過去的動作或狀態(tài)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響”。如：

ShehasworkedinChongqingforovertwoyears.她已經(jīng)在重慶工作兩年多了。（現(xiàn)在仍在那兒工作）

ShehadworkedinChongqingforovertwoyearsbeforeshemovedtoShanghai.她在搬至!j上海之前已經(jīng)

在重慶工作兩年多了。（“搬到上?！笔沁^去，“在重慶工作”是發(fā)生在過去的過去）

Hehasneverseensuchaninterestingfilmbefore.他以前從未看過這么有趣的電影。（“看”盡管發(fā)生在過

去，但涉及現(xiàn)在，即現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道或了解了這部電影）

Hesaidhehadneverseensuchaninterestingfilmbefbre.他說他以前從沒看過這么有趣的電影。（"他說"

發(fā)生在過去，“看過”是在“說”之前，是過去的

1.一Whywereyoulateforschoolthismorning?

一Becausemyalarmclockdidn'toffandI.

A.oversleptB.completedC.changedD.missed

2.一Whafswrongwithyou?

一BythetimeIgottoschool,IrealizedIhadmyEnglishbookathome.

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A.leftB.forgottenC.tookD.brought

3.Shesaidwhenshegottothecinema,thefilmfor5minutes.

A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.hadbeenon

4.一Whydidn'tyougivethewallettothemanatonce?

一BecausehebeforeIrealizeditwashis.

A.hadbeendisappearedB.hasdisappearedC.haddisappearedD.hasbeendisappeared

5.—youeverlateforschool?—No,never.

A.Have;beB.Would;beenC.Have;beenD.Did;been

基礎(chǔ)演練

I.用括號內(nèi)所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

l.BythetimeIreachedhome,mymother(cook)supperalready.

2.Catherine(finish)theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.

3..Thetrain(leave)whenIgottothestation.

4.Thelittlegirl(lie)inbedforalmostamonthsinceshe(fall)sick.

5.Bytheendoflastyearhe(learn)3，000Englishwords.

6.Itwasthethirdtimethatthegirl(invite)him.

7.1(notfind)thedoguntillastnight.

8.Hetoldhismotherthathe(run)outofmoneytobuynewclothes.

9.Hetoldmethathe(write)anewbook.

10.1suddenlyrememberedthatI(leave)thekeyinmyclassroomwhenI(get)home

yesterday.

n.按要求改寫句子，每空一詞。

l.Bythetimeshegotup,hermotherhadgonetowork.(對畫線部分提問)

hermotherbythetimeshegotup?

2.WhenIgothome,mymotherhadcookeddinner.(改為否定句)

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WhenIgothome,mymotherdinner.

3.ThetrainhadleftwhenIgottothestation.（改為一般疑問句）

thetrainwhenyougottothestation?

4.Johnhadneverseenthefilmbefbre.（改為反意疑問句）

Johnhadneverseenthefilmbefore,?

5.Shehadalreadyfinishedherhomework］改為否定句）

Sheherhomeworkyet.

6.WangYanhaschangedherjob.Ihavechanged,too.（合并為一個句子）

WangYanhaschangedherjob,I.

7.Mysisterhasalreadycookedsupper.（改為否定句）

Mysistercookedsupper.

8.Mike'sfatherdiedthreemonthsago.（改為現(xiàn)在完成時）

Mike'sfatherhasforthreemonths.

9.1wenttoamoviewithmyfriendyesterday.（改為否定句）

Itoamoviewithmyfriendyesterday.

lO.Heplayedfootballontheplaygroundafterschoolyesterdayafternoon.（對畫線部分提問）

heafterschoolyesterdayafternoon?

鞏固提高

L用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

l.He（teach）inourschoolsince1986.

2.Myfather（work）inafactoryforfiveyears.Butnowheisateacher.

3.Theoldcomputer（break）downeasily,soIhadtorestartitagainandagain.

4.Mr.Zhang（teach）usEnglishthreeyearsago.

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5.Mr.Liuisn'therenow.He(go)toBeijing.

6.Ourmathteacher(teach)inourschoolfor20yearsandhe(come)herewhenhewas

25yearsold.

7.Mr.LilikesHongKongverymuch.He(be)therethreetimes.

8..Lastsummervacation,we(take)manyphotoswhenwehadatriptoDalian.

9.1don'trememberwhenandwhereI(buy)thisumbrella.

10.1beganwatchinghereanhourago,butnownothing(happen)yet.

n.根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子，每空一詞。

1.我到那兒的時候，公共汽車已經(jīng)離開。

thetimeIgotthere,thebusalready.

2.我到那兒時，比賽已進行了半個小時。

ThematchforhalfanhourwhenIgotthere.

3.十分鐘前她沒有完成家庭作業(yè)。

Sheherhomeworktenminutesago.

4.我們已經(jīng)看過這部電影了。

Wethemovie.

5.她已經(jīng)離開她的家鄉(xiāng)很多年了。

Sheherhometownformanyyears

I.單項選擇

1.Mr.Blackhiskeysintheoffice,sohehadtowaituntilhiswifehome.

A.hasleft;comesB.left;hadcomeC.hadleft;cameD.hadleft;wouldcome

2.WhenIgottothestation,thetrainfor30minutes.

A.leftB.hadleftC.hasbeenawayD.hadbeenaway

3.A11theticketsbythetimeIgottothecinema.

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A.selloutB.soldoutC.havebeensoldoutD.hadbeensoldout

4.She_____inthenorthforfiveyearsbeforeshecamehere.

A.haslivedB.hadlivedC.livedD.wasgoingtolive

5.BythetimeIgottoschool,IrealizedImybackpackathome.

A.leftB.hasleftC.hadleftD.hadforgotten

6.SteveandRosahave______fortenyears.

A.gotmarriedB.marriedC.bemarriedD.beenmarried

7.Hiscarontheway,sohehadtorepairit.

A.brokeoffB.brokedownC.breaksoffD.breaksdown

8.Hiscousin_____aforeignerlastyear.

A.marriedwithB.marriedC.wasmarriedD.gotmarried

9.Nancysaidthatshe_____themagazinetobelibraryalready.

A.hasreturnedB.returnedC.hadn'treturnedD.hadreturned

10.Thefilm_____fortenminuteswhenwegottothecinema.

A.beganB.hadbegunC.wasonD.hadbeenon

11.BythetimeIgottotheshop,alltheeggs__

A.hadbeenboughtB.hadboughtC.boughtD.hasbeenbought

12.You'veneverseensuchabeautifulpicture,_?

A.doyouB.aren'tyouC.haveyouD.haven'tyou

n.完形填空

Areyounervouswhenyoustandinfrontofthepublic?Areyouafraidtomakeaspeech?

LiJun,amiddleschoolboy,feltshywhenhewasmakingaspeechtheotherday.Lihadthoughtitwould

bequiteeasytospeakinfrontof1classmates.

"Iwaswrong.Itwasverydifferentandmuch2thantalkingtomyclassmatesduringplaytime,"

Lisaid,"Itried,butitwasreallydifficulttospeak.Ifeltlikeamute（啞巴）andwantedtoleavethe

classroom3"

Liisnotalone.Manymiddleschoolstudentsnowhavethesame4:theycantalkabouttheirideas

freely5theirbestfriendsafterclass,butcan'tspeakinpublic.AccordingtoZhouHong,ateacher

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fromauniversity,themainreasonisthatschoolsinChinapaymoreattentiontowritinginsteadof6.

Zhouhopesschoolscangivestudentsmorechancestoopentheir7suchasspeech

competitions,Englishcomersandclassdiscussions.Studentscanjoininanyonetheywantto.8healso

givessomeadvicetostudents.HDuringyourfreetimeyoushould9more.Whenyou'respeakingin

public,takeiteasy.Justimagineyou'retalkingtonobodyandspeakupyourideasclearly/Zhousaid.

"That10afinepublicspeechandyoullfeelconfident.n

1.A.herB.myC.yourD.his

2.A.harderB.easierC.better,D.later

3.A.slowlyB.quicklyC.sadlyD.happily

4.A.answerB,subjectC.problemD.question

5.A.exceptB.besideC.fromD.with

6.A.listeningB.speakingC.readingD.singing

7.A.mouthsB.eyesC.mindsD.hearts

8.A.ButB.SoC.AndD.Or

9.A.playB.practiceC.writeD.watch

10.A.reportsB.keepsC.hearsD.makes

I.單項選擇

1.WhenIgotup,mymotherbreakfastforme.

A.havecookedB.hadcookedC.hascookedD.hasbeencooking

2.Whatbadluck!Imybackpackathome.（2019-2019浙江單元測試）

A.forgotB.broughtC.leftD.took

3.—Whendidyougetupthismorning?（2019-2019浙江單元測試）

—Myalarmclockdidn't.Ididn'twakeupuntil9a.m.

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A.gooffB.takeoffC.putoffD.runoff

4.ThanksgivingDayisacelebrationthatinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.（2019-2019浙江

單元測試）

A.happensB.ishappeningC.takesplaceD.Istakenplace

5.Becauseoftherain,thefarmersstoppedapples.（2019-2019浙江單元測試）

A.pickB.topickC.pickingD.picked

6.Theshoesareverybeautiful.Alltheshoesinthatshop.（2019-2019浙江單元測試）

A.havesoldoutB.hadbeensoldoutC.hassoldoutD.hasbeenselling

7.Tom'sparentsgotmarriedin1978.Theyfornearlytwentyyears.

A.marriedB.havemarriedC.havebeenmarriedD.havegotmarried

8.Manypeoplebelievedthestory,andfearspreadthewholecountry.

A.throughB.acrossC.overD.against

9.Atlastthepoliceofficersthatthemoneywasfound.

A.canceledB.announcedC.fooledD.stared

10.BythetimeIgottothecinema,thefilmfortenminutes.

A.hadbegunB.hadbeenonC.hasstartedD.hasbeenon

11-______wereyoulateforschool?-BecauseIoverslept.

A.WhatB.HowC.WhenD.Why

12.Luckily,Tom'sdadcamebyandhegavemeainhiscar.SoIgottoschoolontime.

A.rideB.liftC.driveD.offer

13.RedisMrs.Green'sfavoritecolor.Sosheoftenredclothes.

A.putsonB.takesoffC.wearsD.trieson

14.1thinklifeisofunexpectedthings.Youdon'tknowwhatwillhappennexttime.

A.fullB.fillC.filledD.empty

15.Goodluckyouschooltip.

A.on;withB.on;toC.to;withD.to;on

n.閱讀理解

A

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ToswimacrosstheEnglishChanneltakesatleastninehours.It'shardworkanditmakesyoushortof

breath.Toflyoverthechanneltakesonlytwentyminutesaslongasyou'renotheldupattheairport,but

it6sanexpensivewaytotravel.Youcantravelbyhovercraft（氣墊船）ifyoudon'tmindthenoiseandthat

takesfortyminutes.Otherwise,youcangobyboat,ifyourememberyoursea-sicknesspills.Allthese

meansoftransporthavetheirproblems，andtheweary（厭煩的）traveleroftendreamsofbeingableto

drivetoFranceinhisowncar."Notpossible，yousay.Well,waitaminute.Peopleareonceagain

consideringtheideaofachanneltunnelorbridge.Thistime,thegreatLondonCouncil（議會）islooking

intothepossibilityofbuildingachannellinkstraighttoLondon.Abridgewouldcostfarmorethana

tunnel,butyouwouldbeabletobyrailorbycaronabridge,yetatunnelwouldprovidearaillinkonly.

Whyisthisideabeingdiscussedagain?IsBritainrealizingtheneedforlinkswithEuropeasaresultof

joiningEEC?Well,perhaps,themainreason,though,isthatatunnelorbridgewouldreachthe

twentysquarekilometersofLondon'sdiscusseddockland（船塢）。AlinkfromLondontothecontinent

wouldstimulate（刺激）tradeandrevitalize（使重新具有活力）theport,andwouldmakeLondonamain

tradingcenterinEurope.WithalinkovertheChannel,youcouldbuyyourfishandchipsinEnglandand

beabletoeattheminFrancewhiletheyarestillwarm!

1.FromthelineswecanseethatpeoplecrossedtheChannelbyinthepast.

A.airB.boatC.swimmingD.A,B,orC

2.ThewearytravelerthinksthebestwaytocrosstheChannelis.

A.byswimmingB.inhisowncarC.byairD.byhovercraft

3.Atunnelwouldcostabridge.

A.farlessthanB.asmuchasC.farmorethanD.aslittleas

4.Accordingtothepassage,alinkfromLondontothecontinentwouldbe.

A.necessaryforitstradeB.importantforitspolitics

C.usefulforitsindustryD.helpfulforitsculture

5.Themainideaofthepassageis.

A.howtodevelopthetradeofLondon

B.whentocrosstheChannel

C.howtogettoEuropefromLondonmoreconveniently

D.whattodointhedevelopingoftraveling

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B

OnNov.18th,1908,threemenwentupinaballoon.TheystartedearlyinLondon.Theheadmanwas

AugustaGaudron,andtheothertwomenwereTannarandMaitland.Theyhadabigballoonandtheywere

readyforalongway.

Soontheyheardthesea.Theywerecarryingtheusualrope,anditwashangingdownfromthebasketofthe

balloon.Attheendoftheropetheyhadtiedametalbox.Thiscouldholdwater,oritcouldbeempty.So

theywereabletochangeitsweight.Itwasforuseoverthesea.Theywerealsocarryingsomebagsof

sand.

Afterthesunrose,theballoonwenthigher.Itwentupto3,000metres,andtheairwasverycold.Thewater

intheballoonbecameice.Snowfellpastthemen*sbasket,andtheycouldseemoresnowontheground.

Thementriedtothrowoutsomemoresand;butitwashard.Theytriedtobreaktheicysandwiththeir

knives,butitwasnoteasy.Theworkwasslowandtheywerestillfalling,sotheyhadtodropsomewhole

bagsofsand.Oneofthemfellonanicylakeandmadeablackholeintheice.

Atlasttheypulledtheboxintothebasket.Itwasstillsnowing;sotheyclimbedtogetawayfromthesnow.

Theyroseto5,100metres!Everythingbecameicy.Theyweresocoldthattheydecidedtoland.They

camedowninPolandheavilybutsafely.Theyhadtraveled1,797kilometersfromLondon!

1.Threemenflewinballoon.

A.fornearly1,800kilometersB.toanothercity

C.tovisitPolandD.lessthanacenturyago

2.Themetalboxwasusedfor.

A.carryingthebagsofsandB.keepingdrinking-water

C.carryingropesofthebasketD.changingweight

3.Whentheballoonwentuphigher,.

A.thetemperatureoftheballoonbegantofall

B.Theysawthesungodown

C.Theymadeaholeinthebasketwiththeirknives

D.Theycouldseeablackholeontheground

4.Theballoonlanded.

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A.inLondonB.onthesea

C.onalakeD.inaforeigncountry

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.Thethreemenstartedtheirjourneybeforethesunrose.

B.Theballoonbegantogoupwhentheythrewbagsofsandoutofthebasket.

C.Whentheypulledtheboxintothebasket,theballoonbegantoclimbup.

D.Thethreemenhadtolandbecausetheyfeltcold.

in.詞匯運用。

(A)根據(jù)句意及首字母提示補全單詞。

1.Whatadthing!Idon'tknowwhattosay.

2.Haveyouputyourcamerainyourb?Don'tforgetanything.

3.Thelittledogisstillaafterhittingbytherunningcar.

4.Don'tsatothersforalongtime.Itisimpolite.

5.Heworkeduntil2o9clockthismorning.Soheo.

(B)用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

l.Theoldbuildingcaughtfireyesterdayevening.Luckily,noonewas(bum).

2.1greetedPaul'smotherinawrongway.Thatmademefeel(embarrassing).

3.1amsurethatthis(discover)isjustlikeanearthquaketothescientificfield.

4.Theold(office)stoodupslowlyandlookedatmeinsurprise.

5.Thehospitalisonlytwo(block)fromhere.Youcanwalkthere.

IV.根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子。

l.Hehasbeenwaitingfor3hours,buthisteacherdidn't(出現(xiàn)).

2.Theplanewill(起飛)in20minutes,wemustbehurryup.

3.1keptsleepingandwhenI(醒來)itwas