2025年同等學(xué)力申碩-同等學(xué)力(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))歷年參考題庫含答案解析(5套典型題)2025年同等學(xué)力申碩-同等學(xué)力(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))歷年參考題庫含答案解析(篇1)【題干1】根據(jù)GDP核算方法，生產(chǎn)法計算中需要扣除的中間產(chǎn)品價值是（）【選項】A.最終消費(fèi)支出B.固定資產(chǎn)折舊C.中間產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)移價值D.政府購買支出【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】生產(chǎn)法GDP=總產(chǎn)出-中間投入，中間產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)移價值（C）需扣除以避免重復(fù)計算，其他選項為最終使用領(lǐng)域，不屬于中間投入范疇?！绢}干2】邊際效用遞減規(guī)律成立的條件是（）【選項】A.商品總效用增加B.消費(fèi)者偏好不變C.消費(fèi)數(shù)量連續(xù)增加D.商品價格不變【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】邊際效用遞減需滿足連續(xù)消費(fèi)且偏好穩(wěn)定（C），若消費(fèi)數(shù)量非連續(xù)（A）或偏好變化（B）將導(dǎo)致規(guī)律失效，價格因素（D）不直接影響效用計算?！绢}干3】中央銀行實施緊縮性貨幣政策時，通常使用的工具是（）【選項】A.公開市場購買B.提高存款準(zhǔn)備金率C.降低再貼現(xiàn)利率D.發(fā)行央行票據(jù)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】提高存款準(zhǔn)備金率（B）直接減少銀行可貸資金，屬于緊縮工具；公開市場購買（A）和發(fā)行票據(jù)（D）相反；降低再貼現(xiàn)利率（C）是寬松政策?！绢}干4】比較優(yōu)勢理論的核心觀點是（）【選項】A.絕對成本差異決定貿(mào)易模式B.規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動國際分工C.資源稟賦差異形成貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)D.匯率波動影響商品競爭力【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】比較優(yōu)勢理論（C）強(qiáng)調(diào)資源稟賦差異導(dǎo)致相對成本優(yōu)勢，而絕對成本（A）和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)（B）是不同理論，匯率（D）屬國際金融范疇。【題干5】需求價格彈性系數(shù)小于1時，說明（）【選項】A.商品富有彈性B.價格變動與需求量同向變動C.需求量變動幅度小于價格變動幅度D.總收益隨價格上升而增加【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】彈性系數(shù)|<1（C）表明需求量變動率小于價格變動率，此時提價可增加總收益（D），但選項C更直接描述彈性特征?！绢}干6】國際資本流動對開放經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響不包括（）【選項】A.加劇經(jīng)濟(jì)波動B.優(yōu)化資源配置C.導(dǎo)致匯率頻繁波動D.降低貨幣政策獨立性【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】資本流動（B）可能通過熱錢沖擊改變資源配置效率，但優(yōu)化是長期穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，其他選項（A、C、D）均為短期典型影響?！绢}干7】IS-LM模型中，財政政策在流動性陷阱中的效果是（）【選項】A.完全有效B.部分有效C.完全無效D.取決于利率水平【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】流動性陷阱下（I曲線垂直），財政擴(kuò)張無法改變利率，進(jìn)而不影響投資（C），此時貨幣政策失效而非取決于利率（D）?！绢}干8】通貨膨脹螺旋的形成機(jī)制主要與（）相關(guān)【選項】A.需求拉動B.成本推動C.貨幣超發(fā)D.預(yù)期管理失效【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】預(yù)期通脹（D）自我實現(xiàn)形成螺旋，需求拉動（A）和成本推動（B）是觸發(fā)因素，貨幣超發(fā)（C）是貨幣供應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)。【題干9】壟斷競爭市場的長期均衡條件是（）【選項】A.價格等于長期平均成本B.價格高于短期邊際成本C.產(chǎn)品差異化存在D.市場集中度低于合理范圍【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】壟斷競爭長期均衡需滿足P=LAC（A），而差異化（C）是特征而非均衡條件，市場集中度（D）屬結(jié)構(gòu)指標(biāo)。【題干10】下列屬于機(jī)會成本的是（）【選項】A.顯性成本B.沉沒成本C.會計成本D.增量成本【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】機(jī)會成本（D）指放棄最優(yōu)選擇的次優(yōu)價值，顯性成本（A）和會計成本（C）屬直接支出，沉沒成本（B）已無法收回?！绢}干11】外匯儲備變動對匯率的影響路徑不包括（）【選項】A.中央銀行干預(yù)B.國際收支調(diào)節(jié)C.資本流動渠道D.通貨膨脹傳導(dǎo)【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】資本流動（C）直接影響匯率，而外匯儲備（A）和收支（B）通過外匯市場調(diào)節(jié)，通貨膨脹（D）影響購買力平價。【題干12】下列屬于完全競爭市場特征的是（）【選項】A.產(chǎn)品同質(zhì)化B.進(jìn)出壁壘低C.長期經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤為零D.信息不對稱程度高【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】完全競爭市場（C）長期均衡時P=LAC=E，其他選項：A為寡頭特征，B是壟斷優(yōu)勢，D屬信息經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)范疇?！绢}干13】貨幣政策傳導(dǎo)受阻時，常采用（）作為補(bǔ)充【選項】A.公開市場操作B.窗口指導(dǎo)C.道德勸說D.調(diào)整存款準(zhǔn)備金率【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】窗口指導(dǎo)（B）通過行政手段約束銀行信貸，適用于傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制失效場景，而公開市場操作（A）和準(zhǔn)備金率（D）屬常規(guī)工具?！绢}干14】國際收支平衡表中，資本賬戶與金融賬戶的關(guān)系是（）【選項】A.恒等B.差額互補(bǔ)C.此消彼長D.互為因果【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】國際收支平衡要求資本賬戶（CA）+金融賬戶（FA）=經(jīng)常賬戶（CB）+誤差項，理論上（A）恒等，實際中（B）誤差項調(diào)節(jié)?！绢}干15】生產(chǎn)要素跨國流動主要受（）驅(qū)動【選項】A.規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)B.比較優(yōu)勢差異C.技術(shù)擴(kuò)散速度D.制度環(huán)境趨同【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】要素流動（B）源于比較優(yōu)勢差異，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)（A）推動產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚，技術(shù)擴(kuò)散（C）和制度趨同（D）屬長期趨勢?！绢}干16】下列屬于價格粘性的是（）【選項】A.工資剛兌B.菜單成本C.合同鎖定D.匯率波動【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】菜單成本（B）指價格調(diào)整的短期成本，工資剛兌（A）屬勞動力市場剛性，合同鎖定（C）和匯率波動（D）不直接導(dǎo)致價格粘性?！绢}干17】下列政策組合屬于相機(jī)抉擇的是（）【選項】A.固定規(guī)則下的財政擴(kuò)張B.泰勒規(guī)則利率調(diào)整C.根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)周期自動啟動D.結(jié)合市場信號靈活調(diào)整【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】相機(jī)抉擇（D）強(qiáng)調(diào)政策制定者根據(jù)情況靈活調(diào)整，固定規(guī)則（A）和泰勒規(guī)則（B）屬規(guī)則化操作，自動啟動（C）為自動穩(wěn)定器。【題干18】下列屬于人力資本投資的是（）【選項】A.機(jī)器設(shè)備更新B.企業(yè)研發(fā)投入C.員工職業(yè)培訓(xùn)D.房地產(chǎn)購置【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】人力資本（C）指通過教育、培訓(xùn)提升勞動者技能，機(jī)器（A）屬物質(zhì)資本，研發(fā)（B）可能同時包含技術(shù)資本和人力資本，房地產(chǎn)（D）屬實物資產(chǎn)?！绢}干19】在匯率制度選擇中，爬行釘住制的特點是（）【選項】A.完全浮動B.完全固定C.定期調(diào)整匯率D.與一籃子貨幣掛鉤【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】爬行釘住制（C）允許匯率定期調(diào)整，完全浮動（A）無約束，完全固定（B）不調(diào)整，一籃子掛鉤（D）屬匯率安排方式?！绢}干20】下列屬于貨幣政策中間目標(biāo)的是（）【選項】A.失業(yè)率B.國際收支平衡C.貨幣供應(yīng)量D.物價水平穩(wěn)定【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】中間目標(biāo)（C）需可量化且與最終目標(biāo)（D）相關(guān)聯(lián)，失業(yè)率（A）屬宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)，國際收支（B）屬平衡目標(biāo)。2025年同等學(xué)力申碩-同等學(xué)力(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))歷年參考題庫含答案解析(篇2)【題干1】在完全競爭市場中，企業(yè)達(dá)到長期均衡時，其經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤（）【選項】A.大于正常利潤B.等于正常利潤C(jī).小于正常利潤D.為零【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】完全競爭市場中，長期均衡狀態(tài)下，企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤為零，即僅獲得正常利潤。此時價格等于邊際成本和平均總成本，企業(yè)既無超額利潤也無虧損，處于最優(yōu)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模?！绢}干2】需求價格彈性系數(shù)小于1時，表示（）【選項】A.需求富有彈性B.需求缺乏彈性C.需求單位彈性D.需求完全彈性【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】需求價格彈性系數(shù)（Ed）小于1，表明價格變動1%導(dǎo)致需求量變動的百分比小于1%，屬于需求缺乏彈性。常見于生活必需品或長期消費(fèi)商品?！绢}干3】下列哪項屬于貨幣政策工具（）【選項】A.提高存款準(zhǔn)備金率B.增加政府轉(zhuǎn)移支付C.發(fā)行國債D.調(diào)整企業(yè)所得稅【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】貨幣政策工具由中央銀行直接操作，包括存款準(zhǔn)備金率、再貼現(xiàn)率、公開市場操作等。選項B和D屬于財政政策工具，C為政府融資手段。【題干4】在凱恩斯主義模型中，當(dāng)邊際消費(fèi)傾向為0.8時，自發(fā)總需求的乘數(shù)效應(yīng)為（）【選項】A.5B.4C.3D.2【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】乘數(shù)公式為1/(1-μ)，其中μ為邊際消費(fèi)傾向。代入μ=0.8得1/(1-0.8)=5，表明每增加1單位自發(fā)支出可帶動5單位總需求?！绢}干5】通貨膨脹按成因分為（）【選項】A.需求拉動型B.成本推動型C.輸入型D.aboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallaboveallabove