五年真題(2021-2025)

專(zhuān)題12陶禳理斛說(shuō)明女

五年考情-探規(guī)律

考點(diǎn)五年考情（2021-2025）命題趨勢(shì)

1.說(shuō)明文選材通常是科技領(lǐng)域的

考點(diǎn)人與自我類(lèi)

1最新科研成果（介紹最新科技、重

說(shuō)明文2025八省聯(lián)考卷--體育鍛煉促進(jìn)記憶；

大成就、新產(chǎn)品、新工藝等）；人

2022新課標(biāo)II卷一體育鍛煉有利于心臟。

（5年5考）

們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問(wèn)題和令人好

奇的自然現(xiàn)象以及人文地理、風(fēng)

2025全國(guó)二卷--餐廳創(chuàng)意改造被丟棄食材；

土人情等等。

2025八省聯(lián)考卷一獨(dú)特的城市社區(qū)；

2.題型涉及到細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判

2024新課標(biāo)II卷一人工智能安全發(fā)展；

斷題、主旨大意題和詞義猜測(cè)題。

2024全國(guó)甲卷一醫(yī)療列車(chē)巡回服務(wù)；

2024浙江1月卷一棉花糖測(cè)試的背后；以細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷為主。

考點(diǎn)2人與社會(huì)類(lèi)2023新課標(biāo)I卷一極簡(jiǎn)生活方式；3.從段落組織方式上分五種：總分

說(shuō)明文2023新課標(biāo)I卷一群體智慧效應(yīng)；式結(jié)構(gòu)；并列式結(jié)構(gòu)；對(duì)照式結(jié)

2023新課標(biāo)II卷一紙質(zhì)書(shū)籍和閱讀；

（5年13考）構(gòu)；遞進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)；連貫式結(jié)構(gòu)。

2023新課標(biāo)II卷一保護(hù)城市野生生態(tài)；

4.說(shuō)明文常見(jiàn)的說(shuō)明方法有：定義

2023全國(guó)甲卷一書(shū)評(píng)；

與詮釋、舉例與引用、分類(lèi)與圖

2023全國(guó)乙卷一電視烹飪節(jié)目影響；

表、比較與比喻和分析與綜合等。

2022新課標(biāo)I卷一改善老年人孤獨(dú)項(xiàng)目；

.如果文章有標(biāo)題那首先就要抓

2022新課標(biāo)I卷一飲食影響語(yǔ)言發(fā)展；5

2022新課標(biāo)II卷一軟件應(yīng)對(duì)司機(jī)分神。住文章的標(biāo)題明確說(shuō)明對(duì)象或是

2025全國(guó)一卷--減少自來(lái)水中微塑料；關(guān)注文章主題句、各段首末句明

2025全國(guó)二卷--室內(nèi)植物利于身心；確說(shuō)明對(duì)象；其次可抓住文章的

2025浙江1月卷--矩陣式種植方法；結(jié)構(gòu)歸納說(shuō)明對(duì)象。

考點(diǎn)3人與自然類(lèi)2024新課標(biāo)I卷一科學(xué)記錄生物多樣性；6.破解長(zhǎng)難句：學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用括號(hào)法

新課標(biāo)卷一巴比倫微農(nóng)場(chǎng)；

說(shuō)明文2024I分析長(zhǎng)難句，把影響考生理解的

2024全國(guó)甲卷一對(duì)貓的行為研究；

（5年9考）各種從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)以及

2024浙江1月卷一農(nóng)民擔(dān)心冰雹計(jì)劃；

復(fù)雜介詞短語(yǔ)括起來(lái)，從而達(dá)到

2023全國(guó)甲卷一保護(hù)灰熊新問(wèn)題；

“去枝葉，留主干”的目的，進(jìn)

2023浙江1月卷一太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)；

2022全國(guó)甲卷一鳳頭鸚鵡會(huì)識(shí)別形狀。而準(zhǔn)確理解句子含義。

分考點(diǎn)-精準(zhǔn)練

考點(diǎn)01人與自我類(lèi)說(shuō)明文

[2025八省聯(lián)考卷】

WanttolearnanewlanguageorgetA'sincollegeexams?Previousstudieshaveshownthatexercisecanhelp

stimulatetheareasofthebrainthatconvert（轉(zhuǎn)換）newinformationintolong-termmemory.Anewstudyhastaken

thisinformationonestepfurtherandfoundthebesttimewhenexercisecanhelpmaximizelearning.

Buildinguponpastresearchthatfoundexercisereleasesbiochemicalsthatimprovementalfunction,scientistsat

RadboudUniversityandtheUniversityofEdinburghconductedastudytodeterminewhenexercisewasmost

beneficialtolearning.

Participants——72healthymaleandfemaleadults——werefirstaskedtoperformacomputertestthatchallenged

theirvisualandspatiallearning.Afterthetest,allofthesubjectswatchednaturedocumentaries,buttwo-thirdsof

themalsoexercised.Halfoftheexercisersdidcircuittrainingonanexercisebikefor35minutesimmediatelyafter

thetest.Theotherhalfdidthesameexercisebutnotuntilfourhoursaftertheyhadbeentested.

Twodayslater,alloftheparticipantsreturnedtothelabforarecalltest,andtheywereconnectedtoMRI（磁共

振成像）machinestoassesstheirbrainactivity.Theparticipantswhoexercisedfourhoursaftertakingthecomputer

testwereabletorecallwhattheyhadlearnedmostaccurately.Theirbrainwavesalsoshowedmoreconsistentlevels

ofactivity,indicatingthattheirbrainswerelesstaxedtorememberwhattheyhadlearned.

Accordingtothisresearch,thebesttimetoexercisetoimprovelearningisfourhoursafterstudying.Butwhy?

Thafsonequestiontheresearchershaveyettoanswer.Anotherquestionleftunansweredisthelevelofexercisethat

mightbestimprovelearning.I'verunenoughmarathonstoprovethefactthatmybrainisanythingbutsharpduring

orafteratoughworkout.Buttheresearchersnotedthatlightworkoutsmightnotgivethebrainenoughofa

biochemicalboosttoimprovelearning.

32.Whatdidthenewstudyaimtoexplore?

A.Whenexerciseisbestforlearning.B.Whatbiochemicalsaregoodforhealth.

C.Howbrainwavesshouldbemeasured.D.Whichareaofthebrainisthemostactive.

33.Whatwerealltheparticipantsaskedtododuringtheexperiment?

A.Trainonbicycles.B.Domathematicsexercises.

C.Playcomputergames.D.Watchfilmsaboutnature.

34.Whydidtheparticipantsreturntothelabtwodayslater?

A.Todoamedicalexamination.B.Tohavetheirmemorytested.

C.Togettheirworkoutsrecorded.D.Tofinishtheirprevioustasks.

35.Whatmighttheauthor'smarathonrunningprove?

A.Thefindingsofthestudyarereliable.B.Long-distancerunnersareoftensmart.

C.Studiesonthemarathonarenotenough.D.Hardexercisemaynotsharpenthebrain.

【答案】32.A33.D34.B35.D

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)新研究——鍛煉可以幫助刺激大腦將新信息轉(zhuǎn)化為長(zhǎng)期

記憶的區(qū)域，以及進(jìn)行鍛煉以最大程度提高學(xué)習(xí)的最佳時(shí)間。

32.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Anewstudyhastakenthisinformationonestepfurtherandfoundthebest

timewhenexercisecanhelpmaximizelearning.（一項(xiàng)新的研究更進(jìn)一步，找到了鍛煉有助于最大化學(xué)習(xí)效果

的最佳時(shí)間）”可知，新研究旨在探索什么時(shí)候鍛煉最有利于學(xué)習(xí)。故選A項(xiàng)。

33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中"Afterthetest,allofthesubjectswatchednaturedocumentaries（測(cè)試后，所

有受試者都觀看了自然紀(jì)錄片）”可知，實(shí)驗(yàn)要求所有受試者在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中觀看自然紀(jì)錄片。故選D項(xiàng)。

34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Twodayslater,alloftheparticipantsreturnedtothelabforarecalltest（兩天

后，所有參與者返回實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行回憶測(cè)試）”可知，參與者兩天后返回實(shí)驗(yàn)室是為了進(jìn)行記憶測(cè)試。故選B

項(xiàng)。

35.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中"I'verunenoughmarathonstoprovethefactthatmybrainisanythingbut

sharpduringorafteratoughworkout.（我已經(jīng)跑了足夠多的馬拉松來(lái)證明這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：在艱苦的鍛煉過(guò)

程中或之后，我的大腦一點(diǎn)也不敏銳）”可知，作者通過(guò)自己跑馬拉松的經(jīng)歷證明，劇烈的鍛煉可能不會(huì)使

大腦變得敏銳。故選D項(xiàng)。

L2022新課標(biāo)II卷】

Asweage,evenifwe'rehealthy,theheartjustisn'tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmost

peoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon'texercise,thechangescanstart

evensooner.

“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedry

andeasilybroken,saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.Thafswhathappenstotheheart.

Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven'tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettingin

shapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.

Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwere

otherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramof

nonaerobic（無(wú)氧）exercise-balancetrainingandweighttraining-threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdid

high-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,the

secondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.

“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,saysLevine."Andthe

reasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump（泵送）alotmore

bloodduringexercise.^^Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn'tchange,hesays.

“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven'talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhas

flexibility,Levinesays."Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothing

happenedtothematall.^^

Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine'sfindingsareagreatstart.

Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspects

ofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.

32.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?

A.Therightwayofexercising.B.Thecausesofaheartattack.

C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.

33.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?

A.Dietplan.B.Professionalbackground.

C.Exercisetype.D.Previousphysicalcondition.

34.WhatdoesLevine'sresearchfind?

A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.

B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.

C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.

D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.

35.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?

A.Makinguseofthefindings.B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.

C.Conductingfurtherresearch.D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.

【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講的是鍛煉對(duì)于心臟的好處。

32.Do推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“"Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitina

drawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,“saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistatthe

UniversityofTexas.That'swhathappenstotheheart（“想想橡皮筋。一開(kāi)始，它是靈活的，但把它放在抽屜

里20年，它就會(huì)變得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克薩斯大學(xué)的心臟專(zhuān)家本?萊文博士說(shuō)。這就是心臟的變化。r

可知，萊文想通過(guò)提到橡皮筋來(lái)解釋心臟的老化過(guò)程，故選D。

33.Co推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic

exercise-balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensity

aerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.（第一組每周參加三次非有氧

運(yùn)動(dòng)——平衡訓(xùn)練和重量訓(xùn)練。第二組在教練的指導(dǎo)下每周進(jìn)行4天或更多的高強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)。）”可知，

兩組在研究設(shè)計(jì)上的不同在于運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型的不同，故選C。

34.Ao細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidance

ofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovements

inhearthealth.（第二組在教練的指導(dǎo)下每周進(jìn)行4天或更多的高強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)。兩年后，第二組的心臟健

康狀況有了顯著改善。）”和第四段的""Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or

35-year-oldhearts/5saysLevine.（萊文說(shuō):“我們把這些50歲的心臟的時(shí)鐘撥回30或35歲的心臟可知，

萊文的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了通過(guò)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)，中年人的心臟會(huì)變得更年輕，故選A。

35.C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroups

ofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.（但這項(xiàng)研究

的規(guī)模很小，需要在更大的人群中重復(fù)進(jìn)行，以確定日常鍛煉的哪些方面會(huì)產(chǎn)生最大的影響。）”可知，妮

卡?戈德堡博士建議進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究。故選C。

【2020全國(guó)I卷】

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelp

childrenwithmath-relatedskills.

PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityof

Chicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplay

wasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition（認(rèn)矢口）aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents9income,

educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.

Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeand

foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat

54monthsofage.

“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheir

abilitytorotate（旋轉(zhuǎn)）andtranslateshapes,9,Levinesaidinastatement.

Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthe

studyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmore

frequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplay

withmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremore

activeduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.

ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.

24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?

A.Buildingconfidence.B.Developingspatialskills.

C.Learningself-control.D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.

25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment?

A.Parents9age.B.Children'simagination.

C.Parents'education.D.Child-parentrelationship.

26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?

A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.

C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.

27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.

C.Awomanpsychologist.D.Ateachingprogram.

【答案】24-27BCDB

【導(dǎo)讀】本文是說(shuō)明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過(guò)程和結(jié)果。

24.Bo細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4develop

betterspatialskill（在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好）可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲

中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。

25.Co細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段（Levine說(shuō)，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)后，拼圖游

戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測(cè)）可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的

次數(shù)。

26.Do細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,

可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會(huì)玩難度更大的謎題。

27.Bo主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過(guò)程和結(jié)果。所

以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。

【2020全國(guó)I卷】

Returningtoabookyou'vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There9sawelcome

familiarity-butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthustherelationship.But

booksdon'tchange,peopledo.Andthafswhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.

Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.Ifs

true,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading,it'sallaboutthepresent.It'saboutthenow

andwhatonecontributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopull

theirownweight.

TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspringisErnestHemingway'sA

MoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating（令

人陶醉的），anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard'sHolythe

Firm,herpoetic1975ramble（隨筆）abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar'sSaveTwilight:

SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortazar.

WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattach

tothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor'sworkisthe

highestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,

it'syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.

24.Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?

A.Itevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.

B.It'sawindowtoawholenewworld.

C.It'sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.

D.Itextendstheunderstandingofoneself.

25.WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?

A.It'sabriefaccountofatrip.

B.It'saboutHemingway'slifeasayoungman.

C.It'sarecordofahistoricevent.

D.It'saboutHemingway'sfriendsinParis.

26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency“inparagraph4referto?

A.Debt.B.Reward.C.Allowance.D.Facevalue.

27.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?

A.Helovespoetry..He'saneditor.C.He'sveryambitious.D.Heteachesreading.

【答案】24-27DBBA

【導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。短文介紹了重新閱讀的意義和益處并向讀者介紹了作者每年重讀的三本書(shū)。作

者鼓勵(lì)讀者去重新閱讀書(shū)籍。

24.Do推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句"Butbooksdon'tchange,peopledo.Andthat，swhatmakesthe

actofrereadingsorichandtransformative.和第二段"Thebeautyofrereadingliesinthatourbondwith

theworkisbasedonourpresentregister.Itistrue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.”可推知，

作者喜歡重新閱讀是因?yàn)橹匦麻喿x可以擴(kuò)展對(duì)自己的理解。故選D項(xiàng)。

25.Bo推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段"Publishedin1964,it，shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis?"及"anaging

writerlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime”可知，這本書(shū)出版于1964年，這是他關(guān)于20世紀(jì)20

年代在巴黎的經(jīng)典回憶錄，是他老年時(shí)對(duì)那些野心勃勃卻更簡(jiǎn)單的日子的回顧。由此可判斷出AMovable

Feast是關(guān)于海明威年輕時(shí)的生活。故選B項(xiàng)。

26.Bo詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段中“whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,（雖然金錢(qián)確實(shí)是美

妙而必要的）”可知，前后句為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境可推知，"rereadinganauthor'sworkisthe

highestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.“意為"但是但重新閱讀作品是讀者能支付給他們的最高回報(bào)”，由

此判斷出劃線詞的意思是“回報(bào)”。

27.Ao推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段"ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar,sSaveTwilight:selectedpoems,

becausepoetry.（第三本書(shū)是胡里奧?科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城：詩(shī)歌精選》，因?yàn)樵?shī)歌）”可知，作者是由于

喜歡詩(shī)歌而喜歡這本書(shū)。

【2020全國(guó)I卷】

Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingto

fewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.

Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe

50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthespoifsrulesrequirethatarace

walker9skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact（接觸）withthegroundat

alltimes.It'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,

anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.

Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkers

movingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories（卡路里）perhour,whichisapproximately

twiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000

ormorecaloriesperhour.

However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoher

research,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodo

notleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.

Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner?sknee,areuncommonamong

racewalkers.Butthesport'sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewitha

historyofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalking

shouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessome

practice.

28.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?

A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.

C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.

29.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?

A.IfsmorepopularattheOlympics.B.Ifslesschallengingphysically.

C.Ifsmoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.It'slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.

30.WhatisDr.Norberg'ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?

A.Gettingexperts'opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup.

C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.

31.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetoracewalking?

A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.

【答案】28-31CDAB

【導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。短文介紹了競(jìng)走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是之前受過(guò)傷的人，要想從事這樣

運(yùn)動(dòng)要謹(jǐn)慎，最好咨詢(xún)專(zhuān)家的建議。

28.Co細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Butthesport,srulesrequirethataracewalkerJskneesstaystraight

throughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.n可知，但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)

動(dòng)的規(guī)則要求競(jìng)走者的膝蓋在擺動(dòng)腿的大部分時(shí)間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸。由此可知，競(jìng)走運(yùn)

動(dòng)員是需要具備某些條件的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。

29.Do細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段"Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,such

asrunner?sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，

在競(jìng)走者中并不常見(jiàn)。由此可知，競(jìng)走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢(shì)是不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷。

30.Ao細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Dr.Norberg說(shuō)的話"Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshould

probablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique（事實(shí)上，任何想嘗試競(jìng)走的人

都應(yīng)該首先咨詢(xún)教練或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)員，學(xué)習(xí)適當(dāng)?shù)募记?。）”可知，Dr.Norberg建議想嘗試競(jìng)走的人

征詢(xún)專(zhuān)家的建議。

31.Bo推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段"Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,

whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.w可知,研究表明,

競(jìng)走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過(guò)，它也有自己的問(wèn)題。由此判斷出作者對(duì)

于競(jìng)走的態(tài)度是客觀的。

考點(diǎn)02人與社會(huì)類(lèi)說(shuō)明文

【2025全國(guó)二卷】

Doesyoursouldiealittleeverytimeyouthrowawayunusedfood?Minedoes.Maybethatfeelingcomesfrom

growingupinSouthAfrica,wherethephrase“therearechildrenstarvinginAfrica^^wasmoreofanuncomfortable

reminderoffactthanaprayeratdinnertime.

Foodwasteisagrowingconcernintherestaurant,supermarket,andsupplychainindustries.Fromtechnological

solutionstoeducationalcampaigns,foodproducersandsellersarelookingforwaystousemoreofwhatwe5re

alreadygrowing.Butlastmonth,onepopularNewYorkCityrestauranttriedadifferentway:Itchangeditsmenuto

exclusively（專(zhuān)門(mén)）offerfoodthatwouldotherwisebethrownaway.

FortwoweeksinMarch,GreenwichVillage'sBlueHillrestaurantwasrenamedwastED,andserveditemslike

friedskatecartilage,ajuicepulpburger,andadumpsterdiver'svegetablesalad.Eachdishwastailor-madetoraise

awarenessregardingfoodwaste.

AstudybytheFoodWasteAlliancedeterminedthattheaveragerestaurantgenerates33poundsoffoodwaste

forevery$1,000inrevenue（收入），andofthatwasteonly15.7%isdonatedorrecycled.Upto84.3%issimply

thrownout.RestaurantslikeSilointheUKhaveexperimentedwithzero-wastesystems,butwastEDtooktheconcept

toitslogicalconclusion.

ItshouldbenotedthatnoneoftheitemsonwastED9smenuwastechnicallymadefromgarbage.Instead,allthe

ingredients（酉己料）usedwereexamplesofmeatcutsandproducethatmostrestaurantswouldneverconsiderserving.

Thingslikekaleribs,fishcollars,rejectedsweetpotatoes,andcucumberbuttswereallre-appropriatedand,withthe

helpofanumberofgoodchefs,turnedintoexcellentcuisine.

ThoughwastEDreceivedenthusiasticreviews,itwasdesignedfromthestartasashort-livedexperiment;Blue

Hillhassincereturnedtoitsregularmenu.Nevertheless,itservesasareminderthattherearemanywaystoaddress

problemsofsustainability,andthatyoucanmakeanamazingmealoutofalmostanything.

32.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheauthor9searlylife?

A.Hewitnessedfoodshortage.B.Heenjoyedthelocalcuisine.

C.HedonatedfoodtoAfricans.D.Hehelpedtocookathome.

33.WhydidBlueHillcarryouttheexperiment?

A.Tocustomizedishesforguests.B.Tomakethepublicawareoffoodwaste.

C.Totestafoodprocessingmethod.D.ToimprovetheUK'szero-wastesystems.

34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Whytheingredientswereused.B.Whichdisheswerebestliked.

C.Whatthedishesweremadeof.D.Wheretheingredientswerebought.

35.WhatcanwelearnaboutwastED?

A.Ithasendedasplanned.B.Itiscreatingnewjobs.

C.Ithasregainedpopularity.D.Itiscriticizedbytopchefs.

【答案】32.A33.B34.C35.A

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了食物浪費(fèi)問(wèn)題，并以紐約一家餐廳的短期實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目“wastED”為例，

該餐廳通過(guò)創(chuàng)意改造本該被丟棄的食材制作菜品，以此提高人們對(duì)可持續(xù)飲食的關(guān)注。

32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一?段中“MaybethatfeelingcomesfromgrowingupinSouthAfricawherethe

phrase“therearechildrenstarvinginAfrica“wasmoreofanuncomfortablereminderoffactthanaprayer

atdinnertime.（這種感覺(jué)或許源于在南非的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷——在那里，“非洲還有孩子在挨餓”這句話與其說(shuō)

是晚餐時(shí)的祈禱，不如說(shuō)是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)令人不安的提醒）”可知，作者在南非長(zhǎng)大，那里有孩子挨餓是事實(shí)，由

此可推斷作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情況。故選A?

33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中"Eachdishwastailor-madetoraiseawarenessregardingfoodwaste.（每

道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人們對(duì)食物浪費(fèi)的認(rèn)識(shí)）”可知，BlueHill餐廳進(jìn)行這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，將菜單改為只

提供原本會(huì)被扔掉的食物，是為了提高公眾對(duì)食物浪費(fèi)的認(rèn)識(shí)。故選B。

34.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第五段“ItshouldbenotedthatnoneoftheitemsonwastED、menuwastechnically

madefromgarbage.Instead,alltheingredients（配料）usedwereexamplesofmeatcutsandproducethat

mostrestaurantswouldneverconsiderserving.Thingslikekaleribs,fishcollars,rejectedsweetpotatoes,

andcucumberbuttswe