高中英語語法精講精練（1）——基本句式和句子成分簡單句的基本句式一、主謂（S+V）知識講解：此句型中，謂語動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，本身能表達(dá)完整的意思，后面不接賓語。主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例句：Thesunrises.（太陽升起。）Sherunsfast.（她跑得快。）Theyaretalking.（他們在交談。）練習(xí)：判斷下列句子是否為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，并找出主語和謂語Thebirdsaresinging.Tomworkshard.Thewindblewstrongly.答案：是，主語Thebirds，謂語aresinging是，主語Tom，謂語works是，主語Thewind，謂語blew二、主謂賓（S+V+O）知識講解：謂語動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，后面必須接賓語，賓語是動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使句子意思完整。例句：Ilikeapples.（我喜歡蘋果。）Hereadsbookseveryday.（他每天讀書。）ShewatchesTVintheevening.（她晚上看電視。）練習(xí)：分析下列句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，找出主語、謂語和賓語Weloveourcountry.Theyplaybasketballafterschool.Sheeatsaneggforbreakfast.答案：主語We，謂語love，賓語ourcountry主語They，謂語play，賓語basketball主語She，謂語eats，賓語anegg三、主謂雙賓（S+V+IO+DO）知識講解：謂語動(dòng)詞后需接兩個(gè)賓語，一個(gè)通常指人，為間接賓語（IO）；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語（DO）。通常間接賓語在前，直接賓語在后?？山柚鷗o或for將間接賓語后置。例句：Shegivesmeabook.=Shegivesabooktome.（她給我一本書。）Mymotherbuysmeanewdress.=Mymotherbuysanewdressforme.（我媽媽給我買了一條新裙子。）Heshowshisfriendshisphotos.=Heshowshisphotostohisfriends.（他向朋友們展示他的照片。）練習(xí)：將下列句子改為用to或for的結(jié)構(gòu)Hepassesmetheball.Shemakeshersisteracake.TheteacherteachesusEnglish.答案：Hepassestheballtome.Shemakesacakeforhersister.TheteacherteachesEnglishtous.四、主謂賓賓補(bǔ)（S+V+O+C）知識講解：及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語，賓語后還需一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語來說明賓語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)等，使句子意思完整。賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例句：Wekeeptheroomclean.（我們保持房間干凈。）Theymaketheboycry.（他們讓那個(gè)男孩哭了。）Ifindthebookinteresting.（我覺得這本書有趣。）練習(xí)：找出句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語Wesawhimplayingfootball.Thenewsmadeherhappy.Heaskedmetogoshoppingwithhim.答案：Wesawhimplayingfootball.Thenewsmadeherhappy.Heaskedmetogoshoppingwithhim.五、主系表（S+V+P）知識講解：謂語動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，后面需接表語，表語用來表明主語的身份、狀態(tài)、特征等。常見系動(dòng)詞有be（am,is,are,was,were）、感官系動(dòng)詞（look,sound,smell,taste,feel）、持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞（keep,remain,stay等）、變化系動(dòng)詞（bee,get,turn等）。例句：Sheisastudent.（她是一名學(xué)生。）Theflowersmellssweet.（這朵花聞起來很香。）Hebeesangry.（他變得生氣了。）練習(xí)：找出下列句子中的系動(dòng)詞和表語Thesouptastesdelicious.Theyarehappy.Theleavesturnyellowinautumn.答案：系動(dòng)詞tastes，表語delicious系動(dòng)詞are，表語happy系動(dòng)詞turn，表語yellow八大句子成分學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)掌握英語中八大句子成分的定義、可充當(dāng)?shù)脑~類及用法熟練識別并運(yùn)用5種基本句型及Therebe句型能夠準(zhǔn)確分析句子成分并完成相關(guān)練習(xí)一、主語(Subject)定義：句子的主體，是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或被說明的對象。充當(dāng)主語的詞或句：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化形容詞、不定式、Ving形式、從句等。例句：序號充當(dāng)詞類例句1名詞Thebookisveryinteresting.2代詞Hehasgonetothelibrary.3數(shù)詞Tenisaroundnumber.4名詞化形容詞Therichshouldhelpthepoor.5不定式Tofinishthetaskontimeisourgoal.6Ving形式Playingbasketballishisfavoritesport.7從句Howhesolvedtheproblemisamystery.練習(xí)：找出下列句子中的主語練習(xí)要求：劃出每個(gè)句子的主語標(biāo)注主語的具體構(gòu)成（如"名詞短語""不定代詞"等）基礎(chǔ)難度Thebookisveryinteresting.（名詞作主語）Hehasgonetothelibrary.（代詞作主語）Tenisaroundnumber.（數(shù)詞作主語）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞化形容詞作主語）Tofinishthetaskontimeisourgoal.（不定式作主語）Playingbasketballishisfavoritesport.（Ving形式作主語）Howhesolvedtheproblemisamystery.（從句作主語）基礎(chǔ)難度答案：主語為Thebook（名詞）主語為He（代詞）主語為Ten（數(shù)詞）主語為Therich（名詞化形容詞）主語為Tofinishthetaskontime（不定式）主語為Playingbasketball（Ving形式）主語為Howhesolvedtheproblem（從句）提升難度Agroupofstudentsareplantingtrees.（名詞短語作主語）Neitherofthemknowstheanswer.（不定代詞作主語）Oneplusoneequalstwo.（數(shù)詞短語作主語）Thewoundedweresenttohospitalimmediately.（名詞化形容詞作主語）Tomasteraforeignlanguagerequirespatience.（不定式短語作主語）Collectingoldcoinshasbeehishobby.（Ving短語作主語）Whatweneedmostisenoughtime.（從句作主語）提升難度答案：主語為Agroupofstudents（名詞短語）主語為Neitherofthem（不定代詞短語）主語為Oneplusone（數(shù)詞短語）主語為Thewounded（名詞化形容詞）主語為Tomasteraforeignlanguage（不定式短語）主語為Collectingoldcoins（Ving短語）主語為Whatweneedmost（從句）二、謂語(Predicate)知識講解：描述主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或主語具有的狀態(tài)和特征。謂語主要由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語充當(dāng)，有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致的變化。高中階段需重點(diǎn)掌握復(fù)雜時(shí)態(tài)（如過去完成時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)）、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的靈活運(yùn)用及特殊主謂一致規(guī)則（如集合名詞、不定代詞作主語時(shí)）。例句：序號語法現(xiàn)象例句1過去完成時(shí)Bythetimewearrived,theconcerthadalreadystarted.2將來進(jìn)行時(shí)Atthistimetomorrow,wewillbeflyingtoParis.3現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Theresearchteamhasbeenworkingonthisprojectforthreeyears.4將來時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)Thenewpolicywillbecarriedoutnationwidenextmonth.5主謂一致：就近原則Neithertheteachernorthestudentsweresatisfiedwiththeresult.6集合名詞作主語（表整體）ThefamilyisplanningatriptoJapan.7集合名詞作主語（表個(gè)體）Thepoliceareinvestigatingtheaccident.練習(xí)一：用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空，使句子符合語境要求Themittee___________(discuss)theproposalfortwohourswhenthechairmanarrived.（discuss）Thiskindofmobilephone___________(sell)wellinthemarketsinceitwaslaunched.（sell）Bytheendofnextyear,she___________(learn)Englishfor10years.（learn）Theoldcastle___________(restore)bythegovernmentnowtoprotectculturalheritage.（restore）Eitheryouoryourbrother___________(be)responsibleforthemistake.（be）Quantitiesofwater___________(waste)everydaybecauseofthebrokenpipe.（waste）Nooneexcepthisparents___________(know)wherehehasgone.（know）練習(xí)二：找出下列句子中的謂語部分，并標(biāo)注時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)/主謂一致特點(diǎn)Ourschoolhasbeenholdingthisactivityannuallyforfiveyears.Thesuspectwillbequestionedbythepolicetomorrowmorning.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherwasshockedbythenews.Thenumberofonlineshoppersinthisareahasincreasedby30%thisyear.Bythetimeyoureadthisletter,IwillhaveleftforAustralia.Thepublicaredemandingathoroughinvestigationintotheincident.Thisnovel,whichwaspublishedlastmonth,issellinglikehotcakes.答案練習(xí)一hadbeendiscussing（過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)）hassold（主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，固定用法）willhavelearned（將來完成時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)截止時(shí)間）isbeingrestored（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)）is（主謂一致：就近原則）arewasted（quantitiesof后接不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）knows（except連接主語時(shí)，謂語與前面主語一致）練習(xí)二謂語：hasbeenholding（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）謂語：willbequestioned（一般將來時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)）謂語：wasshocked（一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)，主謂一致：就近原則）謂語：hasincreased（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，thenumberof作主語，謂語用單數(shù)）謂語：willhaveleft（將來完成時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)截止到將來某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作）謂語：aredemanding（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，thepublic表復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）謂語：waspublished（一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)）；isselling（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)）三、賓語賓語(Object)知識講解表示動(dòng)作的對象或動(dòng)作的承受者，作賓語的代詞要用賓格形式。高中階段需注意復(fù)雜賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，如雙重賓語、復(fù)合賓語以及不同句式中賓語的位置變化（如被動(dòng)語態(tài)中賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z）。充當(dāng)賓語的詞或句：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、Ving形式、從句等。例句序號類別例句1名詞Sheboughtavaluablepaintingattheauctionyesterday.2代詞Theteacherpraisedhimforhisexcellentperformanceintheexam.3數(shù)詞Thereciperequirestwo,butyoucanaddonemoreifyouprefer.4名詞化的形容詞Theorganizationhasbeenworkingtosupportthedisabledinruralareas.5不定式Hepromisedtofinishthereportbeforethedeadlinewithoutfail.6Ving形式Sheadmittedmakingamistakeinthecalculationduringthemeeting.7從句Iwonderwhatcausedthedelayinthedeliveryoftheimportantdocuments.練習(xí)一：找出下列句子中的賓語，并標(biāo)注其構(gòu)成形式Thescientistdevotedhisentirelifetostudyingenvironmentalprotection.Myparentsalwaysencouragemetopursuemydreamsbravely.Haveyoudecidedwhereweshouldgoforoursummervacation?Thepanyofferedthetalentedgraduateawellpaidjobimmediatelyaftergraduation.Wefounditdifficulttomunicatewiththelocalsbecauseofthelanguagebarrier.Everyoneshouldshowrespectfortheelderlyandcarefortheyounginoursociety.Shedeniedhavingspreadthefalserumorsaboutherclassmateintentionally.練習(xí)二：用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，補(bǔ)全句子中的賓語部分Thecoachadvisedtheathletes___________(keep)abalanceddietduringthetrainingperiod.Ireallyappreciate___________(give)suchavaluableopportunitytoworkwiththeexpertteam.Thelittlegirlaskedhermother___________(buy)heralovelydollasabirthdaypresent.Theyhaven'tdetermined___________(whether/attend)theimportantmeetingscheduledfortomorrow.Thebossmadeitclearthathewantedallthereports___________(submit)bytheendofthisweek.答案練習(xí)一答案賓語：studyingenvironmentalprotection（Ving形式短語）賓語：me（間接賓語）；topursuemydreamsbravely（不定式短語作直接賓語）賓語：whereweshouldgoforoursummervacation（從句）賓語：thetalentedgraduate（名詞短語充當(dāng)間接賓語）；awellpaidjob（名詞短語充當(dāng)直接賓語）賓語：it（形式賓語）；tomunicatewiththelocalsbecauseofthelanguagebarrier（不定式短語作真正賓語）賓語：theelderly（名詞化的形容詞）；theyoung（名詞化的形容詞）賓語：havingspreadthefalserumorsaboutherclassmateintentionally（Ving形式短語）練習(xí)二答案tokeep（不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成advisesb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)）beinggiven（Ving形式的被動(dòng)式作賓語，appreciate后接動(dòng)名詞）tobuy（不定式作賓語，構(gòu)成asksb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)）whethertoattend（"疑問詞+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語）tobesubmitted（不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成wantsth.tobedone結(jié)構(gòu)）四、表語(Predicative)知識講解說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，位于系動(dòng)詞be、bee、get、look、grow、turn、seem、remain、prove、appear等后。高中階段需關(guān)注復(fù)雜表語結(jié)構(gòu)，如帶有修飾語的表語、從句作表語以及系動(dòng)詞與表語的固定搭配等。充當(dāng)表語的詞或句：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、Ving形式、Ved形式、不定式、副詞、介詞短語、從句等。例句（按充當(dāng)類型分類）充當(dāng)詞類例句名詞Theyoungmanhasbeeawellknownscientistinthefieldofartificialintelligence.代詞Thewinnerofthepetitionisshe,whohasbeenpracticingdayandnight.數(shù)詞Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolthisyearismorethan2,000.形容詞Thesituationintheregionseemstobegettingmoreandmoreplicated.Ving形式Whatheemphasizedinthespeechwasprotectingtheenvironmentfrombeingpolluted.Ved形式Theoldhouseremainsuninhabitedaftertheearthquakehappenedtenyearsago.不定式Hermaingoalincollegeistomastertwoforeignlanguagesandacquireprofessionalskills.副詞Thevillagersfoundthatthesourceoftheriverwasnowhereneartheirvillage.介詞短語Theancientcastleisunderrepairandwillopentothepublicnextmonth.從句Thereasonwhyhewaslatefortheimportantmeetingwasthathegotstuckinatrafficjam.練習(xí)一：找出下列句子中的表語，并標(biāo)注其構(gòu)成形式Mysisterhasbeeatalentedpianistafteryearsofhardpractice.Theoneswhowillattendthemeetingarethem,astheyareinchargeoftheproject.Thetotalscoreoftheexamisexactly150,whichissetbytheeducationdepartment.Afterthelonghike,theclimbersfeltextremelytiredandthirsty.Whatwearelookingforwardtoistravelingaroundtheworldaftergraduation.Theletterfromherbestfriendremainsunopenedsinceshereceiveditlastweek.Hisplanfortheweekendistovisitthemuseumandattendtheconcert.Thechildrenareupstairs,preparingfortheingpartywithgreatexcitement.Theancienttownisamongthemountains,withahistoryofover500years.TheproblemishowwecanimproveourEnglishwritingskillsinashorttime.練習(xí)一答案：表語：atalentedpianist（名詞短語作表語）表語：them（代詞作表語）表語：exactly150（數(shù)詞短語作表語）表語：extremelytiredandthirsty（形容詞短語作表語）表語：travelingaroundtheworldaftergraduation（Ving形式短語作表語）表語：unopened（Ved形式作表語）表語：tovisitthemuseumandattendtheconcert（不定式短語作表語）表語：upstairs（副詞作表語）表語：amongthemountains（介詞短語作表語）表語：howwecanimproveourEnglishwritingskillsinashorttime（從句作表語）練習(xí)二：用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，補(bǔ)全句子中的表語部分Thenewmovie___________(prove)agreatsuccesssinceitwasreleasedlastmonth.Herbiggestconcernis___________(lose)thechancetostudyabroad,whichshehasbeenlongingfor.Theresultoftheexperiment___________(be)beyondourexpectation,whichsurprisedallofus.Thevillagewherehewasborn___________(lie)inthevalley,surroundedbygreentrees.Whattheexpertsaidattheconference___________(sound)veryhelpfulforsolvingthecurrentproblem.Theoldman___________(remain)silentallthetimeduringthediscussion,makingusconfused.Theonlythingthatmattersfortheteamis___________(win)thefinalgameoftheseason.Thelittlegirl___________(seem)happywhenshereceivedthelovelygiftfromherparents.Thepark___________(be)acrossthestreet,sowecanwalkthereeasily.Hiswishis___________(bee)anastronautandexplorethemysteriousspaceinthefuture.練習(xí)二答案：答案：hasproved（動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)形式作表語，屬于動(dòng)詞相關(guān)表語形式）答案：losing（Ving形式作表語）答案：is（be動(dòng)詞作表語，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)）答案：lies（動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式作表語，屬于動(dòng)詞相關(guān)表語形式）答案：sounds（動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式作表語，屬于動(dòng)詞相關(guān)表語形式）答案：remains（動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式作表語，屬于動(dòng)詞相關(guān)表語形式）答案：towin（不定式作表語）答案：seemed（動(dòng)詞的過去式作表語，屬于動(dòng)詞相關(guān)表語形式）答案：is（be動(dòng)詞作表語，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)）答案：tobee（不定式作表語）五、補(bǔ)語(plement)知識講解補(bǔ)語分為賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語，是對賓語或主語的補(bǔ)充說明，與其有主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)的邏輯關(guān)系。賓語補(bǔ)足語緊跟在賓語之后，用于補(bǔ)充說明賓語的意義、狀態(tài)等，使句子意思完整。主語補(bǔ)足語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，補(bǔ)充說明主語的情況，由主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語補(bǔ)足語轉(zhuǎn)化而來。充當(dāng)詞類：名詞短語、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞（不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）、數(shù)詞、代詞等。例句序號充當(dāng)詞類賓語補(bǔ)足語例句主語補(bǔ)足語例句1名詞短語Themitteeappointedherheadofthemarketingdepartment.Shewasappointedheadofthemarketingdepartmentbythemittee.2形容詞Thelongjourneyleftthetravelersexhaustedandhungry.Thetravelerswereleftexhaustedandhungryafterthelongjourney.3副詞Theguardorderedthestrangersoutoftherestrictedareaimmediately.Thestrangerswereorderedoutoftherestrictedareaimmediatelybytheguard.4介詞短語Wefoundthemissingchildinasmallvillagenearthemountain.Themissingchildwasfoundinasmallvillagenearthemountain.5不定式TheteacherencouragedthestudentstoparticipateintheEnglishspeechcontestactively.ThestudentswereencouragedtoparticipateintheEnglishspeechcontestactivelybytheteacher.6現(xiàn)在分詞Thepolicecaughtthethiefstealingvaluableitemsfromtheshop.Thethiefwascaughtstealingvaluableitemsfromtheshopbythepolice.7過去分詞Theyheardtheoldsongsunginthenextroombyabeautifulvoice.Theoldsongwasheardsunginthenextroombyabeautifulvoice.8數(shù)詞Themanagercountedtheemployeesfive,buttwomorearrivedlater.Theemployeeswerecountedfiveatfirst,withtwomoreaddedlater.9代詞Sheconsideredtheanswerthis,whileothersthoughtdifferently.Thiswasconsideredtheanswerbyher,thoughothersdisagreed.練習(xí)一：找出下列句子中的補(bǔ)語，并標(biāo)注其構(gòu)成形式及類型Themanagerdeclaredtheplanpracticalandfeasibleaftercarefulconsideration.Wesawthefamousactorsurroundedbyacrowdofenthusiasticfansattheairport.Thepanyconsidersitnecessarytoinvestmoremoneyinresearchanddevelopment.Thecoachpushedtheathletesharderduringthefinaltrainingsessionbeforethepetition.Theyfoundtheancienttombburiedunderabigtreeintheremotecountryside.Theteacheradvisedthestudentstomakefulluseoftheirsparetimetoreadclassicworks.Thejudgesentencedthecriminaltotenyearsinprisonforhisseriouscrime.Peoplebelievedtherumorspreadalloverthetownwithoutanyevidence.Therefereescoredthedivenine,whichsurprisedtheaudience.Heregardedtheresultthat,butnoonesupportedhisview.練習(xí)一答案補(bǔ)語：practicalandfeasible（形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語）補(bǔ)語：surroundedbyacrowdofenthusiasticfansattheairport（過去分詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語）補(bǔ)語：necessarytoinvestmoremoneyinresearchanddevelopment（形容詞+不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語，it為形式賓語）補(bǔ)語：harder（副詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語）補(bǔ)語：buriedunderabigtreeintheremotecountryside（過去分詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語）補(bǔ)語：tomakefulluseoftheirsparetimetoreadclassicworks（不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語）補(bǔ)語：totenyearsinprison（介詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語）補(bǔ)語：therumorspreadalloverthetownwithoutanyevidence（名詞+過去分詞短語作主語補(bǔ)足語，原主動(dòng)句賓語補(bǔ)足語轉(zhuǎn)化而來）補(bǔ)語：nine（數(shù)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，補(bǔ)充說明thedive的得分）補(bǔ)語：that（代詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，指代前文提到的結(jié)果）練習(xí)二：用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，補(bǔ)全句子中的補(bǔ)語部分Theunexpectedheavyrainleftthesportsmeeting___________(cancel)suddenly.Theparentsexpecttheirchildren___________(achieve)theirdreamsthroughhardworkandperseverance.Thewitnessdescribedthesuspect___________(wear)ablackjacketandapairofsunglassesatthattime.Theoldhousewasfound___________(abandon)fornearlytwentyyearswhentheworkersstartedtorebuildit.Thebossorderedalltheemployees___________(finish)thetaskbeforetheendofthismonthwithoutanydelay.Peoplesawthehotairballoon___________(rise)slowlyintotheclearblueskyintheearlymorning.Thedifficultproblemmadehim___________(feel)confusedandhelplessforalongtime.Thehistoricalbuildingiskept___________(preserve)asaculturalheritageforfuturegenerationstoappreciate.Thejudgeratedtheperformanceeight,whichmadetheperformer___________(disappoint).Shethoughtthesolutionthis,butitturnedouttobewrong.練習(xí)二答案答案：cancelled（過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，與賓語thesportsmeeting是被動(dòng)關(guān)系）答案：toachieve（不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，expect后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)）答案：wearing（現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，與賓語thesuspect是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行）答案：abandoned（過去分詞作主語補(bǔ)足語，與主語theoldhouse是被動(dòng)關(guān)系）答案：tofinish（不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，order后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)）答案：rising（現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，與賓語thehotairballoon是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行）答案：feel（形容詞化的動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，make后接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)）答案：preserved（過去分詞作主語補(bǔ)足語，與主語thehistoricalbuilding是被動(dòng)關(guān)系）答案：eight（數(shù)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，補(bǔ)充說明theperformance的評分）；disappointed（形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語）答案：this（代詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，指代特定的解決方案）六、定語(Attribute)知識講解定語用于修飾名詞或代詞，說明人或事物的性質(zhì)、特征、所屬、數(shù)量等?？捎擅~、名詞所有格、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞（不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）、介詞短語、副詞、從句等充當(dāng)。單詞作定語時(shí)，一般位于被修飾詞之前（副詞作定語除外，需后置）；短語（不定式、分詞、介詞短語等）或從句作定語時(shí)，需置于被修飾詞之后；修飾由some,any,every,no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，定語必須后置。高中階段需重點(diǎn)掌握復(fù)雜定語結(jié)構(gòu)（如多層定語、非限制性定語從句、"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"引導(dǎo)的定語從句等）。例句序號充當(dāng)詞類例句1名詞Theenvironmentalprotectionpolicieshavebeencarriedoutnationwide.2名詞所有格Thescientist'sresearchonrenewableenergyhasattractedglobalattention.3代詞Thisnovelaboutspaceexplorationismoreinterestingthanthatone.4形容詞Thebreathtakingviewfromthemountaintopleftusspeechless.5數(shù)詞ThefirstthreechaptersofthebookfocusonancientGreekhistory.6不定式Sheislookingforachancetoparticipateintheinternationalexchangeprogram.7現(xiàn)在分詞ThestudentsdiscussingtheprojectinthemeetingroomarefromGrade12.8過去分詞Theabandonedfactory,oncetheprideofthetown,willberebuiltintoamuseum.9介詞短語Theoldmansittingunderthetreewithacaneisaretiredprofessor.10副詞Thetouristsherearemainlyinterestedinthetraditionalfolkart.11從句（限制性）Theprofessorwhoinventedthistechnologywillgivealecturetomorrow.12從句（非限制性）Thecity,whichisknownforitshistoricallandmarks,attractsmillionsofvisitorsyearly.練習(xí)一：找出下列句子中的定語，并標(biāo)注其構(gòu)成形式Thenewlybuiltlibrarywithmodernfacilitieshasbeeapopularspotforstudents.Herbrother'sambitiontobeeanastronauthasinspiredmanyyoungpeople.Thesefivevolunteersworkinginthemunitycenterareallcollegestudents.Thearticlewrittenbythefamousjournalisthascausedaheateddiscussion.Ihavesomethingimportanttosharewithyouabouttheupingexam.ThemantherewearingabluesuitistheCEOofthepany.Thefirsttwolessonsthatwelearnedyesterdayarecloselyrelatedtodailylife.Thisisthevillagewheremygrandparentslivedfornearlyfiftyyears.Theenvironmentalproblems,seriousandurgent,requireimmediateactionfromallcountries.Thebookontheshelfinthecornerofthestudyisafirsteditionpublishedin1950.練習(xí)一答案：定語：newlybuilt（合成形容詞作定語）；withmodernfacilities（介詞短語作定語）定語：Herbrother's（名詞所有格作定語）；tobeeanastronaut（不定式短語作定語）定語：These（指示代詞作定語）；five（數(shù)詞作定語）；workinginthemunitycenter（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語）定語：writtenbythefamousjournalist（過去分詞短語作定語）定語：important（形容詞作定語，后置修飾不定代詞something）；tosharewithyouabouttheupingexam（不定式短語作定語）定語：there（副詞作定語）；wearingabluesuit（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語）定語：first（序數(shù)詞作定語）；two（基數(shù)詞作定語）；thatwelearnedyesterday（限制性定語從句）定語：wheremygrandparentslivedfornearlyfiftyyears（限制性定語從句，修飾village）定語：seriousandurgent（形容詞短語作定語，后置修飾problems）定語：ontheshelf（介詞短語作定語）；inthecornerofthestudy（介詞短語作定語）；afirstedition（名詞短語作定語）；publishedin1950（過去分詞短語作定語）練習(xí)二：用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，補(bǔ)全句子中的定語部分The___________(research)teamhasmadeabreakthroughinthefieldofartificialintelligence.（名詞作定語）Thisisthe___________(student)dormitorywheretheyhavelivedforthreeyears.（名詞所有格作定語）______(that)oldphototakenin2008bringsbackmanysweetmemories.（代詞作定語）The___________(excite)newsaboutthesuccessofthemissionspreadquicklyacrossthecountry.（形容詞作定語）Weneedatleast___________(eight)volunteerstohelporganizethecharityevent.（數(shù)詞作定語）Sheistheonlyone___________(qualify)forthepositionamongalltheapplicants.（過去分詞作定語）Thegirl___________(stand)attheschoolgateiswaitingforherforeignteacher.（現(xiàn)在分詞作定語）Thebook___________(write)bytheNobelPrizewinnerwillbepublishednextmonth.（過去分詞作定語）Thehouse___________(with)abiggardeninfrontofitbelongstomyuncle.（介詞短語作定語）Theconference___________(which)weattendedlastweekfocusedonglobalclimatechange.（定語從句）練習(xí)二答案：答案：research（名詞作定語，修飾team，意為"研究團(tuán)隊(duì)"）答案：students'（名詞所有格作定語，復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格形式，修飾dormitory）答案：That（指示代詞作定語，修飾oldphoto，注意首字母大寫）答案：exciting（形容詞作定語，修飾news，ing形式形容詞表示"令人……的"）答案：eight（基數(shù)詞作定語，修飾volunteers）答案：qualified（過去分詞作定語，修飾one，意為"有資格的"）答案：standing（現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，與被修飾詞thegirl是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，表主動(dòng)進(jìn)行）答案：written（過去分詞作定語，與被修飾詞thebook是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表被動(dòng)完成）答案：with（介詞短語withabiggarden作定語，修飾house）答案：which（關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代theconference，在從句中作賓語）狀語(Adverbial)定義狀語是用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子的句子成分，可表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、程度、條件、讓步、伴隨、比較等意義。其位置靈活，單詞作狀語常位于修飾詞附近，短語或從句作狀語可位于句首、句中或句尾。知識講解核心功能：通過說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景、方式或句子的修飾關(guān)系，使句意更具體完整。位置特點(diǎn)：單詞狀語（副詞、名詞等）多位于修飾詞前或句尾；短語或從句作狀語，若表強(qiáng)調(diào)可置于句首（用逗號隔開），否則多位于句尾；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，狀語常緊接被修飾詞。充當(dāng)詞類：名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞（不定式、分詞）、從句等。例句序號充當(dāng)詞類例句狀語類型1名詞Nextweek,wewillholdtheannualsportsmeeting.時(shí)間狀語2形容詞Thirstyandtired,thehikersfinallyreachedthecampsite.伴隨狀語3副詞ShespeaksEnglishextremelyfluentlyafteryearsofpractice.程度狀語4介詞短語Inresponsetothenewpolicy,manypanieshaveadjustedtheirstrategies.原因狀語5不定式Heworkeddayandnighttopletetheprojectbeforethedeadline.目的狀語6現(xiàn)在分詞HavinglivedinParisforfiveyears,heisfamiliarwiththelocalculture.原因狀語7過去分詞Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylooksmorebeautiful.條件狀語8獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)Themeetingover,theparticipantslefttheroomonebyone.時(shí)間狀語9從句Althoughshehaslittleexperience,shemanagestheteamverywell.讓步狀語10分詞短語Thestormlastedallnight,causingseriousdamagetothevillage.結(jié)果狀語練習(xí)一：找出下列句子中的狀語，標(biāo)注其充當(dāng)詞類及狀語類型Toimprovehiswritingskills,hekeepsadiaryeveryday.Theexperimentfailed,partlybecauseoftheequipmenterror.Alotofpeoplegatheredhere,curiousaboutthenewinvention.Shewillgoabroadforfurtherstudynextsemester.Givenmoretime,wecouldhavefinishedthetaskperfectly.Heransofastthathewonthefirstprizeintherace.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Theteacherspokeslowly,makingsurethateverystudentcouldfollow.練習(xí)二：用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，補(bǔ)全句子中的狀語部分（涵蓋所有形式）______(walk)alongthestreet,Imetanoldfriendofmine.Hestudieshard___________(get)ascholarshiptotheuniversity.______(be)arainyday,wedecidedtostayathomeandwatchamovie.Themachineoperates___________(automatic)onceitisturnedon.______heisyoung,hehasadeepunderstandingoflife.Shewaslateforwork___________theheavytrafficthismorning.Theyclimbedtothetopofthemountain,___________(tire)buthappy.______nextmonth,thenewlibrarywillbeopentothepublic.答案練習(xí)一答案狀語：Toimprovehiswritingskills（不定式作目的狀語）狀語：partly（副詞作程度狀語）；becauseoftheequipmenterror（介詞短語作原因狀語）狀語：curiousaboutthenewinvention（形容詞作伴隨狀語）狀語：forfurtherstudy（介詞短語作目的狀語）；nextsemester（名詞作時(shí)間狀語）狀語：Givenmoretime（過去分詞作條件狀語）狀語：sofast（副詞作程度狀語）；thathewonthefirstprizeintherace（從句作結(jié)果狀語）狀語：Wherethereisawill（從句作地點(diǎn)狀語，表?xiàng)l件意義）狀語：slowly（副詞作方式狀語）；makingsurethateverystudentcouldfollow（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語）練習(xí)二答案答案：Walking（現(xiàn)在分詞作時(shí)間狀語）答案：toget（不定式作目的狀語）答案：Itbeing（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語）答案：automatically（副詞作方式狀語）答案：Although/Though（從句作讓步狀語）答案：becauseof（介詞短語作原因狀語）答案：tired（形容詞作伴隨狀語）答案：From（介詞短語作時(shí)間狀語，與nextmonth搭配）同位語(Appositive)定義同位語是對句子中的名詞或代詞（多為主語、賓語）進(jìn)行解釋、補(bǔ)充說明或限定的句子成分，它與被說明的成分在語法上處于同等地位，格要一致，通常緊挨在一起，有時(shí)也會(huì)用逗號、破折號等隔開。知識講解核心功能：通過補(bǔ)充信息，使被說明的名詞或代詞的含義更具體、明確。位置特點(diǎn)：一般緊跟在被說明的成分之后，若同位語較長或需要強(qiáng)調(diào)，可置于句末，用逗號與前面內(nèi)容隔開。充當(dāng)詞類：名詞、名詞短語、代詞、數(shù)詞、從句（即同位語從句）等。例句序號充當(dāng)詞類例句說明1名詞Myfavoriteauthor,MoYan,wontheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein2012."MoYan"補(bǔ)充說明"myfavoriteauthor"的具體身份2名詞短語Wevisitedtheancientcity,aplacewithahistoryofover2,000years."aplacewithahistoryofover2,000years"解釋"theancientcity"的特征3代詞Theteammembers,allexperiencedininternationalpetitions,wonthechampionship."all"對"theteammembers"進(jìn)行整體指代補(bǔ)充4數(shù)詞Thepanywillrecruittwoexperts,namelythethirdandthefifthintheindustryranking."thethirdandthefifthintheindustryranking"明確"twoexperts"的具體所指5從句Thegovernmentannouncedaplanthatmorepubliclibrarieswillbebuiltinruralareaswithinthreeyears.同位語從句"thatmorepubliclibrarieswillbebuiltinruralareaswithinthreeyears"解釋"aplan"的內(nèi)容6名詞短語（帶修飾語）Shereceivedagift,ahandwrittenletterfromherchildhoodfriendlivingabroad."ahandwrittenletterfromherchildhoodfriendlivingabroad"詳細(xì)說明"agift"的具體內(nèi)容7代詞（復(fù)合代詞）Theythemselvesadmittedthattheprojecthadsomeflawsinthedesignstage."themselves"強(qiáng)調(diào)"they"自身，起同位補(bǔ)充作用練習(xí)一：找出下列句子中的同位語，標(biāo)注其充當(dāng)詞類及被說明的成分Thefamousscientist,Dr.Wang,hasmadegreatcontributionstothefieldofbiotechnology.Weallbelievethatthepolicy,ameasuretoprotecttheenvironment,willbeeffective.Thenewsthatourteamhadadvancedtothefinalspreadquicklyacrossthecampus.Theythree,themostexperiencedplayersintheteam,werechosentoparticipateinthekeymatch.Myhometown,asmallcityinthesouthofthecountry,haschangedalotinrecentyears.Hehimself,thepersoninchargeoftheproject,apologizedforthedelay.Theorderthatallemployeesshouldattendthetrainingsessionwasissuedyesterday.練習(xí)二：用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，補(bǔ)全句子中的同位語部分Wevisitedthefamouspoet,___________(LiBai)inthehistorytextbook,duringourtriptotheancienttown.Thestudents,___________(most)frompoorfamilies,weregivenscholarshipstocontinuetheirstudies.Shetoldusastory___________(that/abravegirl/fightagainst/theenemy)duringthewar.Thetwoboys,___________(TomandJack)classmatesofmine,wonthefirstprizeintheEnglishcontest.Theproposal___________(we/hold/aninternationalconference/nextmonth)wasapprovedbythemittee.答案練習(xí)一答案同位語：Dr.Wang（名詞作同位語，說明"thefamousscientist"）同位語：ameasuretoprotecttheenvironment（名詞短語作同位語，說明"thepolicy"）同位語：thatourteamhadadvancedtothefinal（從句作同位語，說明"thenews"）同位語：themostexperiencedplayersintheteam（名詞短語作同位語，說明"theythree"）同位語：asmallcityinthesouthofthecountry（名詞短語作同位語，說明"myhometown"）同位語：himself（代詞作同位語，強(qiáng)調(diào)說明"he"）同位語：thatallemployeesshouldattendthetrainingsession（從句作同位語，說明"theorder"）練習(xí)二答案答案：theone（代詞作同位語，指代"LiBai"，與"thefamouspoet"構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系）答案：mostly（代詞作同位語，補(bǔ)充說明"thestudents"的構(gòu)成情況）答案：thatabravegirlfoughtagainsttheenemy（從句作同位語，說明"astory"的內(nèi)容）答案：both（代詞作同位語，補(bǔ)充說明"TomandJack"與"classmatesofmine"的關(guān)系）答案：thatwewillholdaninternationalconferencenextmonth（從句作同位語，說明"theproposal"的內(nèi)容）綜合練習(xí)基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)（側(cè)重核心概念理解）一、識別簡單句基本句型（在括號內(nèi)填寫對應(yīng)句型代號：S+V/S+V+O/S+V+IO+DO/S+V+O+C/S+V+P）Thesunrisesintheeast.（____________）Sheboughtabeautifuldressyesterday.（____________）Mymothermademeadeliciouscak