Theglobal

fusion

industryin

2025FusionCompaniesSurvey

bythe

Fusion

IndustryAssociationThe

headlinefiguresthisyear

6

Fiveyeartrends:2021-

2025

8

Thefusionindustry

in

2025

10

Profilesoftoday'sfusion

players

18

ContentsForeword

4Finally,accesstofundingremainsamajor

issue

for

fusion

companies,

underscoringthelongdevelopmenttimelinesandcapitalintensityoftheindustry.Acrosstheboard,theresponses

highlightthatwhile

fusion’spromiseiswithinreach,sustained

progresswill

requireacontinuationoftechnologicalbreakthroughsandfinancial,regulatory,andpolicysupport.Public-PrivatePartnershipsGrowTheamountofpublicfundingthatcompaniesidentifiedadding

intotheircapitaltablesthisyearincreasedby

84%,growingbyalmost$360milliontonearly$800million

in

total.

It

is

not

only

private

funds

thatseelong-termbenefitstofusion;governmentsalso

recognize

theeconomicadvantagesofnurturingagrowingindustrythatwill

usherin

jobsandexpandsupplychains.

Inthelastyear,government

policies

in

countrieslike

Japan,Germany,China,the

United

Kingdom,the

United

States,

Korea,Canada,andthe

European

Unionhaveworkedtoboost

theirfusionprogramming.Asfusioninnovationadvances,theindustryisgeneratingtechnological

andeconomicbenefitsbeyondfusion.

Fusioncompaniesarespinning

outinnovationssuchasmagnetsandhightemperaturesuperconductors,

whichbenefitindustriesfromwindturbinestomaglevtrains.

Justasthespaceraceproducedinnovationsineverythingfrom

microchipsto

wirelesscommunicationstocordlessdrills,fusionresearchisexpandingnewpossibilitieswithapplicationswellbeyondfusionpower.InvestorDiversificationInvestordiversityinthefusionsectorcontinuesto

broaden,

reflecting

growingconfidenceacrossawidespectrumofcapitalsources.Thisyear’ssurveyhighlightsbackingfromanexpansive

range

of

investors,

includingdeeptechventurecapitalfirmslike

DCVC,

Leitmotif,andBreakthrough

EnergyVentures;industrialgiantssuchasChevron,Siemens

Energy,and

Nucor;sovereignandquasi-publicfundsincluding

In-Q-Tel,the

European

InnovationCouncil

Fund,and

Plynth

Energy;andstrategicplayersfromthewiderenergysector

likeShell

Venturesand

Energy

Impact

Partners.The

presenceofinvestorsfrom

fieldsasvariedastelecommunications,realestate,anddefense–alongsideparticipationfromfamilyofficesandtechpioneers

–underscoresfusion’sappealbeyondtraditionalhightechorcleanenergycircles.Thisincreasinglydiverseinvestment

baseis

not

onlyprovidingvitalcapital,butalsohelpingfusioncompaniesestablishcommercialpartnerships,navigateregulatorylandscapes,and

prepareforglobaldeployment.MovingForwardwithFirstCustomersandSitesToday’scommercialmomentumdidnotexist

in

2021.

In

just

a

fewyears,theindustryhasundergonea

majorshift,withcompanies

forging

earlycustomerpartnershipsandsecuringsitesfortheirfirst

plants.In2023,

Helion

Energybecamethefirstfusioncompanytosignapowerpurchaseagreement

(PPA)toprovideMicrosoftwithelectricity

fromitsfirstfusionpowerplant,expectedto

beonline

by

2028.

Helion

laterannouncedacollaborationwith

Nucor,thelargeststeelproducer

inthe

U.S.,toexplorefusion’sroleindecarbonizing

heavy

industry.

In

June2025,Commonwealth

FusionSystems

(CFS)announcedthefirst

direct

PPAwithGoogleaspartofapartnershipthat

also

included

an

expandedinvestmentinto

CFS.Alongsidethesecommercialagreements,fusioncompanieshavebeen

advancingplansforsitingtheirfirstpowerplants.

In

February

2024,TypeOne

EnergysignedaMemorandumof

UnderstandingwiththeTennesseeValleyAuthoritytoexplorebuildingaplantata

retired

coal

powerplantinTennessee.

In

December2024,Commonwealth

Fusion

Systemsannounceditwoulddevelopitsfirstplant

outside

Richmond,Virginia,viaajointdevelopmentagreementthatispartof

a

partnership

withutility

Dominion

Energy,targetingoperationsintheearly2030s.Andinearly2025,

Focused

Energyunveileda

partnershipwiththe

Germangovernmenttodevelopasiteataformernuclear

facility

in

Biblis,asmalltownin

the

Hesse

region.Ascompanieszeroinonearlydeploymentsites,regions

are

startingtoracetopositionthemselvesas“fusionhubs,”aimingto

capture

the

economicandworkforcebenefitsoftheemergingindustry.

Inthe

U.S.,

clustersareforminginthe

Pacific

Northwest,California,theGreatLakes,andthe

Northeast.

Perhapstheworld’sleadingfusionclusterhasbeenestablishedwith

BritishgovernmentsupportaroundOxford.

Othernationsareworkingtopositionthemselvesassites

for

earlyadoption,aligningregulationsandputtingforwardpolicytostrengthen

supplyandworkforcenetworks.TheGrowingFusionWorkforceFusionisattractingtop-tiertalentfromaroundtheworld,withworkforcegrowthreflectingthesector’sacceleratingmomentumandglobalscope.Since2021,thenumberofpeopleemployed

directly

by

private

fusioncompanieshasmorethanquadrupled,andthis

expansion

ismatchedbygrowthinthebroaderfusionecosystem,with

supply

chain

jobstriplinginthelasttwoyears.

Fusioncompaniesare

headquartered

acrossmorethanadozencountriesin

NorthAmerica,

Europe,Asia,andOceania.

Fusionsciencehasalwaysbeena

global

effortthatspansborders,butonlynow

is

itdeveloping

into

a

truly

international

business,drawinginengineers,scientists,

manufacturers,and

business

leaderstohelpbuildthe

nextgreat

energy

industry.ConclusionAfterwritingfiveofthesereports,thetrajectoryisclear.

Fusion

is

nolongeradreamthatisperenniallydeferredto“20yearsfrom

now.”Itisatechnologybeingbuilttoday,withtangible

progressyearover

year.Thenextfewyearswilldeterminenotjustwhichcompaniessucceed,buthowthisgenerationdeliverson

a

promise

made

decades

agowhenthepotentialoffusionwasdiscovered:topowertheworld

withsecure,limitless,clean

energy.Weatthe

Fusion

IndustryAssociationareproudtoservethisremarkablecommunity.Wethankthecompaniesthatrespondedtothisyear’ssurveyfortheirparticipationandtransparency–andwelookforwardtocontinuingtoworktogethertomakecommercialfusion

powera

reality.AndrewHollandChief

ExecutiveOfficerFusion

IndustryAssociationThisyear’s

GlobalFusion

IndustryReportmarksasignificantmilestone–ourfifthconsecutivereporttrackingdevelopmentsinthe

commercial

fusionsector.Thisreportbeganin2021

as

an

effort

to

answer

the

threequestionswewerealwaysbeingasked:“Who?”

“Howmuch?”and–especially–“When?”

Wefoundthatdirectlyaskingthecompanies

workingtocommercializefusionwasthebestwaytoanswerthesequestions,andtheresultingreportsbroughtvisibilityand

clarity

to

anascentindustry.

Intheyearssince,we’veheardthatthis

report

hasbecomeanindispensabletoolforunderstandingthegrowthandevolutionofthefusionindustry.With53companiesparticipatingthisyear,andwithahalf-decadeofdata,wecanidentifycleartrendsthat

speaktoboththepromiseandchallengesof

commercial

fusion

energy.Five-YearTrendsThegrowthinfundingisthemost

striking

indicator

ofthe

industry’sacceleratingtrajectory.

Inourfirstreport,wewereproudthattheindustryhadattracted

$1.9billionintotalinvestment.Today,

that

figure

hassurpassed

$9.7billion,withover$2.6billion

raised

inthe

lastyearalone.That’snotjustafive-foldincrease

–

it’s

a

signal

of

maturing

investorconfidence,technologicalprogress,andarapidlycoalescing

supplychain.Thisisdespitethefactthat

mostofthe

last

half-decadehavenotbeenbanneryearsforbroader

investment

in

technology

fields–affirmingfusion’suniqueappealas

a

secure,

scalable,

and

cleanenergysolutiontotheworld’spowerneeds.Thenumberofcompaniesandemployeescontinuesto

grow

aswell.

Justfiveyearsago,wesurveyed23fusioncompanies.

In2025,wesurveyed53,representingmorethan4,600employees–a

more

thanfour-foldincreasefrom2021–andsupportingat

least9,300

supply

chainjobs.Thedirectemployeenumberclimbstoover

18,000when

companiesprojecttheworkforceneededtobuild

pilot

plants.

Fusionis

nolongerpurelyascientificeffort;it

is

a

global

industrial

movement.That

movementisproducingresults.Thisyear’sdata

includes

$2.6billionin

newinvestment,withmajorraises

by

Pacific

Fusion,

Helion,Proxima

Fusion,andTAETechnologies.We’veseentheentryofeight

newcompanies,severalwithmajorstartupbacking.Thatdevelopment

reflectsahealthy,innovation-drivenmarketplacethat

istesting

multiple

technicalapproaches.Whileundoubtedlynotallconceptswillbecomemarketleaders,thisispreciselyhowtechnological

revolutions

unfold.Lookingoverfiveyearsofsurveys,afewtrendsstand

out:?

Capitalisincreasing,withfundinggrowingeveninyearswheretheglobaleconomytightened.?

Public-privatepartnershipsareexpanding,especiallyinthe

U.S.,

U.K.,Germany,

Japan,andChina,wheregovernments

areengagingwithindustrytosharerisk

and

acceleratecommercialization.?

Companies

are

maturing,moving

from

prototypes

and

smallteamstoaddressingengineeringandmanufacturingchallenges,

integratingsystemdevelopment,andstartingtositefirst

plants

and

strikedealswithearly

powercustomers.?

Investor

diversity

is

increasing,with

support

from

deep

tech

VCs,

industrialconglomerates,sovereignfunds,andstrategicenergycompanies.?

Fusionisattractingserioustalent,growinginheadcount,experience,field,andglobalreach–withfusion

developers

now

operatinginmorethan

a

dozen

countries.LookingtotheFutureWhilethe

prevailingsensefromtheseresultsshouldbe

optimism,

thechallengesremainsteepandtheonlyresponseshould

be

that“more”

is

needed.

Forthefirsttimethisyear,weaskedhow

much

moreinvestmenteachcompanywouldneedtobringtheirfirst

pilot

plantsonline.Theanswersvariedwidely,aswouldbeexpectedfromanindustrywithdiversetechnologicalapproachesandprogressionalong

pathways.Themedianrespondentreportedneeding

$700

millionmoretobringtheirfirstplantsonline,

butthe

responseswere

sovaried

thatitis

hardto

generalize

answers.Whenanswerswerecombined,thetotalcapitalrequiredtobringevery

surveyedcompanytocommercializationisabove$77billion–eighttimesmorethanhasbeencommittedtotheindustrytodate.However,weshouldn'ttakethatasthenumberneededtocreateacommercialfusionindustry;itisimplausiblethateverycompanywillsuccessfullymake

itatscale.Furthermore,companiescanconsolidateefforts;someofthedevelopmentanddeploymentcostscanbesharedthroughpartnerships

andjointventures.Thrivingglobalindustriesgenerallyseeseveralcompaniesemergeasleaders,withothersasfastfollowers.Likeotherhigh-techindustries,fusionwillundoubtedlyseeareductioninthenumber

ofcompaniesevenasthevalueandfootprintofthesectorgrows.TimingAswith

pastyears,the

resultsofthisyear’ssurveyconfirmthattheindustryremainsfocusedonthe2030s

asthe

decade

forcommercialization.Ofthe45companiesthatresponded,theoverwhelmingmajority–35–anticipateoperating

a

commerciallyviablepilotplant,capableofgeneratingnetenergy,

between

2030and2035.Asmallnumberarepushingforearlier

milestones,withfive

companiestargetingcommercialreadinessbefore2030,whileanotherfiveexpecttoreachthatstagelater,between

2036

and

2040.These

pilotplanttimelinesmarkasignificantsteptowardcommercial

plantsthatwilldeliverpowertocustomers,with28companiesexpectingtoconnecttothegridbetween2030and2035,andonly

a

handfulprojectingdeliverybeyond2040.Lookingbeyondindividualcompanygoals,theindustry’scollectiveforecastreflectsasimultaneouslyrealisticandambitious

outlook.Asked

whenthefirstfusionplant–anywhere–will

deliver

electricityto

thegrid,two-thirdsofrespondentspredictbetween2031and

2040.Whilejustafewseecommercializationhappeningbefore

2030,these

projectionsreinforcethetransitionoffusionfromascienceexperimenttoanemergingenergytechnologywithnear-termpotential.Thefusionindustryisgearingupforadefiningdecade,

andthe

data

showsthat

confidenceisstrongerthanever.ChallengestoOvercomeAlthoughtimingprojectionsareclear,thesurveyalso

highlightsthat

thereisagreatdeal

ofworkto

come.Asthefusionindustrypushestowardcommercialization,companies

identifyarangeofnear-termchallengesthat

must

be

overcome

by2030.Whiletheobviouschallengeofachievingsufficientfusionpower

gainisatthetop,othertechnicalconcernsincludefuel

cycle

sufficiency

anddevelopingneutron-resilientmaterials,alongwithresolvingengineeringquestions

uniquetofusion.The

FIAandourmembers

are

activelyengagedwithgovernmentstodevelopsolutionstotheseverychallenges.FOREWORDThe

global

fusion

industry

in2025The

global

fusion

industry

in202545Totalfundingtodate:Totalthisyear:Totalprivatefundingtodate:Totalpublicfundingtodate: $8,971,150,000

$794,850,000$

$

$COMMONWEALTHTAETECHNOLOGIES

HELIONENERGYFUSIONSYSTEMSTHE

HEADLINE

FIGURESTHISYEAREnergy*Some

investments

have

notbeenpubliclyannouncedso

are

notincluded

here.Median:$694mIndividualrequirements:Note

thatdifferentdesigns

havedifferent

aimsandpower

outputs,

andcompaniesareatdifferent

stages

on

theirjourney.$900mPacific

Fusion$200mMarvel*Somefigureshavebeenconvertedto

dollars/rounded.NOTABLE

INVESTMENTSSINCETHE

LASTSURVEYHOWMUCHMOREFUNDINGDOYOUESTIMATENEEDINGTODELIVERACOMMERCIAL

PLANT?$9,766,000,000$425mHelion$150mTAEThe

global

fusion

industry

in2025The

global

fusion

industry

in2025$64mTypeOne

Energy

Group$2,643,573,000$36mRealta

Fusion$36mRenaissance

FusionCOMPANIESWITHOVER$1BNINVESTMENT$130mZapEnergy$125mTokamak

Energy$55mENNScienceand

TechnologyDevelopment$150mProxima

FusionTOTALFUNDING2025$

1-

$

100m

$

100m-

$1bn$110mFocused$

1bn-

$10bn29

responses$10bn+67FIVEYEARTRENDS:

2021-2025TOTAL:$9.7bn($2.6bn)8.9bn($2.2bn)$795m($369m)TOTAL:$7.1bn($0.9bn)6.7bn($0.8bn)$426m($154m)2021

2022

2023

2024

2025Employedbyfusioncompanies2024

4,1072025

4,607$1.8bn$85mKeyPublicfundingPrivatefunding2021

1,0962022

1,5453,000(20

responses)5,900(20

responses)9,300(30

responses)The

global

fusion

industry

in2025The

global

fusion

industry

in20252023

3,073Estimatedjobssupportedbyfusioncompanies’supplychainNumberofrespondentsUpto20212022TOTAL:$4.8bn($2.9bn)TOTAL:$6.2bn($1.4bn)20242025(annual

increasein

brackets)Bypilot

plant

(proiected)Totalfunding$4.7bn($2.9bn)5.9bn($1.2bn)$272m($155m)TOTAL:$1.9bn$117m($32m)(30

responses)314523534118,200202320252023202489THE

FUSION

INDUSTRYIN2025Othernamed

markets

included:

materials

research,

lithium

breeding,

nuclearwaste

transmutation,

laserdriven

imaging,

neutron

source,

Radiation-as-a-Service

(RaaS),

hard

rock

tunneling

and

mining,

diagnostic

development,

neutron

imaging

and

radiation

effects

testing

foradvanced

industrial

inspection,

tritium

and

radioisotopeproduction.3.Employees26%Female74%Male2Massachusetts

4NewJerseyCalifornia

2

MarylandVirginia23%ScientistsFusionemployeesbyrole(basedon41responses)*Primaryandsecondary

markets

(respondentscouldselect

multiple)Primary

Secondary/spin-offmarkets:India1Australia1NewZealandElectricitygenerationOff-grid

energyIndustrial

heat

MedicalSpacepropulsionHydrogen

and/or

clean

fuelsMarinepropulsionElectricitygenerationOff-grid

energyIndustrial

heat

MedicalSpacepropulsionHydrogen

and/or

clean

fuelsMarinepropulsion3Washington2Wisconsin1

Sweden3

GermanySwitzerland3103Colorado1NewMexicoNumbers

are

approximate

and

based

on

companies’estimated

?gures,

rounded

to

the

nearest

10%.

Companies

thatdid

notprovide

demographic

and

role

data

are

notreAected

in

these

?gures.The

global

fusion

industry

in2025The

global

fusion

industry

in2025

8

74 3 3

111TennesseeFusionemployees

bygender(basedon

38

responses)* 7

6

6

61Israel21Canada29 2 74

UKFrance2.Targetmarkets0.1%Other44%Engineers33%Other1.

LocationBy

primary

HQJapan3

1China33USA101311331VenturesENNGroupPlayfairVCAdditionEQTVenturesPlynth

EnergyAthosEuropean

InnovationCouncil

FundPRIMEPULSEAvilaVCFukikaraSamAltmanb2venturesFurukawa

ElectricSantanderBAM

ElevateFutureVenturesShellVenturesBayern

KapitalGranitorSiemens

EnergyBreakthrough

EnergyVenturesGSBackersSiteGroundBW

GroupHVCapitalSoftbankVision

Fund2Capricorn

InvestmentGroupIndustrial47VentureStudioSoros

Fund

Management

LLCChevronTechnologyVenturesIndustrifondenSpecial

InvestChishima

Real

EstateIn-Q-TelSpeedinvestClimentumNichiconSt1CréditMutuel

ImpactItochuTengelmannVenturesDCVCK-CAPThalesDelightVenturesKhoslaVenturesTitletownTechDeutscheTelekomLeitmotifTom

EnterpriseGeneralCatalystLightspeedVenture

PartnersUnit-E,Axon

PartnersGoodVentures

FoundationLowercarbonCapitalWARFVenturesGoogleMarubeniMayfieldEarlybirdVCMithrilCapitalXplorVenturesEcosphereVenturesVirginiaVenture

PartnersMiyakoCapitalMizuho

FinancialGroupAcompletelistofreportedinvestors

overall

time

is

available

inpreviousyear's

reports:EmersonCollectiveNucorwww.fusionindustryasso/Energy

Impact

PartnersNVTRNSupportersfusion-industry-report-archive*

Investor

information

is

self-reported

bycompanies.

This

listreAects

those

reported

investments

made

in

the

past12

months.

The

FIA

is

notresponsible

for

the

responses

listed

in

this

report

from

surveyparticipants

and

does

notintend

to

disclose

anyproprietaryinformation.

Fora

complete

historyofreported

investors,

please

referto

our

earlier

reports.5.Public-PrivatePartnershipsGeneralapproach●

25

Magneticcon?nement

(inc.Tokamak,Stellarator)●

11

Inertialcon?nement●

6Magneto-inertial.4

Hybridelectrostatic

con?nement

1Muon-catalyzedfusion●

4Non-traditionalconcepts/NotstatedSpeci?capproach●

7Stellarator●

7

Laser-driven

inertial

con?nement●

4

Spherical

tokamak.3Tokamak

3

Magnetized

target

fusion●3

Magnetic-electrostatic

con?nement●

3

Field

Reversed

Con?guration●2Laser-driven

inertial

con?nement,with

pB11fuel.2

Z-pinch●

1Active-target

muon

production

and

high

densityfusion

cell●

1

Inertial-electrostatic

lattice

con?nement●

1

Poloidal

magnetic

con?nement●

1Pulsed

magneto-plasma

pressurized

con?nement●

1

Shock-driven

inertial

con?nement●

1

Plectoneme●

1Supporting

Multiple

Approaches●

1

Dense

Plasma

Focus

1

Magnetic

Mirror●

1

Dynamic

Stellarator●

1

Levitated

Dipole●

1

Pulser-driven

inertial

con?nement●

1

Quasi-isodynamic

stellarator.

1Spindle

cusp,superconducting

shielded-grid

Inertial

Electrostatic

Con?nement●

1

Magnetic

Mirror

1

Electrostatic

con?nement

1

Centrifugal

Magnetic

MirrorNotedPPPsinclude:?

Milestone-BasedFusionDevelopmentProgram:U.S.

Departmentof

Energy

(DOE)

programtosupportdevelopmentofafusion

pilot

plant

(FPP)andcommercializationoffusionpower.?

InnovationNetworkforFusionEnergy(INFUSE):DOEinitiativefunding

PPPstoacceleratefusion

energydevelopmentbyprovidingaccessto

national

laboratories.?

INCITE:

Providesaccessto

DOE’ssupercomputingfacilitiesto

acceleratescientificdiscoveriesandtechnologicalinnovations.?

CHADWICK:

Partof

DOE’sAdvanced

Research

ProjectsAgency–Energy

(ARPA-E)focusedondevelopingadvanced

materialsforthefirstwalloffusion

machines.?

TheUK’sProsperityPartnershipprogramme:Fundscollaborative

research

between

universitiesandindustry

todriveinnovationin

key

technologies.Deuterium-tritium

36

Proton-

boron

4

Multiplefuels4

Deuterium-

helium3

3

Deuterium-deuterium

2

Lithium

1Mostgrantsinthewithacouple

as

high

as$5-15mrange

$100-150m(milestonedependent)20companiesreport

beingengagedina

Public-Private

Partnership

(PPP)thatincludescost-sharingwithgovernmentThe

global

fusion

industry

in2025The

global

fusion

industry

in20254.Selected*investorswhohavemadeinvestmentsinfusioninthelast

12months7.Fuel

Source6.Approach1312Fusion

poweref?ciency;achieving

high-enoughgain

(highQ)fusion

powerFundingTritiumself-suf?ciencyNeutron

resilient

materials

PlasmasciencePulsedurationIntegratedsystemsengineeringGeopoliticsNuclearsafety/regulatoryapprovalFull

life-cycleissues

(e.g.

maintenance,waste,

recycling,decommissioning)PlasmaexhaustCryoplants

(heat

management) Major

challenge36

535

627

724

822

1519

1418

1918

22624Tritiumself-suf?ciencyNeutron

resilient

materialsFull

life-cycleissues

(e.g.

maintenance,waste,

recycling,decommissioning)FundingIntegratedsystemsengineeringFusion

poweref?ciency;achieving

high-enoughgain

(highQ)fusion

powerPulsedurationGeopoliticsNuclearsafety/regulatoryapproval

PlasmaexhaustPlasmascienceCryoplants

(heat

management) Major

challenge27

827

725

1122

132015181818

13171412

2011

157

246208.Whendoyouanticipateyourcompany

willoperateacommerciallyviablepilotplant?(45

responses)9.Whendoyouanticipateyourcompany

willdeliverpowertothegrid?(41

responses)*Lastyear’s

response

in

bracketsAnyvariations

betweentheseand

previ