Chapter7Ergonomics

Unit1IntroductiontoErgonomicsUnit2PhysiologicalandPsychologicalActivitiesofHuman

Unit1IntroductiontoErgonomics

1.DefinitionofErgonomics2.AimofErgonomics

3.OriginsofErgonomics

4.ComponentsofErgonomics5.ResearchContentsofErgonomics6.ContentsofErgonomicDesign

7.ApplicationofErgonomics

1.DefinitionofErgonomicsErgonomicsisthescientificdisciplineconcernedwiththeunderstandingofinteractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem,andtheprofessionthatappliestheory,principles,dataandmethodstodesigninordertooptimizehumanbeingactivitiesandoverallsystemperformance.2.AimofErgonomics

Theaimofergonomicsistoensurethathumansandtechnologyworkincompleteharmony,withtheequipmentandtasksalignedtohumancharacteristics.

3.OriginsofErgonomics

Theterm“ergonomics”isderivedfromtheGreekwordsergon(meanswork)andnomoi(meansnaturallaws)toexpressthesystems-orienteddisciplinewhichnowextendsacrossallaspectsofhumanactivity.

4.ComponentsofErgonomicsErgonomicsdealswiththeinteractionoftechnologicalandworksituationswiththehumanbeing.Thebasichumansciencesinvolvedareasfollows:

Anthropometry

Physiology

Psychology5.ResearchContentsofErgonomics

Ergonomicsincludestwoaspects:PhysicalergonomicsCognitiveergonomics.

6.ContentsofErgonomicDesignErgonomicdesignisawayofconsideringdesignoptionstoensurethatpeople'scapabilitiesandlimitationsaretakenintoaccount.Thishelpstoensurethattheproductisfitforthetargetusers.Itcovers:ProductdesignAgerelateddesignInformationdesign7.ApplicationofErgonomics

Ergonomicshasawideapplicationtoeverydaydomesticsituations,butthereareevenmoresignificantimplicationsforefficiency,productivity,safetyandhealthinworksettings.

Unit2PhysiologicalandPsychological

ActivitiesofHuman

1.PhysiologicalAspectsofHumanPerformance

2.Anthropometry

3.Percentile4.ApplicationofAnthropometry

5.ImpactsofWorkingEnvironment6.DefinitionandGoalofEngineeringPsychology

7.EffectsofWorkingEnvironmentonSafety

8.MentalHealth

9.HumanInterfacewiththeWorldofWork

1.PhysiologicalAspectsofHumanPerformance

Theprinciplesofreducingtheriskofinjury:Allworkactivitiesshouldpermittheworkertoadoptseveraldifferent,butequallyhealthyandsafepostures;Muscularforcehastobeexertedbythelargestappropriatemusclegroupsavailable;Workactivitiesshouldbeperformedwiththejointsataboutmid-pointoftheirrangeofmovement.Thisappliesparticularlytothehead,trunk,andupperlimbs.2.Anthropometry

Anthropometryisabranchofergonomicsthatdealswithbodyshapeandsize.

Thephysicalcharacteristicsoftheshapesandsizesshouldbetakenintoaccountwheneversomething,fromsomethingassimpleasapenciltosomethingascomplexasacar,isdesignedforsomeone.3.PercentilePercentilesareshowninanthropometrytablesandtheytellyouwhetherthemeasurementgiveninthetablesrelatestothe'average'person,orsomeonewhoisaboveorbelowaverageinacertaindimension.Thegraphoftheheightsofagroupofpeopleissymmetricalsothat50%ofpeopleareofaverageheightortallerand50%ofpeopleareofaverageheightorsmaller.

Figure7.1TheHeightsofaGroupofPeople

4.ApplicationofAnthropometry

TheaimforthedesignDesignexamplesExamplesofmeasurementstoconsiderUsersthatthedesignshouldaccommodateEasyreachVehicledashboards,ShelvingArmlength,ShoulderheightSmallestuser:5thpercentileAdequateclearancetoavoidunwantedcontact/trappingManholes,CinemaseatsShoulderorhipwidth,ThighlengthLargestuser:95thpercentileAgoodmatchbetweentheuserandtheproductSeats,Cyclehelmets,PushchairKnee-floorheight,Headcircumference,WeightMaximumrange:5thto95thpercentile4.ApplicationsofAnthropometry

TheaimforthedesignDesignexamplesExamplesofmeasurementstoconsiderUsersthatthedesignshouldaccommodateAcomfortableandsafepostureLawnmowers,MonitorpositionsElbowheight,SittingeyeheightMaximumrange:5thto95thpercentileEasyoperationScrewbottletops,Doorhandles,LightswitchesGripstrength,Handwidth,HeightSmallestorweakestuser:5thpercentileToensurethatanitemcan'tbereachedoroperatedMachineguardingmesh,DistanceofrailingsfromhazardFingerwidth，ArmlengthSmallestuser:5thpercentile,Largestuser:95thpercentile5.ImpactsofWorkingEnvironment

Inordertosatisfytherequirementsofusers,theimpactsofworkingenvironmentonphysiologicalstatusmustbetakenintoaccount:People'seyesightandhearingabilitiesarealsoneededtoconsiderVisionisusuallytheprimarychannelforinformationSoundcanbeausefulwaytoprovideinformation6.DefinitionandGoalofEngineeringPsychology

EngineeringPsychologyisdefinedastheapplicationofpsychologicalprinciples,knowledge,andresearchtoimprovetheabilityofhumanstooperatemoreeffectivelyinatechnologicalsociety.ThegoalofEngineeringPsychologyissafer,moreeffective,andmorereliablesystemsthroughimprovedunderstandingoftheuser'srequirementsandperformancecapabilities.7.EffectsofWorkingEnvironmentonSafety

Safetyandaccidentpreventionareimportantareasofergonomics,environmentalpsychologyandergonomicsengineering.

Thegeneralsurroundingsofyourofficecouldbehavingnegativeeffectsonyourmentalstateandworkproductivity.

EnvironmentalFa