高考英語專題復(fù)習(xí)專題二虛擬語氣、定語從句、名詞性從句目錄TOC\o"1-3"\h\u一、虛擬語氣 2（一）if條件句 21.基本用法 22.虛擬條件句的省略 23.混合條件句 34.含蓄條件句 3（二）Should型虛擬語氣 31.基本用法 32.注意事項(xiàng) 4（三）其他虛擬語氣 51.wish的用法 52.asif/asthough的用法 53.wouldrather的用法 54.兩個(gè)句型 6二、定語從句 7（一）認(rèn)識(shí)定語從句 71.定語從句的概念 72.定語從句的分類 7（二）定語從句的關(guān)系詞 81.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 82.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 93.關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇 104.定語從句選擇題做題方法 10（三）特殊用法 11三、名詞性從句 17（一）認(rèn)識(shí)名詞性從句 171.名詞性從句的概念 172.名詞性從句常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞 173.名詞性從句的分類 18（二）主語從句 19（三）賓語從句 221.賓語從句概念 222.由關(guān)聯(lián)詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 22（四）表語從句 24（五）同位語從句 25一、虛擬語氣（一）if條件句1.基本用法類別用法例句If引導(dǎo)的條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句動(dòng)詞：過去式（be用were）主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形Ifhewerehere，hewouldhelpus.與過去事實(shí)相反從句動(dòng)詞：had+過去分詞主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞IfIhadbeenfree，Iwouldhavevisitedyou.與將來事實(shí)相反從句動(dòng)詞：過去式/should+動(dòng)詞原形/were+不定式主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow，wewouldnotgocamping.2.虛擬條件句的省略虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were，should，或had，可將if省略，再把were，should或had移到從句句首.實(shí)行部分倒裝。例如：Iftheywereherenow，theycouldhelpus.=Weretheyherenow，theycouldhelpus.如果他們現(xiàn)在在這里，他們就能幫助我們。Ifitshouldrain，thecropswouldbesaved.=Shoulditrain，thecropswouldbesaved.如果下雨，莊稼就能保收。3.混合條件句主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)主、從句謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。規(guī)則：無論是主句還是從句，與什么時(shí)間相反，就用與這個(gè)時(shí)間相對(duì)應(yīng)的句型。Ifithadrainedlastnight（從句與過去事實(shí)相反，從句用過去完成時(shí)），itwouldbeverycoldtoday（主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形）.4.含蓄條件句在某些虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)中沒有if條件句，虛擬條件是用其它形式表示出來，這種現(xiàn)象在語法上稱為“含蓄條件句”。含蓄條件通常分為以下幾種情況：通過without的介詞短語表示條件。例如：Withoutair，therewouldbenolivingthings.=Iftherewerenoair，therewouldbenolivingthings.通過butfor介詞短語表達(dá)條件。例如：ButfortherainIwouldhavearrivedmuchearlier.=Ifithadnotbeenfortherain，Iwouldhavearrivedmuchearlier.通過連詞otherwise（or）表達(dá)條件。例如：Shecametotownyesterday，otherwiseIwouldnothavemether.=Ifshehadn'tcometotownyesterday，Iwouldnothavemether.（二）Should型虛擬語氣1.基本用法在表示“建議”、“要求”、“命令”或“應(yīng)當(dāng)做……"”等意義的動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞需要用虛擬語氣，即用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”來表示?？谠E：IDROPCAPS.常用的動(dòng)詞是：insist堅(jiān)持；demand要求；desire要求；decide決定；request請(qǐng)求；require需要、要求；order命令；propose建議；command命令；ask請(qǐng)求；arrange安排；advise建議；prefer寧愿；suggest建議。例句鞏固Iinsistedthatheshouldcomewithus.Thecommitteedecidedthatnooneshouldbeadmitted.Iproposedthatweshouldstartearly.ShesuggestedthatIshouldsavesomemoney.2.注意事項(xiàng)這些動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)（如：Itissuggested+that主語從句）形式后，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞仍用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。Itisorderedthatthemedicineshouldbesentsoon.Ithasbeendesiredthatthemeetingshouldbepostponedtillnextweek.由這些動(dòng)詞派生的或轉(zhuǎn)換的名詞（如：decision決定；demand要求；suggestion建議；requirement要求、需要）后面的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞仍用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。Mysuggestionisthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.這些動(dòng)詞在不表達(dá)“某事必須做或某事重要”這一詞義時(shí)（如：suggest暗示、表明；insist堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為），后面的賓語從句則不用虛擬語氣，而用陳述語氣。Shesuggested（建議）thattheyshouldstartearly.她建議他們應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)開始。Hersmilesuggested（表明）thatshewassatisfied.她的微笑表明她很滿意。（三）其他虛擬語氣Wish用法，asif/asthough用法，wouldrather用法兩個(gè)句型。1.wish的用法賓語從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間賓語從句時(shí)態(tài)例句對(duì)現(xiàn)在的希望一般過去時(shí)（be動(dòng)詞用were）IwishIwereastallasyou.對(duì)過去的希望過去完成時(shí)IwishIhadmetheryesterday.對(duì)將來的希望過去將來時(shí)Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.2.asif/asthough的用法asif引導(dǎo)的從句動(dòng)作先后asif引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)態(tài)例句對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬一般過去時(shí)（be動(dòng)詞用were）Helooksasifhewereanartist.對(duì)過去的虛擬過去完成時(shí)ShespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifshehadstudiedEnglishinAmerica.對(duì)將來的虛擬過去將來時(shí)ShelearnsEnglishsohardasifshewouldgotoAmericanextyear.3.wouldrather的用法wouldrather引導(dǎo)的從句動(dòng)作先后wouldrather引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)態(tài)例句對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼奶摂M一般過去時(shí)Iwouldrathertheydidn'tcometomorrow.對(duì)過去的虛擬過去完成時(shí)IwouldratherIhadn'tseenthemovieyesterday.4.兩個(gè)句型Itis（high）timethat從句（從句用過去式或should+動(dòng)原，should不可?。┻^去式Itistimethatthechildrenwenttobed.Should+動(dòng)詞原形Itishightimethatthechildrenshouldgotobed.

二、定語從句先行詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞限制性/非限制性（一）認(rèn)識(shí)定語從句1.定語從句的概念★修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。★先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞?！镪P(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。如：Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.Theman先行詞who關(guān)系詞whoisshakinghandswithmyfather定語從句【定語從句例句】Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.TomorrowIwillbringthemagazinethatyouaskedfor.Herbrother，whoisnowasoldier，alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.★關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who，whom，whose，as；關(guān)系副詞：when，where，why?！镪P(guān)系詞的作用·引導(dǎo)定語從句·代替先行詞·在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分2.定語從句的分類定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。（1）限制性定語從句：全句不可分割的一部分，如果把它去掉，句子意思便會(huì)受到影響，從句前不用逗號(hào)。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中國是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國家。（2）非限制性定語從句：此從句只是對(duì)所修飾的名詞作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充，即便省去，全句的意思并不受影響。一般用逗號(hào)和主句分開。China，whichwasfoundedin1949，isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中國在1949年成立，現(xiàn)在變得越來越強(qiáng)大?！锵拗菩远ㄕZ從句舉例TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老師告訴我，湯姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.在街上，我看見一個(gè)非洲人?！锓窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句舉例Hismother，wholoveshimverymuch，isstrictwithhim.他母親非常愛他，對(duì)他很嚴(yán)厲。LastsummerIvisitedthePeople'sGreatHall，inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會(huì)堂，這里每年都會(huì)舉行許多重要會(huì)議。（二）定語從句的關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞thatas/whichwhereway/time1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞作用例句who指人在定語從句中作主語TheboyswhoarerunningarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedachildwhohadlosthisway.whom指人在定語從句中作賓語，常省略Mr.Liistheperson（whom）youtalkedabout.LiMingisjusttheboy（whom）Iwanttosee.which指物在定語從句中作主語或賓語，做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thisisthepen（which）heboughtyesterday.that指人=who/whom;指物=which在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作定語。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.asSuch...as;thesame…as在定語從句中作主語，表語或賓語。Ishouldliketousethesametoolasyouusedyesterday.Asisknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.2.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞作用例句when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenrebuilt.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.3.關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇①從句缺少主要成分→關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語·whowhichthat充當(dāng)賓語·whomwhichthat。充當(dāng)定語·whose②從句不缺少主要成分→關(guān)系副詞指時(shí)間·when指地點(diǎn)·where指原因·why③關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇：Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語4.定語從句選擇題做題方法①找先行詞②把先行詞放入引導(dǎo)詞位置，查看其在從句中做什么成分③根據(jù)先行詞性質(zhì)，在從句中做的成分來選擇引導(dǎo)詞Thelady_________cametoseeuslastweekismymother'sfriend.Theladycametoseeus.先行詞在從句中作主語，指人，所以用whoBeijingistheplace_______Iwasborn.Iwasbornintheplace.先行詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，所以用inwhich或where（三）特殊用法介詞+關(guān)系代詞that/whichas/whichwhereway/time1.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞十關(guān)系代詞”引出。Theschool（which/that）heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.→Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.Thisistheboy（whom/who/that）Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.→ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.→ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.2.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的用法：★用法：in/on/at/for+which=when/where/why作時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因狀語We'llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichweworkedtogether.我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們一起工作的時(shí)間。Thiswasthebusstopatwhich（where）theaccidenthappened.這就是發(fā)生事故的公共汽車站?！镉梅ǎ航樵~+which/whom/whose作目的，方式狀語Isthisthecarforwhichyoupaidahighprice?這是你花高價(jià)買的那輛車嗎？TheteacherwithwhomthestudentsinourclassarepopularisJone.我們班學(xué)生最喜歡的老師是Jone?！镉梅ǎ好~/代詞/數(shù)詞+介詞of+which/whom做主語Ireadsomebooks，thecoversofwhichareyellowwithyears.我讀了一些書，它們的封面已經(jīng)因?yàn)槟昃枚l(fā)黃。PresentatthemeetingwerealmostexpertsonDNA，mostofwhom（=ofwhommost）camefromtheUS.出席會(huì)議的幾乎都是DNA專家，其中大部分來自美國?！镉梅?介詞+which/whom+todo強(qiáng)調(diào)某一個(gè)名詞，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)簡化的定語從句Hereisthemoneywithwhichtobuyapiano.這是買鋼琴的錢。Nancyistherightpersononwhomtodepend.南希是值得信賴的人。★用法:根據(jù)定語從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞等的習(xí)慣搭配來確定。根據(jù)與先行詞搭配的具體意義來確定。根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思來確定。EducationisthebusinesstowhichtheSmithsaredevoted.教育是史密斯夫婦所從事的事業(yè)。I'llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記在鄉(xiāng)下度過的童年時(shí)光。Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.沒有氧氣我們就無法生存。3.含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不坼開，介詞仍放在短語動(dòng)詞的后面。例：lookfor，lookafter，takecareof等。Thisisthewatch（which/that）Iamlookingfor.√Thisisthewatchforwhichiamlooking.×Thebabies（whom/who/that）thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.√Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.×4.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who，that;關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.√Themanwiththatwhoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.×TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.√TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.×5.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some，any，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each，few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。Heloveshisparentsdeeply，bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples，someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall，mostofwhomarefrombigcities.Uptonow，hehaswrittentenstories，threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.6.只用that不用which的情況當(dāng)先行詞是everything，anything，nothing，something，all，none，few，little，some等不定代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every，any，all，some，no，little，few，much等代詞修飾時(shí)。例：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。例：Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchathing.Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾修飾時(shí)。例：ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.當(dāng)先行詞被thevery，theonly修飾時(shí)。例：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse，theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。例：WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who，which等疑問代詞時(shí)。例：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。例：Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.7.只用which不用that的情況關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。Galileobuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)。Football，whichisaveryinterestinggame，isplayedallovertheworld.先行詞本身是that時(shí)。What'sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?先行詞后有插入語時(shí)。HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich，asI'vetoldyou，willhelpimproveyourEnglish.8.先行詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：☆as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。Hemarriedher，as/whichwasnatural.Heishonest，as/whichwecansee.但as只指代前面的句子，而which可以指代句子和單詞。Oct.1st，whichisourNationalDay，isalwayscelebratedwithsinginganddancing.☆as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。Asisknowntoall，Chinaisadevelopingcountry.ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes，which/asIdon'tbelieve.注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain，whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Thesetablesaremadeofmetal，whichmadethemveryheavy.☆非限制性定語從句中謂語為被動(dòng)時(shí)，常用as作主語。asissaid/known/announced/reported/mentioned/expected/discussed等。如：Asisknowntoall，TaiwanispartofChina.☆as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有“正如”的含義，which無此含義，因此，下列句式中多用as:asiswellknownas isknowntoallashasbeensaidbeforeas hasbeenalreadypointedasisexpected/hoped/supposedas weallcanseeasisoftenthecase☆當(dāng)先行詞受such，thesame修飾時(shí)（限制性），關(guān)系詞常用as。I'veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我從未聽過他講過這樣的故事。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他看上去并不愚笨。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.這和我上周丟失的那本詞典是一樣的。注意：當(dāng)先行詞受thesame修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.（同一件裙子）Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.（類似的裙子）9.關(guān)系副詞where的用法補(bǔ)充在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞為表示“環(huán)境、狀況、情境”等意思的抽象名詞時(shí)，關(guān)系副詞可以使用where.先行詞例句pointYoureachapointwheremedicinecan'thelp.Wehavereachedapointwhereachangeisneeded.caseTherearecaseswheretheword“mighty”isusedasanadverb.Let'sdiscussanumberofcaseswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.situationHegotintoasituationwhereitishardtodecidewhatisrightandwrong.Ifyourisksomethingimportant，youcauseittobeinadangeroussituationwhereyoumightloseit.positionIt'sputmeinapositionwhereIcan'taffordtotakethejobjobShewantsajobwherehermanagementskillscanbeputtogooduseIdon'twantajobwhereI'mchainedtoadeskallday.10.關(guān)系詞way和time后接定語從句的情況☆當(dāng)先行詞是way（意為“方式，方法”），關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有以下三種方式：Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbutthewayinwhichhesaidit.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbutthewaythathesaidit.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway（不填）hesaidit.☆先行詞是time時(shí)，若time作“次數(shù)”講，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可省略；若time作“一段時(shí)間、時(shí)代”講，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/duringwhich引導(dǎo)定語從句。Thisisthesecondtime（that）thePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.Icanhardlyrememberhowmanytimes（that）I'vefailed.三、名詞性從句（一）認(rèn)識(shí)名詞性從句1.名詞性從句的概念在復(fù)合句中具有名詞作用并做主語，表語，賓語和同位語的從句叫名詞性從句（NounClauses）。名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。2.名詞性從句常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接詞詞義功能that無詞義不作成分，只起連接作用whether/if是否不作成分，只起連接作用what，which什么，哪個(gè)作主語、賓語、表語who，whom，whose誰，誰的作主語、賓語、定語when，where，how，why什么時(shí)候/地方，怎么樣，為什么作狀語howmany/much多少作定語howsoon/often/long/much多久，多久一次，多長，多么作狀語Whatever=anythingthat無論什么作主語、賓語、表語、定語Whoever=anyonewho無論誰作主語Whomever=anyonewhom無論誰作賓語Whosever=anyonewhose無論誰的作定語Whichever=anyonethat無論哪個(gè)作賓語、定語、主語、表語3.名詞性從句的分類種類作用例句主語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語，相當(dāng)于名詞，一般置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之后Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn'tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語，相當(dāng)于名詞，位于系動(dòng)詞之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語，相當(dāng)于名詞Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位語從句放在名詞之后（news，idea，advice，fact等）表明其具體內(nèi)容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.（二）主語從句在句中起主語作用的從句稱為主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，f和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用，不能省略；Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorenewstudentsistrue.whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句。whether在從句中不作任何成分，只起連接作用，不能省略，表示“是否”。Whethertheworkcanbecompletedontimeisdoubtful.（可改為Itisdoubtfulwhethertheworkcanbecompletedontime.）Whetheryoucansucceedornotdependsonhowhardyouworkatit.連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.英語晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。whether與if均有“是否”的意思。但在下列情況下，whether不能被if替代：①whether引導(dǎo)主語從句（位于句首）、表語從句或同位語從句時(shí)Whetherhecancometothepartyontimedependsonthetraffic.他是否能控時(shí)來參加聚會(huì)要看交通狀況。（主語從句）Thequestioniswhetherwecangetintouchwithher.問題是我們能否和她取得聯(lián)系。（表語從句）Ihavenoideawhetherthemeetingwillbeheld.我不知道會(huì)議是否要舉行。（同位語從句）②whether引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞賓語時(shí)I'mthinkingaboutwhetherIshouldquitmypresentjob.我正在考慮是否應(yīng)該辭去現(xiàn)在的工作。③后緊跟不定式時(shí)Heseemedundecidedwhethertogoorstay.他似乎還沒有決定去留。④后緊跟ornot時(shí)Itremainstobeseenwhetherornotthisideacanbeputintopractice.這一想法能否付諸實(shí)踐還有待觀察。⑤位于discuss后引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)Theyarediscussingwhetherthemeetingwillbeputoff.他們正在討論會(huì)議是否會(huì)被推遲。that從句作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，that引導(dǎo)真正的主語從句后置，常見的句式主要有如下幾種：necessary必要的certain明確的natural自然的right正確clear清晰的obvious明顯的important重要的possible可能的likely可能的unlikely不可能的strange奇怪的①It+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+that從句。常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有：Itisobviousthatyou'vemadeabigmistake.很明顯你犯了一個(gè)大錯(cuò)。Itislikelythathecan'tcometothemeeting.很可能他不來參加會(huì)議了。ItisfortunatethatIhavepassedthedrivingtest.很幸運(yùn)我通過了駕駛考試。“Itisnecessary/important/surprising/strange/unthinkable/unbelievable/incredible+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句中謂語常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”形式，其中should可省略。Itisnecessarythatacollegestudent（should）masteroneortwoforeignlanguages.大學(xué)生掌握一兩門外語是必要的。②It+系動(dòng)詞+名詞+that從句。常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞有：apity遺憾anhonor榮耀nowonder難怪nosurprise不奇怪fact事實(shí)wonder奇跡ashame令人遺憾的事goodnews好消息Itisapitythatyoudidn'tattendthelectureyesterday.你昨天沒參加講座真是遺憾。It'snowonderthatyou'veachievedsomuchsuccess.難怪你取得了這么大成功。Itiscommonknowledgethattheearthturnsaroundthesun.地球圍繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)是常識(shí)。③It+be+過去分詞+that從句。常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的過去分詞形式有：said據(jù)說told告訴suggested建議decided作出決定remembered記得thought認(rèn)為considered認(rèn)為well-known很著名heard聽說ordered根據(jù)命令announced據(jù)宣布reported據(jù)報(bào)道advised建議hoped希望Itissaidthattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingoutthisexperiment.據(jù)說這位教授已經(jīng)成功地完成了這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。Itisreportedthatnopassengerswereinjuredintheaccident.據(jù)報(bào)道在事故中沒有乘客受傷。Itisgenerallyconsideredthatboysarebetteratsciencethangirls.人們普遍認(rèn)為男孩比女孩更擅長理科。④It+動(dòng)詞（+賓語或狀語）+that從句。常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：IthappenedthatIwasawaywhenhecalled.他打電話時(shí)，我正好不在家。Itturnsoutthatourteamhaswonthegame.結(jié)果是我們隊(duì)贏了這場比賽。Itoccurredtomethatweshouldgetintouchwiththemanager.我突然想起來我們應(yīng)該與經(jīng)理聯(lián)系。"It+be+suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/demanded+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that以從句中謂語應(yīng)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可省略。Itissuggestedthatyou（should）spendmoretimeinstudyingEnglish.建議你花更多的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)英語。（三）賓語從句1.賓語從句概念在句中作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。2.由關(guān)聯(lián)詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時(shí)，第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。例如：Hehastoldme（that）hewillgotoShanghaitomorrow.他告訴我（他）明天要去上海。Wemustneverthinkthatwearegoodineverythingwhileothersaregoodinnothing.我們決不能認(rèn)為我們是好的，而別人是不好的。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：Iinsistthatshe（should）doherworkalone.Thecommanderorderedthattroops（should）setoffatonce.3.用who，whom，which，whose，what，when，where，why，how，whoever，whatever，whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.我想知道他告訴了你什么。Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.她總在考慮怎樣才能工作得更好。Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.她會(huì)給需要幫助的人一個(gè)溫暖的支持。4.think，believe，imagine，suppose等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健＜磳木渲械姆穸ㄐ问揭频街骶渲?。Wedon'tthinkyouarehere.我們認(rèn)為你不在這。Idon'tbelievehewilldoso.我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。5.注意賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時(shí)態(tài)。①主句謂語動(dòng)詞如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。Iknowyoudon'tknowwhatI