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KnowledgebyHalfTheOne-SidedKnowledgeProjectReachingforKnowledgeFudanUniversityWhatisTacitKnowledgeFudanUniversity?

exchanged?

sharing“know-how”?

madeupofthingsthatweknow,butcannotexplain?

transferredthroughhuman-to-humancontactKnowledgebyHalfmaster/apprenticerelationshipsthousandsofyearsagoWithoutthetacitknowledgeexchangedthroughapprenticeship,apprenticeswouldneverlearnenoughtobecomemastersthemselvesFudanUniversityknowledgeexchangeNEW?SoTrueKnowledgeManagementiscombinedbyablendoflearningFudanUniversityboththecarefullywroughtexplicittextsthelearnedtacitexperienceofthemostseniorguildmembersTheOne-SidedKnowledgeProjectWhysomanyKMprojectsfailfailtolookatthebusinesspurposeforimplementingaKMstrategyignoretheculturalimplicationsthataccompanythecreationofaknowledgesharingculturemoresubtleproblemsincludingfadingcorporateinterest,organizationalstructuresthathampersupport,andmoreThereiscertainlynosinglereasonOneoftheoverlookedareasistheemphasisofexplicitknowledgewhileignoringthevastvalueofthetacitknowledgeFudanUniversityTheOne-SidedKnowledgeProjectFudanUniversityTacitknowledgeexplicitknowledgeEffectiveKM“seetacitandexplicitknowledgeworkinginbothdirections,incontinualfluxandmovement”leadingto“knowledgeconversion.”TheOne-SidedKnowledgeProjectFudanUniversityargumentmanagingtacitknowledgemaybethemorevitalactivity?StephenDenning‘spoint：?mostofourrealknowledgeistacit?thecommunicationbetweenindividualsisafundamentalKMprinciple?“intheend[it]providesavehicleforconveyingunseentacitknowledge.”ReachingforKnowledgecheckedareferenceofsomekind——explicitknowledgeasksomeoneforhelp——tacitknowledgeneedhelp?Thesimpletruthiswereachforhelpbothways:divingthroughmanualsandwebsites,newspapersandbooks,anddivingthroughtheexperienceandknowledgeofthosearoundus.FudanUniversityReachingforKnowledgeExplicitknowledgeiseasiertosee；tacitknowledgeisn’tvisibleandishardtogetahandleon.Withtacitknowledge,it’shardtoknowwhenpeoplearegoingtoreachforit.Again,it’smuchsimplerwithexplicitknowledge.Withtacitknowledge,themappingisn’tso“clean”.FudanUniversityTacitknowledgeexplicitknowledgetoooftencompaniesignore*Wewillseebarrierstoeffectiveriskmanagementinknowledgemanagementintext(2)ReachingforKnowledgeWikstronandNormannWithallthevalueinherentintacitknowledge,itmakessensetoplanasystematicandsimultaneousapproachtomanagingboth.Knowledgeworkersneedboth.FudanUniversityinKnowledgeandValue,refertosuchknowledgeas“know-how”andarguethatitis,“l(fā)earntbywatchingotherpeopledo.”text(2):BarrierstoEffectiveRiskManangementinKnowledgeManagementCultureandtrustExpertversusnon-expertperceptionsofriskThelanguageofriskThemanagementofinformationRiskisintheeyeofitsbeholders:theproblemsoftacitknowledgeEffectiveRiskManangementFudanUniversityCultureandtrustindividualorganizationriskEssentially,individualsperceivegreaterriskfromahazardthantheorganizationsinvolvedhavecommunicated.Fromaneconomicperspective,ithasbeensuggestedthatmanagementhavelimitedincentivestodevelopanddisseminateinformationaboutrisk.Movingtoamoreorganizationalperspective,itmayalsobethatmanagershavelittlemotivationforofferingemployeesmoreriskinformation,sincepromotioncriteriaaregenerallynotlinkedtoissuesrelatingtohealthandsafetyperformance.FudanUniversityExpertversusnon-expertperceptionsofriskexpertnon-expertfail

tomutuallycommunicatetheirperceptionsofriskaparticularlysignificantproblemwherethenon-expertisaregulatorwhomustofferadvicetoorganizationsinseekingtoprotectthebestinterestsofthepublicFudanUniversityThelanguageofrisk1.Expertswillfaceconsiderabledifficultiesincommunicatingwithoutrecoursetojargon.2.Conflictcontinuesandmayescalate,ratherthandevelopingintowhathasbeentermedco-operativediscourse3.Peoplecanusesimilartermsindifferentways,andindeeddifferenttermstomeanthesamethings.FudanUniversityThemanagementofinformationInformationhandlingdifficultiesBoundedrationalityCloseoffalternativeinterpretationofriskLimiteduseFudanUniversityTheproblemsoftacitknowledgeAriskis'theodds'thatahazardwillhavesomeimpact---itisavirtualentity,andonethatisdynamicandtransient.Creatingacommonperceptionisnotatalldesirable,sincethiswouldsignificantlyreducethegroup'scapacitytoeff