學(xué)案30《燭之武退秦師》《鴻門宴》復(fù)習(xí)任務(wù)1.梳理積累兩文中的文言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，重點(diǎn)掌握古今異義詞和多義實(shí)詞“步”“然”“意”“備”。2.翻譯重點(diǎn)句子。活動(dòng)一基礎(chǔ)梳理1．通假字請(qǐng)指出下列句中的通假字，并解釋意思。①行李之往來，共其乏困“________”同“________”，___________________________________________②夫晉，何厭之有“________”同“________”，____________________________________________③距關(guān)，毋內(nèi)諸侯a．“________”同“________”，_________________________________________b．“________”同“________”，_________________________________________④臣與將軍戮力而攻秦“________”同“________”，___________________________________________⑤張良出，要項(xiàng)伯“________”同“________”，___________________________________________⑥愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也“________”同“________”，____________________________________________⑦旦日不可不蚤自來謝項(xiàng)王“________”同“________”，___________________________________________⑧令將軍與臣有郤“________”同“________”，___________________________________________⑨因擊沛公于坐“________”同“________”，____________________________________________2．古今異義請(qǐng)寫出下列加點(diǎn)詞語的古義。①若舍鄭以為東道主古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：請(qǐng)客的主人②行李之往來古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：出門所帶的包裹、箱子等③微夫人之力不及此古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：尊稱一般人的妻子④沛公居山東時(shí)古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：山東?、菁s為婚姻古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：結(jié)婚的事；因結(jié)婚而產(chǎn)生的夫妻關(guān)系⑥備他盜之出入與非常也古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：副詞，十分，極⑦將軍戰(zhàn)河北，臣戰(zhàn)河南古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：河北省/河南?、喽牸?xì)說古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：詳細(xì)地說3．多義實(shí)詞請(qǐng)解釋下列加點(diǎn)詞的意思。(1)步①沛公則置車騎，脫身獨(dú)騎，與樊噲、夏侯嬰、靳強(qiáng)、紀(jì)信等四人持劍盾步走：________________________________________________________________________②且李陵提步卒不滿五千，深踐戎馬之地(《報(bào)任安書》)：步兵③故不積跬步，無以至千里(《勸學(xué)》)：_____________________________________④纖纖作細(xì)步(《孔雀東南飛并序》)：_______________________________________(2)然①然鄭亡，子亦有不利焉：_______________________________________________②不然，籍何以至此：___________________________________________________③沛公默然：___________________________________________________________④王曰：“然，誠(chéng)有百姓者?！?《齊桓晉文之事》)：________________________________________________________________________⑤而半山居霧若帶然(《登泰山記》)：______________________________________(3)意①然不自意能先入關(guān)破秦：________________________________________________②其意常在沛公也：_____________________________________________________③目似瞑，意暇甚(《狼》)：______________________________________________④醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之間也(《醉翁亭記》)：________________________________________________________________________⑤吾意久懷忿，汝豈得自由(《孔雀東南飛并序》)：________________________________________________________________________(4)備①備他盜之出入與非常也：________________________________________________②而神明自得，圣心備焉(《勸學(xué)》)：______________________________________③此則岳陽樓之大觀也，前人之述備矣(《岳陽樓記》)：________________________________________________________________________④蟹白栗黃，備極護(hù)愛(《促織》)：________________________________________4．詞類活用掌握下列加點(diǎn)詞的活用類型，并解釋意思。(1)名詞作動(dòng)詞①與鄭人盟：___________________________________________________________②沛公欲王關(guān)中：________________________________________________________③籍吏民：_____________________________________________________________④范增數(shù)目項(xiàng)王：_______________________________________________________⑤刑人如恐不勝：________________________________________________________⑥道芷陽間行：_________________________________________________________(2)名詞作狀語①夜縋而出：__________________________________________________________②朝濟(jì)而夕設(shè)版焉：_____________________________________________________③吾得兄事之：________________________________________________________④常以身翼蔽沛公：_____________________________________________________⑤頭發(fā)上指：____________________________________________________________(3)形容詞作名詞①越國(guó)以鄙遠(yuǎn)：__________________________________________________________②共其乏困：___________________________________________________________(4)形容詞作動(dòng)詞①鄰之厚，君之薄也：___________________________________________________②素善留侯張良：_______________________________________________________③秋毫不敢有所近：_____________________________________________________(5)意動(dòng)用法越國(guó)以鄙遠(yuǎn)：___________________________________________________________(6)使動(dòng)用法①若不闕秦：___________________________________________________________②若亡鄭而有益于君：___________________________________________________③既東封鄭：___________________________________________________________④項(xiàng)伯殺人，臣活之：___________________________________________________⑤交戟之衛(wèi)士欲止不內(nèi)：_________________________________________________⑥先破秦入咸陽者王之：_________________________________________________5．特殊句式掌握下列句子的句式類型，并指出標(biāo)志詞。(如是倒裝句請(qǐng)調(diào)整語序)(1)賓語前置句①何厭之有：___________________________________________________________②籍何以至此/客何為者/大王來何操/沛公安在：________________________________________________________________________(2)被動(dòng)句若屬皆且為所虜/吾屬今為之虜矣：_________________________________________(3)判斷句如今人方為刀俎，我為魚肉：______________________________________________(4)固定句式孰與君少長(zhǎng)：___________________________________________________________6．文化常識(shí)(1)侯、伯：春秋時(shí)期有公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵位，與世襲的宗法、分封等制度互為表里，爵位往往就是政治權(quán)力的標(biāo)志。秦以后的爵制(分為賜爵與封爵)，與先秦爵制的性質(zhì)有所不同。爵位不具備行政職能，主要用來確定皇親、功臣世襲的政治名位和經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利。(2)執(zhí)事：辦事的官員，文中代指對(duì)方(秦穆公)，表示恭敬。(3)季父：古代兄弟姊妹間習(xí)慣以“伯(孟)”“仲”“叔”“季”排序?！安佟眱勺诌B用，表示相差不多，難分高下，成語有“不分伯仲”“伯仲之間”。(4)關(guān)中：函谷關(guān)(在今河南靈寶東北)以西，泛指戰(zhàn)國(guó)末期秦之故地，今陜西一帶?；顒?dòng)二重點(diǎn)鞏固1．語句翻譯把下列句子翻譯成現(xiàn)代漢語。(1)若亡鄭而有益于君，敢以煩執(zhí)事。越國(guó)以鄙遠(yuǎn)，君知其難也。譯文：________________________________________________________________________(2)因人之力而敝之，不仁；失其所與，不知；以亂易整，不武。吾其還也。譯文：________________________________________________________________________(3)項(xiàng)伯乃夜馳之沛公軍，私見張良，具告以事。譯文：________________________________________________________________________(4)所以遣將守關(guān)者，備他盜之出入與非常也。譯文：______________________________________