第II題閱讀理解

專題一事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)類題目

［命題特點(diǎn)］

針對原文具體敘述本身設(shè)問，可以直接或間接的從文中找到答

案，常以who,which,what,where等設(shè)問。

［考查重點(diǎn)］

(1)直接理解題(信息可在原文中直接找到答案)。

(2)語意轉(zhuǎn)化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語意上的轉(zhuǎn)

換)。

［方法技巧］

1.查讀法

(1)速讀全文，明確段落中心句，掌握大意。

(2)按文章體裁、作者組材方式尋找關(guān)鍵信息詞。

(3)找到細(xì)節(jié)，認(rèn)真推敲甚至計算等。

2.按組材模式閱讀(常見模式)

(1)列舉型：抓住作者所舉事例。

(2)時間、空間型：掌握具體的時間、地點(diǎn)。

(3)分類、例證型：掌握例證的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，以便得到答案。

(4)程序型：理清說明事物的順序，從而得出答案。

(5)因果分析型：理清因果關(guān)系，從而推出答案。

(6)比較、對比型：通過比較，對比事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，找到答案。

（7）留意不含阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，但代表時間或數(shù)量的單詞。

如：atdawn（黎明時），score（20）,fortnight（14days）,century（100

years）,quarter（：/15minutes）9decade（lOyears）,aseason（3months）9

week（7days）,couple（2個），double/doubled（翻倍），multiplied（乘），

bedivided（除以），average（平均），sum（求和），inall（總共）。

Passage1

Lastnighfsmeteor（流星）showerleftmanypeopleinthe

communitydissatisfiedanddemandinganswers.AccordingtoGabe

Rothschild,EmeraldValley'smayor,peoplegatheredinthesuburbs

ofthecity,carryingheavytelescopes,expectingtowatchthebrightly

burningmeteorspassingthroughthesky.Whattheyfoundinstead

wasaskysobrightenedbythecity'slightsthatitdarkenedthelight

ofthemeteorspassingoverhead.

“Myfamilywassofrustrated,admittedtownresidentDuane

Cosby."Wewantedtomakethisanunforgettablefamilyouting,but

itturnedouttobeahugedisappointment.^

Astronomers-scientistswhostudystarsandplanets—have

beencomplainingaboutthisproblemfordecades.Theysaythatlight

pollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycould

seequiteeasilyinthepast.Theycallonpeopleandthegovernmentto

takemeasurestofightagainstit.

Thereisyetapopulationbesidesprofessionalandamateurstar

observersthatsuffersevenmorefromlightpollution.This

populationconsistsofbirds,bats,frogs,snakes9etc.Forexample,

outdoorlightingseverelyaffectsmigrating（遷徙的）birds.According

totheInternationalDark-SkyAssociation,^100millionbirdsayear

throughoutNorthAmericadieincrasheswithlightedbuildingsand

towers.”

Countlessmoreanimalcasualties（傷亡）resultfromtheuseof

artificiallighting.Clearly,peopleenjoythebenefitsoflightingtheir

evenings,butsomescientiststhinkitcanbeharmfulforhumans>

too.Theyworrythatexposuretolightwhilesleepingcanincreasea

person'schancesofgettingcancer.

EmeraldValleyisonlyonecommunitythatisbecomingawareof

thenegativeeffectsoflightpollution.Foryears,Flagstaff,Arizona,

hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertoassist

astronomersattheLowellObservatory.Similareffortshavebeen

madeworldwide,andamovementisunderwaytoremindustoturn

offlightswhenwearenotusingthem,sothatothercreaturescan

sharethenight.

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇科普文，主要介紹了城市的光污染對

日常生活、天文學(xué)家的工作以及動物的生活都產(chǎn)生了消極的影響。在

Flagstaff,Arizona已經(jīng)采取了燈光管理措施。

1.Ithappenedlastnightthat.

A.thecity'slightsaffectedthemeteorwatching

B?themeteorsflewpastbeforebeingnoticed

C.thecitylightshowattractedmanypeople

D.themeteorwatchingendedupasocialouting

解析：根據(jù)第一段最后一句"???sobrightenedbythecity'slights

thatitdarkenedthelightofthemeteorspassingoverhead.“可知，昨

天晚上由于城市的燈光太亮，影響了人們觀看流星。故選A。

答案：A

2.Whatdotheastronomerscomplainabout?

A.Meteorshowersoccurlessoftenthanbefore.

B.Theirobservationequipmentisinpoorrepair.

C.Lightpollutionhasremainedunsolvedforyears.

D.Theireyesightisfailingduetoartificiallighting.

解析：根據(jù)第三段“??.havebeencomplainingaboutthisproblem

fordecades.Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfrom...”可

知，天文學(xué)家多年來一直在抱怨光污染問題未解決。故選C。

答案：c

3.WhatistheauthorconcernedaboutaccordingtoParagraph

4?

A.Birdsmaytakeothermigrationpaths.

B.Animals'livinghabitsmaychangesuddenly.

C.Varietiesofanimalswillbecomesharplyreduced.

D.Animals'survivalisthreatenedbyoutdoorlighting.

解析：根據(jù)第四段第一、二句"...thatsuffersevenmorefromlight

pollution.Thispopulationconsistsofbirds,bats,frogs,snakes,etc.”

以及本段最后一句“???‘100millionbirdsayearthroughout...diein

crasheswithlightedbuildingsandtowers/”可知，作者第四段主要

敘述的是動物也受到了光污染的影響，甚至它們的生存也受到了影

響。故選D。

答案：D

4.LightingregulationsinFlagstaff,Arizonaareputintoeffect

to.

A.lessenthechanceofgettingcancer

B.createanidealobservationcondition

C.ensurecitizensagoodsleepatnight

D.enableallcreaturestoliveinharmony

解析:根據(jù)第六段第二句“…h(huán)asenforcedlightingregulationsin

itscityinordertoassistastronomers可知，這條規(guī)定是為了給天

文學(xué)家的工作創(chuàng)造理想的觀察條件。故選B。

答案：B

5.Whatmessagedoestheauthormostwanttogiveus?

A.Savingwildlifeissavingourselves.

B.Greateffortsshouldbemadetosaveenergy.

C.Humanactivitiesshouldbeenvironmentally

friendly.

D.Newequipmentshouldbeintroducedforspacestudy.

解析：根據(jù)整篇文章的敘述，作者主要描述了城市的光污染對人

們生活、工作以及動物的生存造成的影響，因此作者在文中呼吁我們

人類的活動應(yīng)該對環(huán)境有利。故選C。

答案：C

Passage2

Studyingvolcanoesisademandingprofession.HazelRymer

frequentlyhastostrugglethroughrainforests,climbtothetopof

mountains,thenclimb200metresintothecraterofactivevolcanoes.

Butthe38—year-oldvolcanologistdoesherbesttomakeitsound

lessalarmingthanitis."Drivingtoworkismorerisky,“sheinsists.

“AndthedeepestIgointothecraterofavolcanoisabout300

metres,wsheadds,tryingtomakeitallsoundasordinaryastaking

thedogforawalk.

Hazelhasbeenstudyingvolcanoesforalongtime,soit*snot

surprisingsheisusedtothedanger.Herinterestinvolcanoesbegan

atschool.AteachergaveherabookaboutPompeii."Iremember

readingabouttheeruptionofVesuviusandthedestructionofthe

city,“sheexplains."Thethoughtofallthosepeoplejustfrozenin

timehadquiteaneffectonmeandIamstillexcitedbytheir

dangerousbeautytoday.”

Nowadays,volcanoesaregettingmoreandmoreunpredictable.

Therehavebeenmanychangesinsealevelcausedbyglobalwarming

andmeltingicecaps.Thesehaveresultedinsomedormantvolcanoes

erupting,sostudyingthemismoredangerousthaneverbefore.Hazel

saysthatalthoughshedoesn*ttakeanyunnecessaryrisk,shehashad

somefrighteningmoments.Herworstexperiencewasontheslopesof

MountEtnainSicily,whenshewasslowlysurroundedbylava."I

hadachoiceofwalkingtenhourstogetaroundthelavafloworjust

walkingacrossit,“sheexplains.Shechosetopickapathacrossthe

coolerrocksinthelavastream."Iguessitwasfivemetres.Theflow

was1,000°C,soifyouhesitated,yourbootswouldbegintomelt.It

wasscary,butitreallywasapracticaldecision—therewasn'ttimeto

doanythingelse.”

Andwhataboutthefuture?”Ihaven'tbeentothevolcanoesin

Indonesiayet.AndIwouldlovetospendsometimeworkinginthe

Antarctic,nshesays."Iwouldalsoliketoknowwhyquietlava

flowseruptfromsomevolcanoesandwhyothervolcanoesgobang.^^

Inotherwords,HazelRymerwon*tbeexchanginghervolcanoesfor

therelativesafetyofdrivingtoworkjustyet.

【語篇解讀】本文主要介紹了火山學(xué)家HazelRymer的一些

關(guān)于火山的研究活動。盡管研究火山充滿不可預(yù)測的風(fēng)險，但是

Hazel也不會改變自己的選擇。

1.Hazel'sclaimthatadrivingtoworkismoreriskywthan

exploringvolcanoesshowsthat.

A.peoplehaveexaggeratedthedangersofvolcanoesinthepast

B.Hazeldoesnotreallyunderstandthedangeroussituationsshe

putsherselfin

C.therearemanybaddriversintheplacewhereHazellives

D.Hazelisbeingmodestandunderstatingthedangersshefaces

解析：由此句話的前一句"Butthe38—year—oldvolcanologist

doesherbesttomakeitsoundlessalarmingthanitis.”以及此句話

可知，HazelRymer說開車上班比對火山進(jìn)行研究更危險可推斷出，

她是以一種謙虛的說法淡化其面臨的危險。

答案：D

2.WhendidHazelfirstbecomeinterestedinvolcanoes?

A.WhenshewasvisitingItaly.

B.Whenshewasatschool.

C.Whenshewastwenty.

D.WhenshesawVesuvius.

解析：由第二段第二句“Herinterestinvolcanoesbeganat

school.”可知她在讀書時就對火山感興趣。

答案：B

3.Theunderlinedword"These”(inParagraph3)refersto

A.meltingicecapsB.volcaniceruptions

C?changesinsealevelD.highertemperatures

解析：由畫線詞的前一句話“Therehavebeenmanychangesin

sealevelcausedbyglobalwarmingandmeltingicecaps.”可知畫線詞

應(yīng)該指的是海平線的變化。

答案：C

4.WhenHazelwasonMountEtna,shehadto.

A,takeadangerousroute

B.takeanunnecessaryrisk

C.leaveherbootsbehind

D.walkfortenhoursaroundthemountain

解析：由第三段最后幾句"'Ihadachoiceofwalkingtenhours

togetaroundthelavafloworjustwalkingacrossit,'she

explains.Shechosetopickapathacrossthecoolerrocksinthelava

stream.guessitwasfivemetres.Theflowwas1,000°C,soifyou

hesitated,yourbootswouldbegintomelt.ltwasscary,butitreally

wasapracticaldecision—therewasn'ttimetodoanythingelse.,”

可知她選擇了從熔巖流中走過，而這是一條危險的路。

答案：A

5.Inthefuture,Hazelwantsto.

A,revisitvolcanoessheknows

B.goonholidaytotheAntarctic

C.findalessdangerousjob

D.discovernewthingsaboutvolcanoes

解析：由最后一段內(nèi)容".?.Iwouldalsoliketoknowwhyquiet

lavaflowseruptfromsomevolcanoesandwhyothervolcanoesgo

bang...”可知，Hazel將繼續(xù)對火山進(jìn)行研究，并發(fā)現(xiàn)一些新的東西。

答案：D

Passage3

Onlineclothesshopperswillbetoldexactlywhatsizeisbest,for

themusingnewsoftwarewhichcombineswiththeirwebcamor

smartphonetoforma"3Dtapemeasure”.

ScientistsfromSurreyUniversityanddesignexpertsfromthe

LondonCollegeofFashionaredevelopingaprogrammewhichcan

takeprecisewaist,hip,chestandothermeasurementsfromcamera

images.

Usingtheperson*sheightasastartingpoint,thesoftwarewillbe

abletobuildupandestimatetheirsizeatvariousdifferentpointson

thebody,basedontheiroverallproportions.

Theresultwillbeamoreaccuratesizingguidethanprevious

systemsbasedonthewaistsizeoraasmall/medium/largewscale,

whichrelyonlimitedmeasurementsandthebuyer'sperceptionof

theirownbodysize.

Shoppersandretailers（零售商）whochoosetosignupforthe

projectcouldsavemillionsofpoundsayearinpostagecostsby

removingtheneedtoordermultiplesizesofthesamegarment(月艮裝)

andsendbackill-fittingclothes,researchersclaimed.

Theproject,sponsoredbytheEngineeringandPhysicalSciences

ResearchCouncil(EPSRC),isexpectedtobebroughttomarket

withintwoyears.

Afterchoosinganitem,theshopperwillactivatethesoftware,

entertheirheight,standinfrontoftheirwebcamorsmartphonein

theirunderwearandtakeaphotograph.

ThesoftwarewillnotstoreortransmittheimagetotheInternet,

butwilluseittojudgetheperson*sdimensionsatvariouspointson

theirbody.

PhilipDelamoreoftheLondonCollegeofFashionsaid,“The

potentialbenefitsforthefashionindustryandforshoppersarehuge.

Currently,it*scommonforonlineshopperstoordertwoorthree

differentsizesofthesameitemofclothingatthesametime,as

they*reunsurewhichonewillfitbest.”

【語篇解讀】英國薩里大學(xué)科學(xué)家和倫敦時裝學(xué)院設(shè)計專家

共同開發(fā)的一款3D軟件可以根據(jù)用戶上傳的照片精確測量出用戶的

腰圍、臀圍、胸圍等關(guān)鍵尺寸，以幫助用戶選定最適合的服裝。

1.Whatistheessentialpartofa"3Dtapemeasurew?

A.Asoftware.B.Awebcam.

C.Amicrophone.D.Asmartphone.

解析：通讀全文以及第一段“???forthemusingnewsoftware

whichcombineswiththeirwebcamorsmartphonetoforma'3D

tapemeasure.99可知文章主要介紹了一款能實(shí)現(xiàn)3D量體的軟件，

因此選A項。

答案：A

2.Whatcanwelearnaboutthe"3Dtapemeasurew?

A.ItwillstoreortransmittheimagetotheInternet.

B.Itisbasedonthebuyer*sperceptionoftheirsize.

C.Itwillbeaco-workingproduction.

D.Itusesaperson'sweightasastartingpoint.

解析：根據(jù)第二段“ScientistsfromSurreyUniversityanddesign

expertsfromtheLondonCollegeofFashionaredevelopinga

programme...”可知，這款軟件是科學(xué)家和設(shè)計專家共同研發(fā)的，因

此選C項。

答案：C

3.Comparedwiththetraditionalsizingsystem,a“3Dtape

measure99is.

A,quickerB.moreprecise

C.morebeautifulD.morevivid

解析：根據(jù)第四段“Theresultwillbeamoreaccuratesizing

guidethanprevioussystemsbasedonthewaistsizeora

^small/medium/large*scale...w可知，此3D測量軟件比傳統(tǒng)軟件更

精確，因此選B項。

答案：B

4.Howcanthe"3Dtapemeasurewbenefitonlineshoppers?

A.Onlineshopperswillgettheirorderedgarmentintime.

B.Onlineshopperswillgettheirorderedgarmentmorequickly.

C.Onlineshopperswillgetanorderedgarmentofhighquality.

D?Onlineshopperswillgetanorderedgarmenttotheir

measure.

解析：通讀全文可知，網(wǎng)購者使用文章中介紹的a“3Dtape

measure”來測量衣服的尺寸，能夠買到更符合自己型號的衣服，因

此選D項。

答案：D

5.Whatistherightorderforashoppertoforma"3Dtape

measure!

①totakeaphotowithawebcam

②toactivatethesoftware

(3)toenterhis/herheight

(4)tojudgehisorhersizebyanalysinghisorherimage

A.①②③④B.②①③④

C.②③①④D.②③??

解析:根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Afterchoosinganitem,theshopperwill

activatethesoftware,entertheirheight,standinfrontoftheir

webcamorsmartphoneintheirunderwearandtakeaphotograph.”

以及倒數(shù)第二段“Thesoftwarewillnotstoreortransmittheimageto

theInternet,butwilluseittojudgetheperson'sdimensionsat

variouspointsontheirbody.”可知這個項目首先激活軟件，然后測量

其身高，再用網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像機(jī)攝像，最后通過分析其影像來判斷其身材，

故答案為C項。

答案：c

Passage4

ThePacificislandnationofNauruusedtobeabeautiful

place.Nowitisanecologicaldisasterarea.Nauru'sheartbreaking

storycouldhaveonegoodconsequence—othercountriesmightlearn

fromitsmistakes.

Forthousandsofyears,Polynesianpeoplelivedintheremote

islandofNauru,farfromWesterncivilization.ThefirstEuropeanto

arrivewasJohnFearnin1798.HewastheBritishcaptainofthe

Hunter,awhalingship.HecalledtheislandPleasantIsland.

However,becauseitwasveryremote,Nauruhadlittle

communicationwithEuropeansatfirst.Thewhalingshipsandother

tradersbegantovisitit,bringinggunsandalcohol.Theseelements

destroyedthesocialbalanceofthetwelvefamilygroupsonthe

island.Aten-yearcivilwarstartedtwhichreducedthepopulation

from1,400to900.

Nauru*srealtroublesbeganin1899whenaBritishmining

companydiscoveredphosphate（磷酸鹽）ontheisland.Infact,itfound

thattheislandofNauruwasnearlyallphosphate?whichwasavery

importantfertilizerforfarming.Thecompanybeganminingthe

phosphate.

Aphosphatemineisnotaholeintheground；itisastrip

mine.Whenacompanydiscoversstripmining,itremovesthetop

layerofsoil.Thenittakesawaythematerialitwants.Stripmining

totallydestroystheland.Gradually,thelovelyislandofNaurustarted

tolooklikethemoon.

In1968,Naurubecameoneoftherichestcountriesinthe

world.Everyyearthegovernmentreceivedmillionsandmillionsof

dollarsforitsphosphate.

Unfortunately,theleadersinvestedthemoneyunwiselyandlost

millionsofdollars.Inaddition>theyusedmillionsmoredollarsfor

personalexpenses.Soonpeoplerealizedthattheyhadaterrible

problem—theirphosphatewasrunningout.Ninetypercentoftheir

islandwasdestroyedandtheyhadnothing.By2023,Nauruwas

financiallyruined.Expertssaythatitwouldtakeapproximately$433,

600,000andmorethan20yearstorepairtheisland.Thiswill

probablyneverhappen.

【語篇解讀】文章主要講述了太平洋島國瑙魯如何從一個環(huán)

境優(yōu)美的天堂島變成一個生態(tài)失衡、滿目瘡痍的小島的故事。

1.Whatmightbetheauthor*spurposeinwritingthetext?

A.ToseekhelpforNauru'sproblems.

B.Togiveawarningtoothercountries.

C.Toshowtheimportanceofmoney.

D.Totellaheartbreakingstoryofawar.

解析：由文章第一段的“Nowitisanecologicaldisaster

area.Nauru'sheartbreakingstorycouldhaveonegood

consequence-othercountriesmightlearnfromitsmistakes.可以

看出，作者的目的是給當(dāng)前很多只注重發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)而忽略環(huán)境保護(hù)的國

家一個警告。故選B項。

答案：B

2.WhatwasNaurulikebeforetheEuropeanscame?

A.Richandpowerful.

B.Modernandopen.

C.Peacefulandattractive.

D.Greedyandaggressive.

解析：從第一段提到的“太平洋上的國家瑙魯島曾經(jīng)是一個美麗

的地方”看出，瑙魯島很吸引人；由第二段第一句以及第三段第一句

可知，上千年來，瑙魯島的人們生活在偏遠(yuǎn)的小島上，過著平靜的生

活。故選C項。

答案：c

3.TheecologicaldisasterinNaururesultedfrom

■

A.soilpollutionB.phosphateovermining

C.farmingactivityD.whalehunting

解析：最后一段的“Soonpeoplerealizedthattheyhadaterrible

problem-theirphosphatewasrunningout.Ninetypercentoftheir

islandwasdestroyedandtheyhadnothing."即"磷酸鹽逐漸減少，

開采殆盡”。由此可以看出，“磷酸鹽的過量開采”導(dǎo)致了瑙魯島的

生態(tài)災(zāi)難。故選B項。

答案：B

4.WhichofthefollowingwasacauseofNaum'sfinancial

problem?

A.Itsleadersmisusedthemoney.

B.Itspenttoomuchrepairingtheisland.

C.Itsphosphateminingcostmuchmoney.

D.Itlostmillionsofdollarsinthecivilwar.

解析：由最后一段的“Unfortunately,theleadersinvestedthe

moneyunwiselyandlostmillionsofdollars.Inaddition,theyused

millionsmoredollarsforpersonalexpenses.”看出,是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人不正確

地使用資金導(dǎo)致了財政問題。故選A項。

答案：A

5.WhatcanwelearnaboutNaurufromthelastparagraph?

A.Theecologicaldamageisdifficulttorepair.

B.Theleaderswilltaketheexperts*wordsseriously.

C.TheislandwasabandonedbytheNauruans.

D.Thephosphateminesweredestroyed.

解析：文章最后告訴我們：Expertssaythatitwouldtake

approximately$433,600,000andmorethan20yearstorepairthe

island.也就是說，瑙魯島上的生態(tài)損失彌補(bǔ)起來需要大量的資金和時

間，即選項所說的“修復(fù)起來很難故選A項。

答案：A

Passage5

An“applepolisher“isonewhogivesgiftstowinfriendshipor

specialtreatment.Itisnotexactlyabribe（賄賂）,butisclosetoit.

Allsortsofpeopleareaapplepolishersincludingpoliticians

andpeopleinhighoffices-justaboutcvcrybody.OlivcrCromwell,

thegreatEnglishleader,offeredmanygiftstowinthesupportof

GeorgeFoxandhisparty,butfailed.

Thereareotherphrasesmeaningthesamethingas“apple一

polishingw一soft—soapingwor"buttering-up”.Agiftisjust

onewayto”soft-soap“somebody,ortoabutterhimup”.

Anotherthatisjustaseffectiveisflattery,givingsomeonehighpraise

-tellinghimhowgoodhelooks,orhowwellhespeaks,orhow

talentedandwiseheis.

Endlessarethewaysofflattery.Whodoesnotlovetohearit?

Onlyanunusualmancanresistthethrillofbeingtoldhow

wonderfulheis.Intruth,flatteryisgoodmedicineformostofus,

whogetsolittleofit.

Weneedittobemoresureofourselves.Itcannothurtunlesswe

getcarriedawaybyit.Butifwejustlapitupforitsgoodvalueand

nourishment,asacatlapsupmilk,thenwecanstillremaintrueto

ourselves.

Sometimes,however,flatterywillgetyounothingfromonewho

hashadtoomuchofit.Agoodexampleisthefamous12thcentury

legendofKingCanuteofDenmarkandEngland.Thekinggottired

oflisteningtoendlesssickeningflatteryofhiscourtiers（朝臣）.They

overpraisedhimtotheskies,asamanoflimitlesspower.

Hedecidedtoteachthemalesson.Hetookthemtotheseashore

andsatdown.Thenheorderedthewavestostopcomingin.Thetide

wastoobusytolistentohim.Thekingwassatisfled.Thismightshow

hisfollowershowweakhispowerwasandhowemptytheirflattery

was.

【語篇解讀】本文論述了現(xiàn)代社會存在的一種普遍現(xiàn)象：人

們往往為了自己的一點(diǎn)兒利益去送禮或者說一些阿諛奉承的話，而且

有時即使這樣做了也未必就能實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的愿望。

1.Whichofthefollowingactivitieshasnothingtodowith

“apple-polishing”?

A,Aboytellshisgirlfriendhowprettyshelooks.

B.Anemployeetellsherbosshowgoodheisatmanagement.

C.Aknightissaidtobeoflimitlesspowerbyhisfollowers.

D.Ateacherpraisesherstuden