一、藝藝術(shù)的目的：AccordingtowhatFreudhassaid一、藝藝術(shù)的目的：AccordingtowhatFreudhassaidart,inessence,isakindofreleaseofindividuallust,convertingthehumanlibidointoplentifulcreativity.Itisthroughtheworkofartthatartistsexpresstheirpassions,emotions,anddesires.Concerningwiththeinnerworldratherthanwiththeoutsideone藝術(shù)的作用oldestdefinitionofthefunctionoftheartsisthattheyprovidepleasure（娛樂）presentuswithinsightintowhatiseternalanduniversal（理解人性）canbedenotedasexpressionismtheartist'suseofamediumtoexpressuniquepassionandinsight（作為表達(dá)方式）artattheserviceofleaders—theChurch,thegovernment,andthearistocracy(藝術(shù)為政府服務(wù))Theexpressionofprivatefeelingsandthecriticismofsociety（表達(dá)私人情感，對社會的批判ARenaissancepaintingofaMadonna（圣母瑪利亞）andchild,formanyviewers,issomehowarevelationoftranscendentaBeethovensymphonyisthelastwordonhumanenduranceBeautymanywouldinsist,istheveryhallmarkofwhatistruly"art."Somenarrativeartsnovel,film)instructustosomeextent.Thisworkswithmoralreflectthehumancharacter.（反映人性藝術(shù)最初不被理解Yet,anever-lengtheninghonorrolldistinguishesworksfirstreceivedasunacceptablebyresistant.asamongthegreatestintheAmericantradition,wererejectedasbyhissitters.（ThomasEakins的繪畫作品，現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是美國傳統(tǒng)上最杰出的畫家，但是曾經(jīng)卻被他的被畫人所堅決抵VanGogh,twoofwhosestilllifepaintingshaverecentlybrokenallrecordsinsellingfor$50million,soldonlyoneofhispaintingsinhisentirecareer.梵高，他其中的兩幅作品最近打破了50萬的售價。但是他的整個人生只賣出過一副作品（這個例子很WhentheFrenchgavetheStatueofLibertytoournationin1886,theAugustaChronicle--inGeorgia-condemneditasapaganimageunsuitabletoour藝術(shù)的資為什么要資助？Oneideaisthatculturemakesusabettersociety;Federalsupportisneededtopreventourdeclineintoculturalbarbarism.Anotherideaisthatthefreemarketfailstoprovideoutletsforthehigherformsofart.一個想法是：文化是提供給我Thereisalsothemythofthestarvingartist-ifweneglecttosupportthearts,wewillcondemninganotherGoghorMozarttoawretchedexistence.Itisalsogenerallyrecognizedthatmanyhighlytalentedartistslackcommercialaptitude,andthisleadstoanargumentthatthepublichasaresponsibilitytosupportthem.同樣有餓死的藝術(shù)家的神話—如果我們忽略了政治資助：GovernmentsupportoftheartsmustalwaysbepoliticizedandOneofthecuriouscontradictionsofthosewhodemandgovernmentsupportisthattheyalsodemandabsolutefreedomofexpressionfortheartist.另外一個奇怪的沖突就是，那些需要政府支持的藝術(shù)家，同樣需要絕對的自由來表達(dá)自己例子的論述：Butevenelectedgovernmentsmustimpose"partylines"onartistswhoreceivegovernmentsupport.Thiscontrolinademocraticsocietymaybehiddenandindirect,butitiscontrolnevertheless.但是即使是被選舉出來的政府也是對藝術(shù)家施加政府資助對藝術(shù)無影響（美國intradition,wererebuffedasintolerablebyhisregardedasoneofthegreatestpainterinthe一個人的偉大是根據(jù)后人1938:Painting1938:PaintingAndSculpture--ArtintheUnitedStates：In1938theUnitedStatesGovernmentcontinuedtoactaschiefpatronofemployingseveralthousandartistsandbringingartbeforeanincreasinglylargepublicalloverthecountry.政府資助對藝術(shù)有影響（SovietSovietleadershavebeendenouncedfortheirheavy-handedcontrolofartistsinthepast,butithasbeenentirelylogicalandproperfromtheirpointofviewTheSovietgovernmentiscriticizedforexpectingartistsandwriterstofollowthepartylineintheirwork.民間力量的資thefinearts--hasalwaysdependedprimarilyonthepatronageofprivateindividualsandbusinesses,andnotonthegovernment.TheMedici,apowerfulbankingfamilyofRenaissanceItaly,supportedartistsMichelangeloandRaphael.Duringthe20thCenturytheprimarysourceofculturalsupportwereprivatefundsestablishedbyindustrialmagnatesCarnegie,Mellon,Rockefellerand市場應(yīng)該起主導(dǎo)作用，藝術(shù)家可以自謀生路：Highlytrainedandtalentedthoughwemaybe,thevalueofourservicesisfinallydecidedbywhatpeoplewillpayforthem.即使我們可能有天分，但是我們的價值最終由人們所付的錢來決定藝術(shù)的自由狀態(tài)；Weshouldkeepinmind,howeverthatconditionsoflibertyaremostlikelytobringthegreatestadvancesinartandartisticexpressions.Artistsalsoaremorelikelytothriveandproduceinasocietywherefree-marketconditionsareactive.Thoughsomeartistsresentthedemandsandrequirementsofthemarketplace,thebestopportunitiesforrealimprovementsintheartsareprovidedbyawhollyfreemarket.我們應(yīng)該要記住，自由的狀態(tài)最有可能帶來藝術(shù)和藝術(shù)表達(dá)的巨大進(jìn)步。如果在產(chǎn)生真正進(jìn)步的最好機會是提供一個完全自由的市場。Thefreemarketalsogivesartiststheopportunitytofollowtheirownaspirationsinseekingfullexpression.自由市場同樣給了藝術(shù)家機會來根據(jù)自己的渴望來尋找最充分的表達(dá)技術(shù)對藝術(shù)的影響：技術(shù)的發(fā)達(dá)給藝術(shù)家很多自由表達(dá)的機會：Anotherimportantpointisthatthetechnologicaladvancesofamarket-driveneconomyalsobenefittheartistThankstomanydevelopments,artistsnowhavematerialsandprocessesthatsimplydidnotexist100yearsago.100年前所沒有藝術(shù)的反抗，促使社會改變：1）Asecondkindofexpressionismalsodevelopedinthe19thcentury.Thisonewasmuchmoreoffensive.Insocietiesundergoingtremendouschange,artistsbegantousearttoagitateforsocialchange.19PhotographerSherryLevinehasusedgrotesqueimagesofwomentoprotesttheoppressionofthefemalegenderbyAmericanadvertising,law,andsocialcustom.Thisformofexpressionismwecancallculturalcriticism.Thatis,artiststakeastandagainstcertainpracticesinthesocietythattheyconsidertobeunjust.SherryLevine開始通過使用婦女奇異的畫面來抵抗美國例子；生前作品沒有被認(rèn)可(Monet,VanVanGogh,twoofwhosestilllifepaintingshaverecentlybrokenallrecordsinsellingfor$50million,soldonlyoneofhispaintingsinhisentirecareer.作品反映社會(VanGogh)：Artalsocanreflectproblemsandphenomenonofasociety.TakevanGoghasanexample.Thepainting,oneofhismostfamousworkscalledpotatoeatersreflectthemiseryandpovertyofhumanityashesawitamongtheminersinMonet'sfamouswork"Impression:Sunrise"wasnotunderstoodinitially,Howeverthisworkeventuallyearneditsreputationandhadledtothenameforimpressionism.(難懂的作品也會得到承認(rèn))Monetdidnotfindacclaimandwealthtolaterinhislifeandattimessufferedthroughextremepoverty.(藝術(shù)家很貧窮Beethoven,oneofBeethoven,oneofthegreatestcomposersandmusicianswasrenownedbycreatingmanysymphonies.AstonishinglyheproducedhismostfamoussymphonychoruswithcompletedeafnessHowcouldhemanageitItnotonlyhastobetheprominentimaginationthatstimulatehimtostruggleandthrive,thuscanevenlisteninspiteofnohearingsbutmoreimportant,determineshiskeeninterestinmusic(興趣的作用).WhenBeethovenhadnoideaaboutthefinaleofhissymphonies,hewassuddenlystruckbythe"OdetoJoy"bySchiller.Inspiredfromthehymnchampioningthebrotherhoodofhumanity,Beethoven'heartwasfraughtofpassionandcourage,regardlessofhisentiredeafness.Eventually,whenBeethovencompletedhisgreatworks,Chorus,andhaditplayedintheconcert,alltheaudiencewerecompletelyattractedandmovedbythestrikingandpassionatesymphony,andacclaimedevenfivetimesinreverenceVanimpressionism當(dāng)代人不理解，后代評判；堅Prodigiesoftencouldnotreceivecontemporaryappreciationandcomprehension,VanGoghispropertobementionedasarepresentativeofthekind.Hecreatedtheimpressionismonpainting,whichwasacceptedmanyyearsafterhisdeath.Neverthelesshepursuedhisownidealsandfaithtillhewasnotabletopickupapencil.偉人不能受到當(dāng)代人的欣賞和理解。梵高就是這類社會問題的堆砌排比：Ithinkthethreemajorproblemsinthesocietytodayareunemploymentviolenceand恐怖主義：Aswefacethethreatofwarandterrorism,theeconomicdownturn,andourownpersonalstrugglesandlosses,wemayneedadditionalhelpcopingfromtimetotime.TheheinousonSeptember11terroristattacksinWashingtonandNewYorkisadisasterAnyactofinternationalterrorismisathreattointernationalpeaceandsecurityandshouldbecondemned.Allstatesshouldpreventthefinancingofterrorism,denysafehaventoterrorists,andcooperateunderacommonsetofobligationsinthefighttoendinternationalterrorism.;arrangementofinequality.Thus,povertyisperpetuatedthroughclassdiscriminationandunequalopportunitiesforupwardmobility.（階級歧視，不平等機會）Indeed,themodernsocietyhasstrivedtoimprovepeople’slivesbyestablishingthesocialwelfaresystemandperformingsomeotheraffirmativeactions.（社會福利等制度）種族歧視（權(quán)利和財富的分配不均造成權(quán)利不均Imbalancesinthedistributionof thelossofpersonalfreedomsandcivilliberties,andabusesauthorityleadpeopleto財富不均Imbalancesinthedistributionof thelossofeconomicopportunityandsocialmobility,thecreationapermanentunderclass,andconditionsofilliteracy,unemployment,homelessness,hunger,anddiseasecontributepeopletocrime.威脅全球安全Thesocialproblemscausedbyeconomicandpoliticalinequalityareathreattoglobal--racialpurityorsuperiority,stereotypingandlabeling,physicalandsocialsegregation,institutionalizedCrime,Violence,Drugs,andtheCriminalJusticeSystem（antisocial青少年不良行為和街頭犯罪的原因Juveniledelinquencyandstreetcrimemaybelinkedtoyouthgangandorganizedschoolfailure（學(xué)業(yè)不好）;andtheinfluenceofmassmedia（媒體影響）.家庭問題：familyinstabilitydivorceandchildcustody（家庭不合,離婚，兒童監(jiān)護(hù)）spouseandchildabuse（虐待兒童）,genderissues,gayandlesbianfamilies（同性戀家庭）,adoptionandabortion（領(lǐng)養(yǎng)、墮胎）性別歧視：sexdiscrimination---theworkplace,occupations,wages,educationfeministmovement(女權(quán)運動)inequalitystillpersistinproblemsofsexualviolence…but醫(yī)療健康問題：Thebioethicsoftransplants(醫(yī)療健康問題：Thebioethicsoftransplants(器官移植),geneticscreening（遺傳篩選）,genetherapies（基因治療）,reproductivetechnologies（生殖技術(shù)）,physician-assistedsuicide,andeuthanasia（安樂死）IntheU.S.healthcareincreasinglyisprovidedonafor-profitbasisbythehealthmaintenanceorganizations,hospitals,pharmaceuticalcompanies,andinsurancecompanies教育問題：Relatetofundingteacherqualityandthestatusoftheteachingprofessionstudentacademicperformanceandstandardizedtesting,racialimbalancesandequaleducationalopportunity，teachershortages,overcrowdedandunsafeschools,andunequalaccesstoeducationaltechnologyOverpopulationcanleadtointer-groupconflicts.環(huán)境污Pollutionnotonlyaffectshumanbeings’livesbutalsodestroytheenvironmentinwhichmanyotherspecialslive.Chemicalleakkillseveralpeople.Posehealthrisksandcontributetoacidrainandglobalwarming.三、法法律的實質(zhì)Law,bodyofofficialrulesandregulationsisusedtogovernasocietyandtocontrolthebehaviorofitsmembers.Thenatureandfunctionsoflawhavevariedthroughouthistory.法律的作用：LawservesavarietyofLawsagainstcrimes,forexample,helptomaintainapeaceful,orderly,relativelystableLawrespectsindividualrightswhile,atthesametime,ensuringthatsocietyoperatesinanorderlylawshouldrecognizeandprotectcertainbasicindividualrightsandfreedoms,suchaslibertyandpolicies.Forexample,somelawsprovideforbenefitswhenworkersareinjuredonthejob,forhealthcare,aswellasforloanstostudentswhootherwisemightnotbeabletogotouniversity.Lawhasalsobeenusedasamechanismforsocialchange;forinstance,atvarioustimeslawshavebeenpassedtoinhibitsocialdiscriminationandtoimprovethequalityofindividuallifeinmattersofhealth,education,andwelfare.和平解決糾紛Eveninawell-orderedsociety,peoplehavedisagreementsandconflictsarise.Thelawmustprovideawaytoresolvethesedisputespeacefully.Iftwopeopleclaimtoownthesamepieceofproperty,wedonotwantthemattersettledbyaduel:weturntothelawandtoinstitutionslikethecourtstodecidewhoistherealownerandtomakesurethattherealowner'srightsarerespected.即使是一個秩序良好的社會，人們也依舊會有不滿和沖突。法律必須提供一種方法來和平解決這法律和道德的不Lawsresemblemoralitybecausetheyaredesignedtocontroloralterourbehavior.Butunlikerulesofmorality,lawsareenforcedbythecourts;ifyoubreakalawwhetheryoulikethatlawornotyoumaybeforcedtopayafine,paydamagesorgotoprison.法律的硬性規(guī)定；Forexample,thelawinCanadastatesthatwemustdriveourcarsontheright-handsideofatwo-waystreet.Ifpeoplewereallowedtochooseatrandomwhichsideofthestreettodriveon,drivingwouldbedangerousandchaotic.Lawsregulatingourbusinessaffairshelptoensurethatpeoplekeeptheirpromises.Lawsagainstcriminalconducthelptosafeguardourpersonalpropertyandourlives.例如在加拿大的法律是，開車必須在右邊開，如果有人隨意在任何一邊開，那么就會造成法律不是一成不變的：despitethebestintentions,lawsaresometimescreatedthatpeoplelaterrecognizeasbeingunjustorInademocraticsocietylikeCanada,lawsarenotcarvedinstone,butmustreflectthechangingneedsofTaketheUnitedStatesfortheblacks.DuringtheCivilwar,Lincolnenactedthelawsthatentitledtheequalrightstotheblackswiththe例子Businessworld:法律隨著出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題而發(fā)展，不斷完善，確保市場的穩(wěn)定和繁榮antitrustantitrust（反托拉斯法）andanti-dumpinglaws（反壟斷，反傾銷Enron,dissolvedintobankruptcyduetoitsaccounting,taxandstockfraud.TheexcessesofEnronhaveturnedgovernmentregulatorsintoreformersandrenderthemtotakeactionstoinvestigateandpunishaccountingviolations.Whatismore,energyandsecuritiesregulatorsareengaginginreformsinaccountingrulesandrelevantlaws,whichareexpectedtobettersatisfytheneedsof法律需要相對穩(wěn)Lawsshouldalsohavearelativestability.Forexample:Withinacountry,aperiodoftimelawsshouldstayrelativelystable,whichdoesn'tmeansfixedorstationary,butkeepaconsistencyinspiritoflawsWithoutsuchcoherence,peoplewillbeconfusedanddistrustlawsandlegalsystem.適度的法律維護(hù)公民尊嚴(yán)，過度的法律變成集權(quán)：Weneedlaw,then,toensureasafeandpeacefulsocietyinwhichindividuals'rightsarerespected.Butweexpectevenmorefromourlaw.Sometotalitariangovernmentshavecruelandarbitrarylaws,enforcedbypoliceforcesfreetoarrestandpunishpeoplewithouttrial.Strong-armtacticsmayprovideagreatdealoforder,butwerejectthisformofcontrol.四、科科技進(jìn)步帶基因工程：Geneticmakemanyaspectsofhumanlifebetter,includingsavinglives：tocurediseasesattheDNAlevel.Thismethodisknownasbiotechnologyandcanaidinthetreatmentofdiseaseslikeahormonedeficiency基因工程可以使人類的生活變得更好甚至拯救人的生命：用DNA來治療疾病。這種方法就是大家所知道的生物技術(shù)，這個有助于治療像激素缺乏癥這樣的疾病theimprovementoftheworld’sagriculturaltechniques；worldwidefamineandstarvationcouldpossibly大量的媒體和大量的交MassmediaandMassForinstance,themasspublictrafficofthemodernworldincludingunnumberedautomobilesandmillionsofplanesmakesthetransportationallovertheworldmoreefficient,sothetouriststodaycanincreasetheirexperiencefromthejourneyeasilyandcomfortably.Anothergoodexampleisthemassmediawhichmakesthebigworldlikeasmallvillage.Becauseofthemassmedia,suchasInternetandtelevision,peoplecanbecomefamiliarwithagreatmanyplacesthatmaybethousandsofkilometersawayandcommunicatewithotherpeople,whosharethesameinterests,moreconveniently.科技對人們生活的改變：Obviously,nowadayswecanneverimaginelivinginaworldthatthereisnocarsfortravelingtoofficesnotelevisionsforwatchingTVshowsnocellularphonesforcommunicationswithourfamilyandsoforth.Technologicaladvancementhasknittedtheworldtobeaseamlesswebofinformationandphonelines,inwhichpeopleareabletogettherequisitesmuchmoreeasilythaneverbefore.Whenweareatworkwesurftheinternetforsuggestionsandinformation;whenwearehungry,wecallanexpressdeliveryservice;whenwefeeltired,webookanairplanetickettoHawaiiforweekends.科技提高效率同樣也減少了休息時間：Itseemsaparadoxthatourefficienciesaremuchhigherthaneverbeforewhileourleisuretimeisincreasinglydiminishing,butitisactuallythereality.Thegreaterourmobility,themoreourdestinationseachdaythemoretime-savingfacilitiesweuse,themoreactivitieswetrytoattendeachday;withmoreconvenientaccesstoinformation,wetrytoassimilatemoreofiteachday.Nowadaysweareforcedtodomorebythesuperiors,thecompetitors,orevenbyourselves.Fortunately,wehavemoreopportunitiesandchoicesthanourpredecessorsbutatthesametime,unfortunately,wehavetoconfrontwithmuchmorechallengesandsufferfrommuchmorepressureTherefore,peoplemaybenotabletoenjoytheirleisuretimemuchinsuchanincreasinglycompetitivesociety,consequentlyresultinginsomeserioussocialproblems,suchasunemployment,resentment,highsuiciderate,anti-socialbehaviors,andsoforth.對科技研究不再限制的好處Ifgeneticengineeringbecomesunrestrictedtheworldwouldbecomeabetterplace.famineandstarvationcouldpossiblyendthroughtheuseoftechnologyintheagriculturefield.ThedeathratewouldgodownandverydramaticallyinThirdWorldcountries.WecouldseetheendofdiseaseslikeAIDSandconditionslikehemophilia.科技不利的一科技帶來垃圾OverflowingLandfillwithoutdateddevices,discardedchemicals,andplasticpackaging,Anaveragecitydwellermayproduceatonofrefuseinayearadvancesinautomationtechnologyimprovedproductionefficiencyandqualitycontrol,andhasreducedtheneedtohaveworkersperformpotentiallydangeroustasks.Ontheotherhand,automationhasmademanyjobsunnecessary,puttingemployeesoutofwork,orforcingthemtoretrain.砍伐森林：Deforestationcausedbyindulgentcutting,animalextinctionduetoendlesshuntingcanonlybeforestalledbypubliceducationontheimportanceoftheseareas.臭氧層的破壞thedepletionofatmosphericozone,whichhaswanedtheEarthtothepointthatitthreatenstheverysurvivalofthehumanspeciesAlsodearly-cuttingtheworld'srainforestscansetintomotionachainofanimalextinctionthatthreatensthedelicatebalanceuponwhichallanimals--includinghumans--depend.全球溫室效應(yīng)GLOBALWARMINGanaverageincreaseintheEarth'stemperature,whichinturncauseschangesinclimate.影響：Thequalityandquantityofdrinkingwater,wateravailabilityforirrigation,industrialuseandelectricitygeneration,andthehealthoffisheries科技問題（媒體，科學(xué)技術(shù)）--以下是科技問Technologicalchangeassociatedwithindustrializationandmodernizationhascreatedvastchallengesaswellasbenefits.技術(shù)帶挑戰(zhàn)-geneticengineeringandbiotechnology（基因）robotics,andtheglobalizationofelectronictelecommunications（全球化，unemploymentandthelossofpersonalprivacyandcontrol（失業(yè)，失去個人隱私）能源問題：Oneisthatmostoftheenergyweusecomesfromfossilfuels,includingcoal,petroleum,andnaturalgas,.Thesenaturalresourcesarenotrenewable目前的主要能源都是不能再生的帶來的問題（污染）manyotherproductsoftechnologyalsohadharmfulordestructive燃燒對空氣污染：Combustioncausesthereleaseofvariouspollutants,suchascarbonmonoxide，whichposehealthrisksandmaycontributetoacidrainandglobalwarming.汽車尾Automobileexhauststheypointedoutwerepollutingthe殺蟲pesticidessuchasDDTwerethreateningthefood工業(yè)廢mineralwastesfromawidevarietyofindustrialsourceswerepollutinglargereservoirsof對環(huán)境的影響thephysicalenvironmenthasbecomesojammedwithtechnologicalprocessesthatoneofthemajorchallengesofmodernsocietyisthesearchforplacestodumpthewastesthathavebeenproduced軍事；thedevelopmentoftheweaponthathassincebecomeageneralthreattolifeonearth:theatomic例子哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡---交叉學(xué)科的作用：WiththehelpoftheHubblespacetelescope,wecangetmoreclosetotheuniverseandobservethestars,planets,nebulas,galaxiesmuchmoreconveniently.倫琴發(fā)X射線---偶然性：In1895,whenWilhelmRoentgenwasworkingindarkenedroomtryingtodeterminethepenetratingpowerofcathoderays,henoticedthatafaintlightappeared.Theserayshadspecialpenetratingpowertopassthroughvarioussubstances,andtheyaretheveryX-rayswhichcomprehensivelyutilizedinmedicalservicesandscientificresearches.二戰(zhàn)中利用人來做實驗---科技的錯誤利用：Althoughscientificresearchhasproducedsubstantialsocialbenefits,ithasalsoposedseveraltroublingethicalproblems.Publicattentionwasdrawntoreportedabusesofhumansubjectsinbiomedicalexperiments,especiallyduringtheSecondWorldWarThephysiciansandscientistswhohadconductedbiomedicalexperimentsonconcentrationcampprisonerswerejudgedguiltyintrials.(科技和道德)3M公司的偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)—科技的偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)，科技帶來的好處：Aresearcherworkingfor3M,amaterialscompany,hadplannedmaketheworldgreatestglue.However,intheresearchhefoundtheworld’sworstglue,astickysubstancethatneversticks.Thisglueisoneofthebestthings3Meverinvented.弗maketheworldgreatestglue.However,intheresearchhefoundtheworld’sworstglue,astickysubstancethatneversticks.Thisglueisoneofthebestthings3Meverinvented.弗洛伊德S.Freud-----學(xué)科開始不被人理解咯Austrianphysicianandfounderofpsychoanalysiswhotheorizedthatthesymptomsofhystericalpatientsrepresentforgottenandunresolvedinfantilepsychosexualconflicts.Hispsychoanalytictheories,whichinitiallymetwithhostility,profoundlyinfluenced20th-century奧地利內(nèi)科和心理分析師的奠基人，他的理論是：病人愛迪生---堅持，執(zhí)著：ThomasEdisoninventedbulbwhichturnouttobethederivationoftoday’silluminationapparatusanddigitalandelectronicera,however,themostappreciatedthingintheinventionisforEdison’sinsistenceandencourageonthewhole哥白Copernicus挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威：1473-1543波蘭天文學(xué)家，他提出地球及其它行星繞太陽運動的日心愛因斯Einstein—挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威，成就在當(dāng)代得到肯定：German-bornAmericantheoreticalphysicistwhosespecialandgeneraltheoriesofrelativityrevolutionizedmodernthoughtonthenatureofspaceandtimeandformedatheoreticalbasefortheexploitationofatomicenergyHewona1921NobelPrizeforhisexplanationofthephotoelectriceffect.愛因斯坦，德裔美國理論物理學(xué)家，對光電效應(yīng)的解釋獲1921年諾貝爾獎。circuitsbeforethechipsareputintoproduction.Moreover,recentlycomputerscienceresearchisincreasinglyrelatedwithmoreotherdisciplines,suchaselectricalengineering,mechanicalengineering,biology,linguistics,andevenpsychology,intheapplicationsofbiochip,voicerecognition,artificialintelligenceandsoon.海王Neptune的發(fā)現(xiàn)—依靠科aCambridgemathematician,Adams,predictedtheexistenceofanunseenplanet,toaccountforthefactthatUranuswasbeingpulledslightlyoutofpositioninitsorbit.AccordingtoIsaacNewton'stheoryofgravitation,Adamsattributedthispulltothegravitationaleffectofanunknownbody,andcalculateditsposition.Oneyearlaterthisnewplanet,Neptune,wasdiscovered,anditspositionwasquiteinaccordancewiththeprediction.(簡介)五、歷歷史的作TheimportanceofhistoryinexplainingandunderstandingchangeinhumanbehaviorisnomereHistory,then,providestheonlyextensivematerialsavailabletostudythehumancondition.Italsofocusesattentiononthecomplexprocessesofsocialchange,includingthefactorsthatarecausingchangearoundustoday.歷史也有美感Historyasartandentertainmentservesarealpurpose,onaestheticgroundsbutalsoonthelevelofhumanunderstanding.---歷史也有美感Manyofthehistorianswhomostappealtothegeneralreadingpublicknowtheimportanceofdramaticandskillfulwriting—aswellasofaccuracy.歷史用來學(xué)習(xí)前人:"Historyteachingbyexample"isonephrasethatdescribesthisuseofastudyofthepast—astudynotonlyofcertifiableheroes,thegreatmenandwomenofhistorywhosuccessfullyworkedthroughmoraldilemmas,butalsoofmoreordinarypeoplewhoprovidelessonsincourage,diligence,orconstructiveprotest.這句很好明白社Italsofocusesattentiononthecomplexprocessesofsocialchange,includingthefactorsthatarecausingchangearoundustoday.歷史使我們注意社會變革中的復(fù)雜流程，包括導(dǎo)致我們周圍一切改變的因素。學(xué)習(xí)故事HistoryasartandentertainmentservesarealpurposeStorieswelldonearestoriesthatrevealhowpeopleandsocietieshaveactuallyfunctioned,andtheypromptthoughtsaboutthehumanexperienceinothertimesandplaces.Studyingthestoriesofindividualsandsituationsinthepastallowsastudentofhistorytotesthisorherownmoralsense,tohoneitagainstsomeoftherealcomplexitiesindividualshavefacedindifficultsettingsinvolvesasenseofbeautyandexcitement,andultimatelyanotherperspectiveonhumanlifeand對個人鑒對個人鑒定Historyalsohelpsprovideidentity,andthisisunquestionablyoneofthereasonsallmodernnationsencourageitsteachinginsomeform.Merelydefiningthegroupinthepresentpalesagainstthepossibilityofforminganidentitybasedonarich對國家忠誠Historiesthattellthenationalstory,emphasizingdistinctivefeaturesofthenationalexperiencearemeanttodrivehomeanunderstandingofnationalvaluesandacommitmenttonationalloyalty.名句：16th-centuryItalianphilosopherMachiavelliwrote,Whoeverwishestoforeseethefuturemustconsultthepastforhumaneventseverresemblethoseofprecedingtimes.”again,andthatbyunderstandinghistory,theycanbetterhandlefuturerecurrences.Thisthinkingliesbehindthefamiliarphrase,“ThosewhodonotknowthepastarecondemnedtorepeatitAlthoughthisisthemostconservativeapproachtousinghistorytopredictthefuture,itisoftenthemostaccurate.Howevereachoftheseattemptstousehistoryasabasisforpredictingthefutureisinherentlyflawed.Therefore,theydonotprovideentirelyaccuratedescriptionsofthefuture.Perhapsthisiswhysomepeoplecontinuetopreferfortune-tellersandastrologicalchartstopredictionsbasedonhistoricalevents.作用的總結(jié)studyinghistoryhelpsusunderstandhowrecent,currentandprospectivechangesthataffectthelivesofcitizensareemergingormayemergeandwhatcausesareinvolved.毀壞建筑造成危害的論述1：Destroyingourpasthascoststhatextendfarbeyondmoney.Lostistheworkoftalentedcraftsmenwhocreatedbeautiful,lastingbuildings.LostarethememoriesandpridethatacommunitytookinoneofitslandmarksAndlostistheopportunityforfuturegenerationstoenjoyandtolearnfromtheplacesthathelpusunderstandandappreciatewherewecame面向未來&總結(jié)性發(fā)言：Preservationdoescareaboutthepast.Itcaresabouthonoringtheachievementsofpreviousgenerations,theplacestheylivedandworked,andthehistoryandachievementswenowenjoy.Butpreservationalsocaresaboutthepresentandthefuture.Byprotectingourpast,ithelpsusrememberhowwecametobewhereweareandwhatweoughttodonow.Anditcaresaboutgivingfuturegenerationsthesameopportunitiestoenjoybeautifulbuildingsandlandscapesthatwehavetoday.德國對二戰(zhàn)的教訓(xùn)：Inworldwartwo,thechauvinisminGermanyledtogreatdisasternotonlytotheGermansbutalsotothepeopleofwholeEurope.Fortunately,thegovernmentofGermanyleantfromthehistorythatchauvinismwouldbeharmful,andthustakeseffectiveactionstorestricttheresurgenceofNaziisminalloftheaspectsofsociety.歷史建筑的保護(hù)itcreatesmoreattractiveplacestoliveandAflat-facedmodernofficeblockoranelegantlydetailedpre-warcommercial維護(hù)比新建花少錢RecentprojectsprovethatpreservationisoftencheaperInChicago,wherethepublicschoolsystemisnowspending$2.5billiontoupgradefacilities,bare-bonesnewconstructioniscosting$155persquarefoot--butrenovationiscostingjust$130.2.5億來新建設(shè)備，如果全部新建要花費155每平方米，而翻修只要130每平方米。建筑：aharmoniousblendofarchitecturalstyles各種建筑風(fēng)格的完美的結(jié)合（ ThecapitalofancientBabyloniainMesopotamiaontheEuphratesRiver.Establishedascapitalc.1750b.c.andrebuiltinregalsplendorbyNebuchadnezzarIIafteritsdestruction(c.689b.c.)bytheAssyrians,BabylonwasthesiteoftheHangingGardens,oneoftheSevenWondersoftheWorld.巴比倫古巴比倫王國的首都，位于幼發(fā)拉底河沿岸的美索不達(dá)米亞境內(nèi)，作為首都1750年，在它被亞述人毀滅后（689年六、六、教育作用和目的：publiceducationasameansoftransmittingdemocraticvalues,creatingequalityofopportunityandpreparingnewgenerationsofcitizensinsociety.教育的技能：Everyoneshouldbetaughtlifeskills—logicalthinking,analysiscreativeproblemsolvingratherthanjustknowledgewhicharemoreimportantforpeopletosurvivefreelyinthecomplexandrapidchange道德教Educationshouldaimatimprovementofbothone’smoralsandfacultiesstudentsshouldbetaughttoknowandtomaketheirown:honestyfairness,self-disciplinefidelitytotask,friends,andfamily,personalresponsibilityloveofacountryandbeliefintheprinciplesofliberty,equalityandthefreedomtopracticeone’sfaith.大學(xué)生壓力Economicpressureparentalpressure,peerpressure,andself-induced人文教育的Theintellectualfacultiesdevelopedbystudyingsubjectslikehistoryandclassics—anabilitytosynthesizeandrelate,toweighcauseandeffect,toseeeventsinperspective—arejustthefacultiesthatmakecreativeleadersinbusinessoralmostanygeneralfield.人文教育的意義Liberalartteachesyouhowtothink,howtoread,write,andspeakintelligently,getalongwithothers,andconcept