..Unit2RobotsPart1TeachingDesign第一局部教學(xué)設(shè)計Period2AsamplelessonplanforLearningaboutLanguage(Revisethepassivevoiceincludingtheinfinitive)IntroductionInthisperiodstudentswillbefirsthelpedbytheteachertodiscoverandlearntousesomeusefulwordsandcollocations,andthentodiscoverandrevisethepassivevoiceincludingtheinfinitive.Thefollowingstepsofteachingmaybetaken:warmingupbyhavingadictation,discoveringusefulwordsandcollocations,readingmoreaboutthe22ndcentury,learningaboutthepassivevoice,discoveringusefulstructuresandclosingdownbyputtingonstageatextplayofSatisfactionGuaranteed.ObjectivesTohelpstudentsrevisethepassivevoiceTohelpstudentsdiscoverandlearntousesomeusefulwordsandcollocationsTohelpstudentsdiscoverandlearntousesomeusefulstructuresProcedures1.WarmingupbyhavingadictationTobeginwith,let’stakeadictationtostrengthenourmemoryofthetext.LarryBelmontworkedforapanythatmakerobot.RecentlyarobotthatcoulddohouseworkwouldbetestedoutLarry'slife,Clair,forthreeweeks.Clairfeltalarmedbytherobot'shumanlyappearance.Beforelongshebegantotrusthim.Shetoldhimthatsheandherhomewerenotelegantenoughforherhusbandandsheenviedtherichandpowerfulwoman.Therobotdecidedtoprotectherfrombeingharm.Hegaveheranewhaircutandchangedhermakeupandaskedhertobuysomethingtodecorateherhome.BeforethenighthewastoleaveClair,theyheldaparty.TheguestswereimpressedbyClairandherhome,especiallybythehandsomerobot,whomtheythoughtwasherhusband.Claireknewthisisalmostadreamandshefeltverysad.However,thepanywasverysatisfiedwithTony,therobotalthoughheneededrebuildingbecauseitisabsurdtohavewomenfallinginlovewithamachine.2.DiscoveringusefulwordsandcollocationsAcollocationistwoormorewordsthatoftengotogether.Thesebinationsjustsound"right"tonativeEnglishspeakers,whousethemallthetime.Whilegoingoverthetext,trytorecognizethecollocations,treatthemassingleblocksoflanguageandcopythemoutintoyourCollocationBook.Nowgotopage13.Workinpairstofinishthethreeexercisesin10minutes.3.LearningaboutthepassivevoiceACTIVEANDPASSIVETENSESCHARTSIMPLEPRESENTandSIMPLEPAST

Theactiveobjectbeesthepassivesubject.

am/is/are+pastparticiple

was/were+pastparticipleActive:SimplePresent

Themoviefascinatesme.

ThemovieboresJack.

Themoviesurprisesthem.Passive:SimplePresent

Iamfascinatedbythemovie.

Jackisboredbythemovie.

Theyaresurprisedbythemovie.Active:SimplePast

Themovieboredme.

ThemoviefascinatedJack.

Themoviesurprisedthem.Passive:SimplePast

Iwasboredbythemovie.

Jackwasfascinatedbythemovie.

Theyweresurprisedbythemovie.PRESENTandPASTCONTINUOUS(PROGRESSIVE)

Passiveform:

am/is/are+being+pastparticiple

was/were+being+pastparticipleActive:PresentContinuous

IamhelpingShannon.

JuneishelpingSuandLing.Passive:PresentContinuous

Shannonisbeinghelpedbyme.

SuandLingarebeinghelpedbyJune.Active:PastContinuous

Iwascleaningthebathroom.

Theywerecleaningthebedroom.

Susanwascleaningthekitchenandpatio.Passive:PastContinuous

Thebathroomwasbeingcleanedbyme.

Thebedroomwasbeingcleanedbythem.

ThekitchenandpatiowerebeingcleanedbySusan.PRESENTPERFECT,PASTPERFECTandFUTUREPERFECT

Passiveform:

have/hasbeen+pastparticiple

hadbeen+pastparticipleActive:PresentPerfect

Ihavemailedthegift.

Jackhasmailedthegifts.Passive:PresentPerfect

Thegifthasbeenmailedbyme.

ThegiftshavebeenmailedbyJack.Active:PastPerfect

StevenSpielberghaddirectedthemovie.

PennyMarshallhaddirectedthosemovies.Passive:PastPerfect

ThemoviehadbeendirectedbyStevenSpielberg.

ThemovieshadbeendirectedbyPennyMarshall.Active:FuturePerfect

Johnwillhavefinishedtheprojectnextmonth.

Theywillhavefinishedtheprojectsbeforethen.Passive:FuturePerfect

Theprojectwillhavebeenfinishedbynextmonth.

Theprojectswillhavebeenfinishedbeforethen.FUTURETENSES

Passiveforms:will+be+pastparticiple

is/aregoingtobe+pastparticipleActive:FuturewithWILL

Iwillmailthegift.

Jackwillmailthegifts.Passive:FuturewithWILL

Thegiftwillbemailedbyme.

ThegiftswillbemailedbyJack.Active:FuturewithGOINGTO

Iamgoingtomakethecake.

Sueisgoingtomaketwocakes.Passive:FuturewithGOINGTO

Thecakeisgoingtobemadebyme.

TwocakesaregoingtobemadebySue.PRESENT/FUTUREMODALS

Thepassiveformfollowsthispattern:

modal+be+pastparticipleActive:WILL/WON'T(WILLNOT)

SharonwillinviteTomtotheparty.

Sharonwon'tinviteJefftotheparty.

(SharonwillnotinviteJefftotheparty.)Passive:WILL/WON'T(WILLNOT)

TomwillbeinvitedtothepartybySharon.

Jeffwon'tbeinvitedtothepartybySharon.

(JeffwillnotbeinvitedtothepartybySharon.)Active:CAN/CAN'T(CANNOT)

Maicanforetellthefuture.

Terrycan'tforetellthefuture.

(Terrycannotforetellthefuture.)Passive:CAN/CAN'T(CANNOT)

ThefuturecanbeforetoldbyMai.

Thefuturecan'tbeforetoldbyTerry.

(ThefuturecannotbeforetoldbyTerry.)Active:MAY/MAYNOT

HerpanymaygiveKatyaanewoffice.

Thelazystudentsmaynotdothehomework.

MIGHT/MIGHTNOT

HerpanymightgiveKatyaanewoffice.

Thelazystudentsmightnotdothehomework.Passive:MAY/MAYNOT

Katyamaybegivenanewofficebyherpany.

Thehomeworkmaynotbedonebythelazystudents.

MIGHT/MIGHTNOT

Katyamightbegivenanewofficebyherpany.

Thehomeworkmightnotbedonebythelazystudents.Active:SHOULD/SHOULDN'T

StudentsshouldmemorizeEnglishverbs.

Childrenshouldn'tsmokecigarettes.Passive:SHOULD/SHOULDN'T

Englishverbsshouldbememorizedbystudents.

Cigarettesshouldn'tbesmokedbychildren.Active:OUGHTTO

StudentsoughttolearnEnglishverbs.

(negativeoughttoisrarelyused)Passive:OUGHTTO

Englishverbsoughttobememorizedbystudents.Active:HADBETTER/HADBETTERNOT

StudentshadbetterpracticeEnglisheveryday.

Childrenhadbetternotdrinkwhiskey.Passive:HADBETTER/HADBETTERNOT

Englishhadbetterbepracticedeverydaybystudents.

Whiskeyhadbetternotbedrunkbychildren.Active:MUST/MUSTNOT

Touristsmustapplyforapassporttotravelabroad.

Customersmustnotusethatdoor.Passive:MUST/MUSTNOT

Apassporttotravelabroadmustbeappliedfor.

Thatdoormustnotbeusedbycustomers.Active:HASTO/HAVETO

ShehastopracticeEnglisheveryday.

SaraandMihohavetowashthedisheseveryday.

DOESN'THAVETO/DON'THAVETO

Mariadoesn'thavetocleanherbedroomeveryday.

Thechildrendon'thavetocleantheirbedroomseveryday.Passive:HASTO/HAVETO

Englishhastobepracticedeveryday.

Thedisheshavetobewashedbythemeveryday.

DOESN'THAVETO/DON'THAVETO

Herbedroomdoesn'thavetobecleanedeveryday.

Theirbedroomsdon'thavetobecleanedeveryday.Active:BESUPPOSEDTO

Iamsupposedtotypetheposition.

Iamnotsupposedtocopythestoriesinthebook.

Janetissupposedtocleanthelivingroom.

Sheisn'tsupposedtoeatcandyandgum.

Theyaresupposedtomakedinnerforthefamily.

Theyaren'tsupposedtomakedessert.Passive:BESUPPOSEDTO

Thepositionissupposedtobetypedbyme.

Thestoriesinthebookarenotsupposedtobecopied.

ThelivingroomissupposedtobecleanedbyJanet.

Candyandgumaren'tsupposedtobeeatenbyher.

Dinnerforthefamilyissupposedtobemadebythem.

Dessertisn'tsupposedtobemadebythem.PASTMODALS

Thepastpassiveformfollowsthispattern:

modal+havebeen+pastparticipleActive:SHOULDHAVE/SHOULDN'THAVE

Thestudentsshouldhavelearnedtheverbs.

Thechildrenshouldn'thavebrokenthewindow.Passive:SHOULDHAVE/SHOULDN'THAVE

Theverbsshouldhavebeenlearnedbythestudents.

Thewindowshouldn'thavebeenbrokenbythechildren.Active:OUGHTTO

Studentsoughttohavelearnedtheverbs.

(negativeoughttoisrarelyused)Passive:OUGHTTO

Theverbsoughttohavebeenlearnedbythestudents.Active:BESUPPOSEDTO(pasttime)

Iwassupposedtotypetheposition.

Iwasn'tsupposedtocopythestoryinthebook.

Janetwassupposedtocleanthelivingroom.

Shewasn'tsupposedtoeatcandyandgum.

FrankandJaneweresupposedtomakedinner.

Theyweren'tsupposedtomakedessert.Passive:BESUPPOSEDTO(pasttime)

Thepositionwassupposedtobetypedbyme.

Thestoryinthebookwasn'tsupposedtobecopied.

ThelivingroomwassupposedtobecleanedbyJanet.

Candyandgumweren'tsupposedtobeeatenbyher.

Dinnerwassupposedtobemadebythem.

Dessertwasn'tsupposedtobemadebythem.Active:MAY/MAYNOT

ThatfirmmayhaveofferedKatyaanewjob.

Thestudentsmaynothavewrittenthepaper.

MIGHT/MIGHTNOT

ThatfirmmighthaveofferedKatyaanewjob.

Thestudentsmightnothavewrittenthepaper.Passive:MAY/MAYNOT

Katyamayhavebeenofferedanewjobbythatfirm.

Thepapermaynothavebeenwrittenbythestudents.

MIGHT/MIGHTNOT

Katyamighthavebeenofferedanewjobbythatfirm.

Thepapermightnothavebeenwrittenbythestudents.4.被動語態(tài)小結(jié)●被動語態(tài)的特殊構(gòu)造形式1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動構(gòu)造。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞。例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter.2)有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動構(gòu)造時，可以把主動構(gòu)造中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保存在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。例Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改為Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.3)當(dāng)"動詞+賓語+賓語補足語〞構(gòu)造變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍訕?gòu)造中的主語，其余不動。例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改為Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.4〕在使役動詞have,make,get以及感官動詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動構(gòu)造中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍訕?gòu)造時，要加to。例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改為Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.5)有些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如"動詞＋介詞〞，"動詞＋副詞〞等，也可以用于被動構(gòu)造，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.●非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)v.+ing形式及不定式todo也有被動語態(tài)(一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài))。例Idon'tlikebeinglaughedatinthepublic.●Itissaidthat+從句及其他類似句型一些表示"據(jù)說〞或"相信〞的動詞如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型"It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句〞或"主語＋be＋過去分詞＋todosth.〞。有：Itissaidthat…據(jù)說,Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家希望，Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家認為，Itissuggestedthat…據(jù)建議。例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.〔＝Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.〕●謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義英語中有很多動詞如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式表達被動意義,主語通常是物。例Thiskindofclothwasheswell.注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)那么強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比擬：Thedoorwon'tlock．〔指門本身有毛病〕Thedoorwon'tbelocked．〔指不會有人來鎖門,指"門沒有鎖〞是人的原因〕表示"發(fā)生、進展〞的不及物動詞和短語，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,eout,eabout,etrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主動形式表示被動意義。例Howdothenewspaperseout"這些報紙是如何引出來的呢？系動詞沒有被動形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表構(gòu)造中常以主動形式表示被動意義。例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.●非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義在need，want，require,bear等詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式。例Thehouseneedsrepairing〔toberepaired〕．這房子需要修理。形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading．〔＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead．〕動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。例Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon．(todo與things是動賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比擬：I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted"(此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語說明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。)在某些"形容詞＋不定式〞做表語或賓語補足語的構(gòu)造中，句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.〔可看作toworkout省略了forme〕.在too…to…構(gòu)造中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應(yīng)用主動形式表示被動意義。例Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.在therebe…句型中，當(dāng)動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點在人，用被動形式作定語，重點在物。例Thereisnotimetolose〔tobelost〕．〔用tolose可看成forustolose；用tobelost，誰losttime不明確?！吃赽etodo構(gòu)造中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動表主動,被動表被動。然而,由于古英語的影響,以下動詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例Whoistoblameforstartingthefire"●介詞in,on,under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。"under+名詞〞構(gòu)造，表示"某事在進展中〞。常見的有：undercontrol〔受控制〕,undertreatment〔在治療中〕,underrepair〔在修理中〕,underdiscussion〔在討論中〕,underconstruction〔在施工中〕。例Thebuildingisunderconstruction(isbeingconstructed)."beyond+名詞〞構(gòu)造，"出乎……勝過……、圍、限度〞。常見的有：beyondbelief(令人難以置信)，beyondone’sreach〔鞭長莫及〕，beyondone’scontrol〔無法控制〕，beyondourhope．我們的成功始料不及。例Therumorisbeyondbelief〔=can’tbebelieved〕．"above+名詞〞構(gòu)造,表示"(品質(zhì)、行為、能力等)超過……、高于……〞。例Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise．=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough．"for+名詞〞構(gòu)造，表示"適于……、為著……〞。如：forsale(出售),forrent〔出租〕等。例Thathouseisforsale.(=Thehouseistobesold)."in+名詞〞構(gòu)造，表示"在……過程中或圍〞常見的有：inprint〔在印刷中〕，insight(在視野圍)，等。例Thebookisnotyetinprint．(=isnotyetprinted)"on+名詞〞構(gòu)造,表示"在從事……中〞。常見的有：onsale(出售)，onshow〔展出〕,ontrial〔受審〕。例Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum(=arebeingshowed)."outof+名詞〞構(gòu)造；表示"超出……之外"，常見的有：outofcontrol(控制不了)，outofsight〔超出視線之外〕，outofone’sreach(夠不著),outoffashion(不流行)等。例Theplanewasoutofcontrol(can’tbecontrolled)．。"within+名詞〞構(gòu)造，"在……、不超過……〞。例Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacher'spermission．5.DiscoveringusefulstructuresGotopage14,andfinishthetwoexercisesinpairs.6.ClosingdownbyputtingonstageatextplayofSatisfactionGuaranteedActingoutthetextisaverygoodwaytomotivateustoreadoutloudthetextandtoimproveourspokenEnglish.Topracticespeakinglet’snowtrytoturnthetextintoaplayandputitonstage.LarryBelmont:IamLarryBelmont.Iamworkingforapany.Mypanymakesrobots.Tom:Ihearthatyoupanyisexperimentingwitharobotthatcouldbeusedtodothehousework.LarryBelmont:Yes,itis.Therobotisgoingtobetestedoutbymywife,Claire.Claire:Idon’twanttherobotinmyhouse,especiallyasyouwouldbeabsentforthreeweeks.Larry:Idon’tthinktherobotwouldharmyou.Tom:neitherwillitallowyoutobeharmed.Claire:Allright.Letitetome.(Therobotesin.)Claire:Mygod!Youlooksohuman.Whatisyourname"Tony:Iamtherobot,calledTony.Youareright.Idon’tlooklikeamachineatall.Claire:Youaretallandhandsome.Tony:Althoughmyfacialexpressionsneverchange.Claire:Andyourhairissmoothandblackandyourvoiceisdeep.(OnthesecondmorningTonybroughtherbreakfast.)Tony:Hereisyourbreakfast.Doyouneedhelpdressing"Claire:Iamembarrassed,youknow.Goawayquickly.Tony:AmIdisturbingandfrighteningthatIlooksohuman"(Oneday,Clairementionedthatshedidn’tthinkshewasclever.)Tony:Youmustfeelveryunhappytosaythat.Claire:Youareofferingmesympathy"Youarearobot!Anywayyouareaniceguy.Itrustyou.Tony:WhatelsecanIdoforyou"Claire:Myhomeisn’telegantenoughLarry.Hewantstoimprovehissocialposition.YouknowIamnotaselegantasGladysClaffern.Sheisoneoftherichestandmostpowerfulwomenaround.Tony:ThenIwilltrymybesttomakeyouandyourhomeelegant.(ClaireborrowedapileofbooksfromthelibraryforTonytoreador,rather,scan.)Claire:MayIlookatyourfingers"Sobeautiful!Nowyoumayturnpages.(Suddenlyshereachedforhishand.)Claire:Yourfingernailsaresonice.Yourskinissosoftandwarm.Whatapityyouareamachine!Tony:MayIgiveyouanewhaircut"MayIchangethemakeupyouwear"Claire:Imagoingshoppingthisafternoon.Couldyouewithme"Tony:No,Icouldn’t.Iamnotallowedtoacpanyyoutotheshops.ButIwillwriteoutalistofitemsforyou.(Clairewentintothecityandboughtcurtains,cushions,acarpetandpaint.Thenshewentintoadressshop.)Claire:Iamheretobuyadressformyself.Couldyouhelpmewiththatone"Salesman:Don’tyouseeIambusy"Claire:IsthatTony"T