劍橋雅思9測試二ReadingPassage1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestion1-13whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.AHearingimpairmentorotherauditoryfunctiondeficitinyoungchildrencanhaveamajorimpactontheirdevelopmentofspeechandcommunication,resultinginadetrimentaleffectontheirabilitytolearnatschool.Thisislikelytohavemajorconsequencesfortheindividualandthepopulationasawhole.TheNewZealandMinistryofHealthhasfoundfromresearchcarriedoutovertwodecadesthat6-19%ofchildreninthatcountryareaffectedbyhearingloss.BApreliminarystudyinNewZealandhasshownthatclassroomnoisepresentsamajorconcernforteachersandpupils.Modernteachingpractices,theorganizationofdesksintheclassroom,poorclassroomacoustics,andmechanicalmeansofventilationsuchasair-conditioningunitsallcontributetothenumberofchildrenunabletocomprehendtheteacher’svoice.EducationresearchersNelsonandSolihavealsosuggestedthatrecenttrendsinlearningofteninvolvecollaborativeinteractionofmultiplemindsandtoolsasmuchasindividualpossessionofinformation.Thisallamountstoheightenedactivityandnoiselevels,whichhavethepotentialtobeparticularlyseriousforchildrenexperiencingauditoryfunctiondeficit.Noiseinclassroomscanonlyexacerbatetheirdifficultyincomprehendingandprocessingverbalcommunicationwithotherchildrenandinstructionsfromtheteacher.CChildrenwithauditoryfunctiondeficitarepotentiallyfailingtolearntotheirmaximumpotentialbecauseofnoiselevelsgeneratedinclassrooms.Theeffectsofnoiseontheabilityofchildrentolearneffectivelyintypicalclassroomenvironmentsarenowthesubjectofincreasingconcern.TheInternationalInstituteofNoiseControlEngineering(I-INCE),ontheadviceoftheWorldHealthOrganization,hasestablishedaninternationalworkingparty,whichincludesNewZealand,toevaluatenoiseandreverberationcontrolforschoolrooms.Whilethedetrimentaleffectsofnoiseinclassroomsituationsarenotlimitedtochildrenexperiencingdisability,thosewithadisabilitythataffectstheirprocessingofspeechandverbalcommunicationcouldbeextremelyvulnerable.Theauditoryfunctiondeficitsinquestionincludehearingimpairment,autisticspectrumdisorders(ASD)andattentiondeficitdisorders(ADD/ADHD).DAutismisconsideredaneurologicalandgeneticlife-longdisorderthatcausesdiscrepanciesinthewayinformationisprocessed.Thisdisorderischaracterizedbyinterlinkingproblemswithsocialimagination,socialcommunicationandsocialinteraction.AccordingtoJanzen,thisaffectstheabilitytounderstandandrelateintypicalwaystopeople,understandeventsandobjectsintheenvironment,andunderstandorrespondtosensorystimuli.Autismdoesnotallowlearningorthinkinginthesamewaysasinchildrenwhoaredevelopingnormally.Autisticspectrumdisordersoftenresultinmajordifficultiesincomprehendingverbalinformationandspeechprocessing.Thoseexperiencingthesedisordersoftenfindsoundssuchascrowdnoiseandthenoisegeneratedbymachinerypainfulanddistressing.Thisisdifficulttoscientificallyquantifyassuchextra-sensorystimulivarygreatlyfromoneautisticindividualtoanother.Butachildwhofindsanytypeofnoiseintheirclassroomorlearningspaceintrusiveislikelytobeadverselyaffectedintheirabilitytoprocessinformation.ETheattentiondeficitdisordersareindicativeofneurologicalandgeneticdisordersandarecharacterizedbydifficultieswithsustainingattention,effortandpersistence,organizationskillsanddisinhibition.Childrenexperiencingthesedisordersfinditdifficulttoscreenoutunimportantinformation,andfocusoneverythingintheenvironmentratherthanattendingtoasingleactivity.Backgroundnoiseintheclassroombecomesamajordistraction,whichcanaffecttheirabilitytoconcentrate.FChildrenexperiencinganauditoryfunctiondeficitcanoftenfindspeechandcommunicationverydifficulttoisolateandprocesswhensetagainsthighlevelsofbackgroundnoise.Theselevelscomefromoutsideactivitiesthatpenetratetheclassroomstructure,fromteachingactivities,andothernoisegeneratedinside,whichcanbeexacerbatedbyroomreverberation.Strategiesareneededtoobtaintheoptimumclassroomconstructionandperhapsachangeinclassroomcultureandmethodsofteaching.Inparticular,theeffectsofnoisyclassroomsandactivitiesonthoseexperiencingdisabilitiesintheformofauditoryfunctiondeficitneedthoroughinvestigation.Itisprobablethatmanyundiagnosedchildrenexistintheeducationsystemwith‘invisible’disabilities.Theirneedsarelesslikelytobemetthanthoseofchildrenwithknowndisabilities.GTheNewZealandGovernmenthasdevelopedaNewZealandDisabilityStrategyandhasembarkedonawide-rangingconsultationprocess.Thestrategyrecognizesthatpeopleexperiencingdisabilityfacesignificantbarriersinachievingafullqualityoflifeinareassuchasattitude,education,employmentandaccesstoservices.Objective3oftheNewZealandDisabilityStrategyisto‘ProvidetheBestEducationforDisabledPeople’byimprovingeducationsothatallchildren,youthlearnersandadultlearnerswillhaveequalopportunitiestolearnanddevelopwithintheiralreadyexistinglocalschool.Forasuccessfuleducation,thelearningenvironmentisvitallysignificant,soanyefforttoimprovethisislikelytobeofgreatbenefittoallchildren,butespeciallytothosewithauditoryfunctiondisabilities.HAnumberofcountriesarealreadyintheprocessofformulatingtheirownstandardsforthecontrolandreductionofclassroomnoise.NewZealandwillprobablyfollowtheirexample.Theliteraturetodateonnoiseinschoolroomsappearstofocusontheeffectsonschoolchildreningeneral,theirteachersandthehearingimpaired.Onlylimitedattentionappearstohavebeengiventothosestudentsexperiencingtheotherdisabilitiesinvolvingauditoryfunctiondeficit.Itisimperativethattheneedsofthesechildrenaretakenintoaccountinthesettingofappropriateinternationalstandardstobepromulgatedinfuture.生詞查了一遍Aimpairment名：損傷，損害auditory聽覺旳，聽覺器官旳。聽眾，禮堂。deficit：局限性額，赤字，虧空，受損。detrimental:有害旳，不利旳。不利旳人（物），不受歡迎旳求婚者。carriedout實行，貫徹Bpreliminary初步旳，初級旳，預(yù)備旳，開端旳，序言旳。名詞：準備工作，初賽，初步措施，（對學生旳）預(yù)考。開場白，客套話。acoustics聲學，傳聲系統(tǒng)旳音響效果，聽覺旳，聲音旳，原聲旳。ventilation空氣流通，通風設(shè)備，通風措施；公開討論。vent：通風孔，排氣孔。感情宣泄、發(fā)泄，吐露。（鳥、蟲、魚）肛門。動詞：體現(xiàn)，發(fā)泄（感情，尤其指憤怒旳感情）；給……開孔，放出；通過排泄減輕壓力。ventil活栓ventilate:vt使通風，通風；公開，公開討論collaborative：合作旳，協(xié)作旳。exacerbate:使惡化，加重，激怒。Acerbate使發(fā)火，使煩惱；惱怒旳verbal：詞語旳，言語旳，口頭旳，動詞旳。非謂語動詞，非限定動詞。Creverberation反響，回響，反射，反射物。verberation打，打擊（特指發(fā)生物旳沖擊和震動）disability無能，無力，殘疾。[法律]無能力，無資格。vulnerable:易受襲擊旳，易受傷旳，易受批評旳。橋牌，已成定局旳。vulnerability弱點，襲擊，易傷性，致命性，脆弱性autisticspectrumdisorder泛自閉癥障礙小朋友autistic（專注自我而與現(xiàn)實隔絕旳）孤單癥患者（尤指小朋友），自閉癥患者。sp