英文文獻綜述Typesofdata?TypesofDataPrimaryDataSecondaryDataQuantitativeData定量QualitativeData定性ContinuousData連續(xù)(variable)DiscreteData間斷/離散AttributeData‘Open’DataNominalData定類OrdinalData定序IntervalData定距RatioData定比WayofcollectingNatureofdata--fieldresearch--deskresearchQualitativedatavs.quantitativedata?GeneralFormatofResearchPaperIMRaDformatIntroductionWhyresearchneededMethodologyHowresearchcompletedandresultsanalyzedResultsAndWhatwasfound(data)DiscussionInterpretationofresultsandapplicationtoclinicalpracticeWhatisaliterature?

imaginativeworkslikenovelsorpoetry?anypublishedmaterialthatprovidesinformationinthefieldbeingdiscussed,perhapswithinaspecifictimeperiod.Whatisaliteraturereview?Thefocusofaliteraturereviewistosummarizeandsynthesizetheargumentsandideasofotherswithoutaddingnewcontributions.surveysscholarlyarticles,booksandothersources(e.g.dissertations,conferenceproceedings)relevanttoaparticularissue,areaofresearch,videsadescription,summary,andcriticalevaluationofeachwork.offersanoverviewofsignificantliteraturepublishedonatopic.Step1Step2Step3Step4DefiningthepurposeSearchingfortheliteratureReadingandanalyzingtheliteratureOrganizingthecontentsStep5WritingthereviewStepstoconductaliteraturereviewJournalpapersBooksThesesanddissertationsConferenceproceedingsGovernmentpublicationsTechnicalreportsInternetresourcesOrganizationofLiteratureReviewChronologicalBypublicationdateBytrendThematicAstructurewhichconsidersdifferentthemesMethodologicalFocusesonthemethodsoftheresearcher,e.g.,qualitativeversusquantitativeapproachesWhatareincludedinIntroduction?ElementsFunctionsPara.1S1-2Para.1S3-5Para.2-3Para.4Para.5GeneralStatementstoprovidethereaderwithasettingfortheproblemtobeinvestigatedSpecificStatementstodescribetheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearcherstofindthegapandindicatetheneedformoreinvestigationoftheproblemThesisStatementtopresentthepurposes/objectivesofthecurrentstudyOptionalStatementstogiveavalueorjustificationforcarryingoutthestudy,limitationofthestudy,etc.P26(LiteratureReview)ListdifferentopinionsonpovertyandenvironmentaldegradationBruntlandCommissionReport,etc.ontheonesideLeachandMearnsontheothersidePovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentalproblemsandameliorationofpovertyisanecessaryandcentralconditionofanyeffectiveprogramsaddressingtheenvironment.Environmentaldegradation,rapidpopulationgrowthandstagnantproductionarecloselylinkedwiththefastspreadofacutepovertyinmanycountriesofAsia.Poorfamilieswhohavetomeetshorttermneedsminethenaturalcapitalbyexcessivecuttingoftreesforfirewoodandfailuretoreplacesoilnutrients.Thesestudiespointtodemographic,cultural,andinstitutionalfactorsasimportantvariablesinthepoverty-environmentaldegradationnexus.Anintricateweboffactorsplustheexistenceoffeedbackloopsfromenvironmentaldegradationtopovertymakestheprocessofidentifyingcausalitylinks,ifany,betweenenvironmentaldegradationandpovertyadifficultexercise.Tensesincitation?Whatdowealreadyknowintheimmediateareaconcerned?Whatarethecharacteristicsofthekeyconceptsorthemainfactorsorvariables?Whataretherelationshipsbetweenthesekeyconcepts,factorsorvariables?Whataretheexistingtheories?Wherearetheinconsistenciesorothershortcomingsinourknowledgeandunderstanding?Whatviewsneedtobe(further)tested?Whatevidenceislacking,inconclusive,contradictoryortoolimited?Whystudy(further)theresearchproblem?Whatcontributioncanthepresentstudybeexpectedtomake?Whatresearchdesignsormethodsseemunsatisfactory?

someofthequestionsaliteraturereviewshouldanswerLiteratureReviewUntilrecentlymanyresearchershaveshowninterestinthefieldofcoastalerosionandtheresultingbeachprofiles.Theyhavecarriedoutnumerouslaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservationstoilluminatethedarknessofthisfield.

Theirfindingsandsuggestionsarereviewedhere.JACHOWSKI(1964)developedamodelinvestigationconductedontheinterlockingprecastconcreteblockseawall.AfteraresultofasurveyofdamagescausedbytheseverestormalongthecoastofUSA,anewandespeciallyshapedconcreteblockwasdevelopedforuseinshoreprotection.Thisblockwasdesignedtobeusedinarevetmenttypeseawallthatwouldbebothdurableandeconomicalaswellasreducewaverun-upandovertopping,andscouratitsbaseortoe.Itwasprovedthateffectiveshoreprotectioncouldbedesignedutilisingtheseunits.HOM-MAandHORIKAWA(1964)studiedwaveforcesactingontheseawallwhichwaslocatedinsidethesurfzone.Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresultsconductedtomeasurewaveforcesagainstaverticalwall,theauthorsproposedanempiricalformulaofwavepressuredistributiononaseawall.Thecomputedresultsobtainedbyusingtheaboveformulawerecomparedwellwiththefielddataofwavepressureonaverticalwall.SELEZOVandZHELEZNYAK(1965)conductedexperimentsonscourofseabottominfrontofharbourseawalls,basingonthetheoreticalinvestigationofsolitarywaveinteractionwithaverticalwallusingaBoussinesquetypeequation.Itshowedthatthenumericalresultswereinreasonableagreementwithlaboratoryexperimentaldata.Read,ThinkandAnswerP354.Isitagoodliteraturereview?Why?Wedon'tbelievethatitisagoodliteraturereview.Itonlygivesasummaryofpreviousresearch;itdoesnotusetheliteraturetoexplainmoreaboutthewriter'sownresearchproblem.Also,itisnotcritical:afterwereaditwestilldonotknowwhichtheoriesorfindingsareimportant,whichareinconclusiveandwhattheshortcomingsare.Themainproblemwiththisliteraturereviewisthatitdoesnotshowhowpreviousresearchrelatestothewriter'sownresearchproblem,ortherelationshipbetweendifferentresearchalreadycarriedout.Giventheorganisationthewriterhasused,thisliteraturereviewcouldnotbeeffectivebecausethereislittlescopeforshowingrelationships,drawingcomparisonsormakingevaluations.

1.Whichofthequestionsdoesthisliteraturereviewanswer?Thisliteratureoffersasummaryofpreviousresearch,soitdoesanswerthefirstquestion.Itsimplytellsthereaderwhatwasdiscoveredinpreviousresearch.

2.Whichofthemdoesn'titanswer?Thisliteraturereviewdoesn't