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AConciseIntroductiontoEnglishandAmericanLiterature英語專八人文知識復(fù)習(xí)首先,了解考試大綱:摘自《高校英語專業(yè)八級考試大綱(2004年新版)》,人文知識1.測試要求:a.能基本了解主要英語國家的地理、歷史、現(xiàn)狀、文化傳統(tǒng)等b.能初步具備英語文學(xué)知識c.能初步具備英語語言學(xué)知識d.考試時間10分鐘2.測試形式:本部分采用多項選擇題形式,要求學(xué)生從每題的四個選擇項中選出一個最佳答案,共10題。3.測試目的:人文知識部分測試學(xué)生對主要英語國家社會與文化、英語文學(xué)與英語語言學(xué)基本知識的掌握。4.測試范圍:主要英語國家社會與文化知識英語文學(xué)知識英語語言學(xué)知識[SampleTest]1.WhereisEdinburgh?A.InWalesB.InScotlandC.InNorthernIrelandD.InIreland2.WhichofthefollowingisNotaU.S.newsandcablenetwork?A.ABCB.CNNC.CBSD.BBC3.GeorgeBernardShawwasa(n)____A.playwrightB.poetC.novelistD.essayist4.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationis_______A.morphologyB.generallinguisticsC.phonologyD.semantics綜上所述,在復(fù)習(xí)當(dāng)中應(yīng)該注重英美國家的地理、歷史、政治、建筑、節(jié)假日、文學(xué)、語言學(xué)等基本常識,文學(xué)一種大作品作家為主,語言學(xué)以基本定義為主,復(fù)習(xí)時多讀多看,以熟悉認(rèn)知為主,列出知識點。第二,做好充分準(zhǔn)備:送幾個字:有目標(biāo),按計劃,重過程,講實效關(guān)于專業(yè)八級,其實只要有一定的基礎(chǔ),在考前系統(tǒng)地練習(xí)一下一般都沒問題的,不過拿高分確實不是那么容易。第一,解決好心態(tài)問題,不給自己太高的要求,能以比較輕松的心態(tài)去復(fù)習(xí)。只是想PASS,拿到八級證書,在每次做模擬題時如果結(jié)果能夠超過60分都會很滿足很開心。第二,制定適合自己的系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)計劃??及思?,給自己制定了比較詳細(xì)的計劃,這是很重要的。并且,如果基本上按照自己的計劃進行,效果就會不錯。比如,英語國家概況,可以從分門別類在加以對照學(xué)習(xí),記憶。如:LocationandSize;LandandPeople;Capital;GeographicalFeaturesandRegions;Mountains;RiversandLakes;Climate;PlantsandAnimals;Economy;PoliticalSystem;Society;History。第三點,貴在堅持。毅力非常重要。其實在剛開始的時候,大家水平都差不多,同學(xué)們都很努力,每天都堅持按照自己的計劃練習(xí),要能夠做到足不出戶。但在八級考試之后,大家的差距就會明顯拉開。原因誰堅持走到底,誰就能笑在最后。第四,選好復(fù)習(xí)資料。PartOneEnglishandAmericanLiteratureWhatisliterature?Literatureislanguageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.EnglishLiterature1.OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature–romance(450-1066)449—1066;1066—14852.TheRenaissancePeriod–Humanism(14thcentury-16thcentury)1485—1603文藝復(fù)興時期:I.EdmundSpenser;II.ChristopherMarlowe;III.WilliamShakespeare;IV.FrancisBacon.3.TheNeoclassicalPeriodAgeofEnlightenment\AgeofReason,emphasizingreason,order,andelegantwit(17th-18thcentury)新古典主義時期:I.JohnBunyan;II.AlexanderPope;III.DanielDefoe;IV.JonathanSwift;V.HenryFielding;VII.RichardBrinsleySheridan;VIII.ThomasGrayElegy.4.TheRomanticPeriod—romanticismemphasizingpassion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.(18thand19th)浪漫主義時期:I.WilliamBlake;II.WilliamWordsworth;III.SamuelTaylorColeridge;IV.GeorgeGrodonByron;V.PercyByssheShelley;VI.JohnKeats;VII.JaneAusten.5.TheVictorianAge–realism(1836to1901,reignofQueenVictoria)維多利亞時期:I.CharlesDickens;II.TheBronteSisters;III.AlfredTennyson;IV.RobertBrowning;V.GeorgeEliot;VI.ThomasHardy.6.TheModernPeriod--symbolism,thestreamofconsciousnessandnaturalism(20thcentury)現(xiàn)代主義時期:I.GeorgeBernardShaw;II.JohnGalsworthy;III.WilliamButlerYeats;IV.T.S.Eliot;V.D.H.Lawrence;VI.JamesJoyce.1.OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature–romance(450-1066)TheOldEnglishPeriodextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanConquest,andfollowstheMedievalEnglishperioduntiltheRenaissancein14thcentury.ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance,whichwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanobleherowithathemeofloyalty.Beowulfwasthemostfamousoneoftheromances.TheVenerableBede比得673~735EcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople《英吉利人教會史》;AlfredtheGreat《阿爾弗雷得大帝849~899》;TheAnglo-SaxonChronicle《盎格魯—薩克遜編年史》;TheLateMedievalAgesWilliamLangland威廉·蘭格倫1332~1400PiersthePlowman《農(nóng)夫比埃斯的夢》GeoffreyChaucer杰佛利·喬叟(1340-1400)HeisconsideredthegreatestliteraryfigureofmedievalEnglandandthefatherofmodernEnglishpoetry(英國詩歌之父)andrealisticwriting.Masterpieces:長詩:TheHouseofFame《聲譽之堂》,1830;TroilusandCriseide《特羅勒與克麗西德》,1385;theLegendofGoodWomen,《好女人的故事》;TheBooksoftheDuchess《悼公爵夫人》。小說:CanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》—英國文學(xué)史上現(xiàn)實主義第一部杰作,采用其開創(chuàng)的英雄雙韻體(heroiccouplet)。SirThomasMalory托馬斯·馬洛里爵士1405~1471LeMorteD’Arthur《亞瑟王之死》。2.TheRenaissancePeriod–Humanism(14thcentury-16thcentury)TheRenaissancemeansthereintroductionintoWesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.TheessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanism.文藝復(fù)興具有三個特點:一,古希臘、古羅馬文化的發(fā)展;二,知識的復(fù)興;三,人文主義的發(fā)展。1),SirPhilipSydney菲利普·錫德尼爵士1554~1586TheSchoolofAbuse《誨淫的學(xué)校》;DefenseofPoesy《詩辯》。2).ThomasMore托馬斯·莫爾1478~1535Utopia《烏托邦》:ThefirstEnglishsciencefiction,itisthesourceofscientificsocialism.ItiswritteninLatin,twoparts,thesecond—placeofnowhere.Aphilosophicalmariner(RaphaelHythloday)tellshisvoyagesinwhichhediscoversanidealland-Utopia.a.partoneisorganizedasdialoguewithmarinerdepictinghisphilosophy.b.parttwoisadescriptionoftheislandkingdomwheregoldandsilverarewornbycriminal,religiousfreedomistotalandnooneownsanything.c.thenatureofthebook:attackingthechiefpoliticalandsocialevilsofhistime.d.thebookandtheRepublic:anattempttodescribetheRepublicinanewway,butitpossessesanmoderncharacterandtheresemblanceisinexternals.e.itplayedakeyroleintheHumanistawakeningofthe16thcenturywhichmovedawayfromtheMedievalotherworldlinesstowardsRenaissancesecularism.Utopia’sthesignificancea.itwasthefirstchampionofnationalideasandnationallanguages;itcreatedanationalprose,equallyadaptedtohandlingscientificandartisticmaterial.b.aelegantLatinscholarandthefatherofEnglishprose:hecomposedworksinEnglish,translatedfromLatinintoEnglishbiography,wroteHistoryofRichardIII.3).EdmundSpenser埃德蒙·斯賓塞1552~1599:Masterpieces:TheFaerieQueen《仙后(1590—1596)》,運用非凡的想象創(chuàng)造出一個瑰麗的世界,也為英國詩歌創(chuàng)造出一種獨特的詩節(jié),即:SpenserianStanza“斯賓塞詩節(jié)”。以寓言(allegory)主要手法,在精神上反對天主教而歌頌作為英國民族象征的伊麗莎白女王,傳達了正在興起的清教主義的嚴(yán)峻的道德觀。是當(dāng)時英國非戲劇文學(xué)的最高峰,因此被稱為詩人的詩人Thepoet’spoet。TheShepherdsCalendar《牧羊人的日歷》;Amoretti《愛情小唱》;Epithalamion《賀新婚曲》;ColinCloutsComeHomeAgaine《柯林·克勞特回來了》;FoureHymnes《四首贊美歌》;4).FrancisBacon弗蘭西斯·培根1561~1626英國著名散文家,擅長隨筆,被馬克思譽為“英國唯物主義的真正始祖”。AdvancementofLearning《學(xué)術(shù)的推進》,1605;NovumOrganum《新工具》1620;《新大西島》,1627;Essays《隨筆》,1625;《OfStudy》論學(xué)習(xí)。5).ChristopherMarlowe:柯里斯托弗·馬洛1564~1595greatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeareandmostgiftedoftheWits.(1)Life:firstinterestedinclassicalpoetry—thenindrama.(2)MajorworksTamburlaine《鐵木耳傳》TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲劇》TheJewofMalta《馬耳他的猶太人》EdwardII《愛德華二世》HeroandLeander《海洛與勒安德爾》選文為Dr.Faustus;ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove6).WilliamShakespeare莎士比亞(1564-1616):HeisthegreatestofallElizabethandramatists,是文藝復(fù)興的高峰,“他不屬于一個時代,而屬于所有世紀(jì)”。其創(chuàng)作分為三個時期:第一時期,以歷史劇和喜劇comedy創(chuàng)作為主1590—1600,以愛情和友誼為主題,反映人文主義者對新生活的渴望;第二時期,以悲劇tragedy創(chuàng)作為主1601—1608,體現(xiàn)了人文主義思想與英國現(xiàn)實矛盾的沖突;第三,以傳奇劇Melodrama為主1609—1613,往往以矛盾重重開始,最終卻為愛情或者友誼所調(diào)和,表現(xiàn)了莎士比亞后期創(chuàng)作的淡泊寬容。38個劇本,Tragedies:Hamlet《哈姆雷特》,1601,取材于theTragicHistoryofHamletPrinceofDenmark《丹麥王子漢姆雷特的悲劇故事》,反映了文藝復(fù)興時期人文主義思想家的理想和資本主義原始積累時期社會現(xiàn)實之間無法調(diào)和的矛盾;KingLear《李爾王》,1605;Macbeth《麥克白》,1605;Othello《奧塞羅》,1604;RomeoandJuliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》,1595;Comedies:TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》,1596;AMidsummerNight’sDream《仲夏夜之夢》,1595;TwelfthNight《第十二夜》,1600;MuchAdoaboutNothing《無事生非》,1598;AsYouLikeIt《皆大歡喜》,1599;TheMercyWivesofWindsor《溫莎的風(fēng)流婦人》,1598。冬天的故事,Thewinter’sTale,1610.Tragedies&Comedies:All’sWellThatEndsWell《終成眷屬》,;Historicdramas:HenryⅥ《亨利六世》,1591;HenryⅣ《亨利四世》HenryⅤ《亨利五世》;RichardIII,理查德三世,1592,JuliusCaesar,《愷撒大帝》,1599,寫古羅馬前三雄之一JuliusCaesar戰(zhàn)勝龐培Pompey之后獨自稱王的野心;AntonyandCleopatra《安東尼與克里奧佩特拉》Tempest《暴風(fēng)雨》,1612。MeasureforMeasure,《請君入甕》,1604。兩部長詩。Poetry:VenusandAdonis《維納斯和阿多尼斯》,1593;TheRapeofLucrece《魯克麗斯受辱記》,1594(VenusandLucrece);ThePassionatePilgrim,154首十四行詩(theSonnets)TheSonnet十四行詩:ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sdayMajorplays-men-centered.(1)RomeoandJuliet——tragicloveandfate(2)TheMerchantofVenice.:Goodoverevil,Anti-Semitism.(3)HenryIV:Nationalunity,Falstaff.(4)JuliusCaesar:Republicanismvs.dictatorship(5)Hamlet:Revenge,Good/evil.(6)Othello:Diaboliccharacter,jealousy,gapbetweenappearanceandreality.(7)KingLear:Filialingratitude(8)Macbeth:Ambitionvs.fate.(9)AntonyandCleopatra:Passionvs.reason(10)TheTempest:Reconciliation;realityandillusion.3.Non-dramaticpoetry(1)VenusandAdonis;TheRapeofLucrece.(2)Sonnets:a.theme:fair,true,kind.b.twomajorparts:ahandsomeyoungmanofnoblebirth;aladyindarkcomplexion.c.theform:threequatrains(四行詩)andacouplet(雙韻體).d.therhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,gg.7).BenJonson本瓊生1562—1637莎士比亞之后最偉大的戲劇作家,17世紀(jì)英國文壇的盟主,被文學(xué)史家稱為英國文藝復(fù)興時期的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”作家。擅長模仿羅馬詩人的警句和假面?。∕asque)的創(chuàng)作。1.life:poet,dramatist,aLatinandGreekscholar,the“l(fā)iteraryking”(SonsofBen)2.Contribution:(1)theideaof“humour”.(2)anadvocateofclassicaldramaandaforerunnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.3.Majorplays(1)SongtoCilia,《西麗亞之歌》,1616,贊美精神愛;TheAlchemist,《煉金術(shù)士》,1610;Volpone(theFox),《狐貍》,1606;把17世紀(jì)初倫敦社會上的騙子、方士、食客、蕩婦、清教徒之流暴露得淋漓盡致,詩句也典雅有力。(2)EveryoneinHisHumour—“humour”;threeunities.8).FrancisBacon培根(1561-1626):Writer,philosopherandstatesmanHeisbestknownforhisessays.Masterpieces:TheAdvancementofLearning《論科學(xué)的價值與發(fā)展》NovumOrganum《新工具》ApophthagmesNewandOld《新舊格言錄》TheHistoryoftheReignofHenryVIITheNewAtlantis《新大西島》MaximsofLaw《法律原理》TheLearningReadingupontheStatuteofUses《法令使用讀書》選文OfStudiesV.JohnDonneTheElegiesandSatires《挽歌與十四行詩》TheSongsandSonnets《歌謠與十四行詩》HolySonnets《圣十四行詩》AHymnstoGodtheFather《給圣父的贊美詩選文》TheRisingSun;DeathBeNotProudEssays《論文集》(Totally58pieces:OfStudies《論學(xué)習(xí)》OfWisdomforaMan’sSelf)(1)life:Cambridge-humanisminParis–knighted-LordChancellor–bribery-focusingonphilosophyandliterature.(2)philosophicalideas:advancementofscience—people:servantsandinterpretersofnature—method:achildbeforenature—factsandobservations:experimental.(3)“Essays”:57.a.hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.b.hismethodistoweighandbalancematers,indicatingtheidealcourseofactionandthepracticalone,pointingouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeach,butleavingthereadertomakethefinaldecisions.(arguments)9).JohnMilton約翰·彌爾頓(1608-1674):17世紀(jì)英國文壇最偉大的作家,融入人文主義色彩和清教徒式的嚴(yán)峻內(nèi)斂,“人類的自制和自強的思想是永遠(yuǎn)存在的”,是其所有作品的主題。史詩采用“無韻體”(theblankverse).1.Life:educatedatCambridge—visitingthecontinent—involvedintotherevolution—persecuted—writingepics.2.Literarycareer.(1)The1stperiodwasupto1641,duringwhichtimeheistobeseenchieflyasasonofthehumanistsandElizabethans,althoughhisPuritanismisnotabsent.L'AllegreandILPenseroso(1632)arehisearlymasterpieces,inwhichwefindMiltonatrueoffspringoftheRenaissance,ascholarofexquisitetasteandrareculture.NextcameComus,amasque.ThegreatestofearlycreationswasLycidas,apastoralelegyonthedeathofacollegemate,EdwardKing.(2)Thesecondperiodisfrom1641to1654,whenthePuritanwasinsuchcompleteascendancythathewrotealmostnopoetry.In1641,hebeganalongperiodofpamphleteeringforthepuritancause.Forsome15years,thePuritaninhimaloneruledhiswriting.HesacrificedhispoeticambitiontothecallofthelibertyforwhichPuritanswerefighting.(3)Thethirdperiodisfrom1655to1671,whenhumanistandPuritanhavebeenfusedintoanexaltedentity.Thisperiodisthegreatestinhisliterarylife,epicsandsomefamoussonnets.ThethreelongpoemsarethefruitofthelongcontestwithinMiltonofRenaissancetraditionandhisPuritanfaith.TheyformthegreatestaccomplishmentsofanyEnglishpoetexceptShakespeare.InMiltonalone,itwouldseem,Puritanismcouldnotextinguishtheloverofbeauty.IntheseworkswefindhumanismandPuritanismmergedinmagnificence.3.MajorWorksOntheMorningofChrist’snativity,《圣誕清晨歌》,L’Allegro《歡樂的人》,1631;ILPenseroso《沉思的人》,1631;Comus《柯瑪斯》Lycidas《利西達斯》,是為悼念好友愛德華金而作,被認(rèn)為是英國最偉大的短詩。OfEducation《論教育》Areopagitica《論出版自由》,1644;TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople《為英國人民聲辯》,1651;TheSecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople《再為英國人民聲辯》;ParadiseLost《失樂園》,1667;ParadiseRegained《復(fù)樂園》,1671;SamsonAgonistes《力士參孫》,1671。(1)ParadiseLosta.theplot.b.characters.c.theme:justifythewaysofGodtoman.(2)ParadiseRegained.(3)SamsonAgonistes.4.FeaturesofMilton'sworks.(1)MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriterswhoisalsoaprominentfigureinpolitics,andwhoisbothagreatpoetandanimportantprosewriter.ThetwomostessentialthingstoberememberedabouthimarehisPuritanismandhisrepublicanism.(2)Miltonwrotemanydifferenttypesofpoetry.Heisespeciallyagreatmasterofblankverse.HelearnedmuchfromShakespeareandfirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.(3)Miltonisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstylenotedforitsdignityandpolish,whichistheresultofhislife-longclassicalandbiblicalstudy.(4)Miltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression. 10).JohnDryden約翰·德萊頓1631~1700王朝復(fù)辟時期的桂冠詩人,被譽為“英國文學(xué)批評主義之父”,其Ode(頌詩)和Epigram(諷刺詩)標(biāo)志著英國詩歌中古典主義的確立。HeroicStanza,《英雄詩章》,1658,歌頌清教徒領(lǐng)袖克倫威爾;AstraeaRedux,《正義恢復(fù)了》,1660,歡迎查理二世,斯圖亞特王朝復(fù)辟;AnEssayofDramaticPoesy,《論戲劇詩》,1668;AllforLove《一切為了愛情》,1667;AbsalomandAchitophel《押沙龍與阿齊托菲爾》,1681;TheMedal,《獎?wù)隆罚?682,運用英雄偶句,被POPE稱為韻律的楷模。TheHindandPanther《牝鹿與豹》,1687;AnnusMirabilis《神奇的年代》;Alexander’sFeast《亞歷山大的宴會》。3.TheNeoclassicalPeriodAgeofEnlightenment\AgeofReason,emphasizingreason,order,andelegantwit(17th-18thcentury)NeoclassicalperiodinEnglishliteraturereferstotheyearsbetweenthereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660andthefulldevelopmentofRomanticism.InEuropethe18thcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovement,knownastheEnlightenmentMovement,whichwas,onthewhole,anexpressionofstruggletothebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Thepurposeofthemovementwastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Sothe18thEnglandisalsoknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.Infieldofliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.1).AlexanderPope亞歷山大·蒲柏1688~1744他崇奉新古典主義,重節(jié)制,講法則,擅長theheroiccouplet(英雄雙韻體)和仿英雄體諷刺文學(xué)而成為新古典主義時期的大師,主張Onetruthisclear,whateveritisright“凡是存在的,都是正確的”。Pastorals,《田園》,1709;EssayonCriticism《批評論》,1711;MoralEssays《道德論》,WindsorForest,《溫莎森林》,1715;AnEssayonMan《人論》,1733TheRapeoftheRock《卷發(fā)遇劫記》,1714,被稱為英國文學(xué)中最偉大的諧謔史詩(mockepic);TheDunciad愚人記,又譯《群愚史詩》,1725;《至阿伯斯斯文文諾特醫(yī)生》,1735。2).Dr.SamuelJohnson塞繆爾·約翰遜1709~1784Britishwriterandlexicographer,以擅長文學(xué)評論而聞名,在語言學(xué)方面也造詣頗深。TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage《英語辭典》,1755;PrefacetoEditionofShakespeare《莎士比亞戲劇序言》,1765;TheVanityofHumanWishes《人類欲望之虛幻》London《倫敦》TheLivesofGreatPoets《詩人傳》,1781。3).DanielDefoe丹尼爾·笛福(1660-1731):英國periodicalpublications(報刊業(yè))的奠基人和重要的現(xiàn)實主義小說家,novelist,poet,pamphleteer,publisher,merchant,journalist)。HeisthefounderofTheReview(periodicalfoundedbyDefoe)評論報TheTruebornEnglishman,《地道的英國人》,1701;Theshortestwaywiththedissenters,《消滅不同教派的捷徑》,1702;HymntothePillory《立枷頌》,1703;RobinsonCrusoe《魯賓遜漂流記》,1719;CaptainSingleton《辛立頓船長》,1720;MollFlanders《莫爾弗蘭德斯》,1722;ColonelJack《杰克上?!罚?722;Roxana《羅克薩那/羅珊娜》,1724;AJournalofthePlagueYear《災(zāi)疫之年的日記》4).JonathanSwift喬納森·斯威夫特1667~1745是18世紀(jì)偉大的諷刺文作家,促進了英語的規(guī)范化,properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle(恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~放在恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?,就能成為好的風(fēng)格)。ATaleofaTub《一只木桶的故事》,1697;TheBattleofBooks《書戰(zhàn)》,1704;Theconductoftheallies,《盟國的行為》,1712;CadenusandVanessa《凱德尼斯與梵納莎》,1713;TheDrapier’sLetters《布商的信》,1724;AModestProposal《一個小小的建議》,1729,是他最有名的政論文章,反對英國對愛爾蘭的暴虐統(tǒng)治。VersesontheDeathofDr.Swift,《斯維夫特博士死亡之詩》,1739。Gulliver’sTravels《格列佛游記》,1726,是以諷刺朝政,表現(xiàn)人類丑惡為目的的寓言,主要抨擊當(dāng)時的資產(chǎn)階級。LiteratureofSatire:1.Life:(1)borninIreland;(2)studiesatTrinityCollege;(3)workedasasecretary;(4)thechiefeditorofTheExaminer;(5)theDeanofSt.Patrick'sinDublin.2.Works:TheBattleofBooks,ATaleofaTub,AModestProposal,Gulliver'sTravels.3.Gulliver'sTravels.PartI.Satire—theWhigandtheTories,AnglicanChurchandCatholicChurch.PartII.Satire—thelegalsystem;condemnationofwar.PartIII.Satire—ridiculousscientificexperiment.PartIV.Satire—mankind.5).JohnBunyan約翰·班揚(1628-1688):英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的先驅(qū),清教主義的典型代表,作品有濃厚的宗教色彩。ThePilgrim’sProgress,《天路歷程》(ItisregardedasthemostsuccessfulreligiousallegoryintheEnglishlanguage,thepioneerofmodernnovels近代小說的前驅(qū).)GraceAboundingtotheChiefofSinners《功德無量》,1666或譯《上帝賜予最大罪人的無限恩惠》《功德無量/罪人頭目的赫免》;ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路歷程》,1678;TheLifeandDeathofMr.Badman《敗德先生傳/壞人先生傳》,敗德先生傳/拜德門先生生死錄/壞人先生傳》;1680;TheHolyWar《圣戰(zhàn)》,1682。TheVanityFair(fromtheThePilgrim’sProgress)6).HenryFielding亨利·菲爾丁(1707-1754):Hewasfirsttosetoutbothintheoryandpracticetowritespecificallya“comicepicinprose(散文滑稽史詩)”andtogivemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.他代表了18世紀(jì)英國小說的最高成就,其流浪小說(PicaresqueNovel)全面反映社會現(xiàn)實,GeorgeGordonByron稱他是:“展示人性的散文荷馬”—theproseHomerofHumanNature,WalterScott稱他是“英國小說家之父”—theFatherofEnglishNovels。Masterpieces:TheHistoricalRegister,《歷史的名單》,1737,強力攻擊英國政府和首相;TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews《約瑟夫·安德魯斯》,1742;TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat《大偉人江奈生·威爾德》,1743;TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling《湯姆·瓊斯》,1749;Amelia《愛米利亞》,1751;TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736《一七三六年歷史記事》DonQuixoteinEngland《堂吉柯德在英國》TheCoffeeHousePolitician《咖啡屋的政治家》TheTragedyoftheTragedies《悲劇中的悲劇》TheHistoricalRegisterfortheYear1736《1736歷史年鑒》(1)Life:a.unsuccessfuldramaticcareer;b.legalcareer;writingcareer.(2)works.(3)TomJones.a.theplot;b.characters:Tom,Blifil,Sophia;c.significance.(4)thetheoryofrealism.(5)thestyleoflanguage.7).RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德·布林斯利·謝里丹:1751~1816SheridanwastheonlyimportantEnglishdramatistofthe18thcentury.作品反映新興的英國資產(chǎn)階級的要求。Masterpieces:Rivals,《情敵》,1775,喜劇,寫一個受了感傷文學(xué)影響的富家女幻想和一個窮軍官私奔,而這窮軍官卻是一個貴族青年投其所好而喬裝的。TheSchoolforScandal,《造謠學(xué)?!?,1777,作者最出色的五幕戲劇,Byron稱此書是“發(fā)表過人們在英國所能撰擬的、所能聽到的最出色的演說”,揭露英國貴族資產(chǎn)階級社會的種種敗德:虛偽,荒淫,以惡意中傷別人名譽為生活的樂趣。St.Patrick’sDay(TheSchemingLieutenant)《圣·派特立克節(jié)》TheDuenna《伴娘》TheCritic《批評家》SchemingLieutenant《詭計多端的中尉》TheDuenna《少女的監(jiān)護人》Pizarro《比扎羅》C.significanceofhisplays.a.TheRivalsandTheSchoolforScandalaregenerallyregardedasimportantlinksbetweenthemasterpiecesofShakespeareandthoseofBernardShaw,andastrueclassicsinEnglishcomedy.b.Inhisplays,moralityistheconstanttheme.Heismuchconcernedwiththecurrentmoralissuesandlashesharshlyatthesocialvicesoftheday.c.Sheridan'sgreatnessalsoliesinhistheatricalart.Heseemstohaveinheritedfromhisparentsanaturalabilityandinbornknowledgeaboutthetheatre.Hisplaysaretheproductofadramaticgeniusaswellasofawell-versedtheatricalman.d.Hisplotsarewell-organized,hischaracters,eithermajororminor,areallsharplydrawn,andhismanipulationofsuchdevicesasdisguise,mistakenidentityanddramaticironyismasterly.Wittydialoguesandneatanddecentlanguagealsomakeacharacteristicofhisplays.亨利·菲爾丁和丹尼爾·笛福、塞繆爾·約翰生并稱為英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的三大奠基人。80.SamuelRichardson塞繆爾·理查遜1689~1761是這一時期人民生活的忠實記錄者,作品創(chuàng)造性地采用了theEpistolaryNovel(書信體小說)并大膽地首次描述了人物的內(nèi)心世界。PamelaorVirtueRewarded《帕米拉/德行有報》,1741;ClarrisaorTheHistoryofaYongLady,《克萊麗莎或年輕女子的歷史》,1748;HistoryofSirCharlesGrandison,《查爾斯格蘭迪森的歷史》,1754;Poems:LondonTheVanityofHumanWishes《人生希望多空幻》;TheHistoryofRasselas,PriceofAbyssinia(aromance)《阿比西尼亞王子的故事》;Irene(atragedy)《艾琳》;TheRambleandTheIdler《漫游者和閑散者》;LivesofPoetsADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage9).OliverGoldsmith奧利弗·格爾德斯密斯1730~1774是多才多藝的作家,對英國大資產(chǎn)階級和貴族妥協(xié)的局面表示不滿,對社會下層表示深切的同情。TheTraveler《旅游人》;TheCitizensoftheWorld《世界公民》,1762;TheVicarofWakefield《威克菲爾德牧師傳》,1766;TheDesertedVillage《荒村》,1770;SheStoopstoConquer《屈身求愛》,1773;TheGoodNaturedMan《好心人》。10).ThomasGray托馬斯·格雷1716~1771他創(chuàng)作的HeroicQuatrain(英雄體四行詩)強調(diào)靈感和獨創(chuàng)的重要性。OdeonaDistantProspectofEtoncollege,《伊頓頌歌》;AnElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard,《墓地挽歌/寫在教堂墓地的挽歌》,常常被譽為英國18世紀(jì)甚至是英國歷史上詩歌中最好的,全詩用IambicPentameter(五音步抑揚格)寫成,體現(xiàn)了詩人對農(nóng)民的同情,對黑暗、墳?zāi)购退劳龅呐d趣。OdeontheDeathofaFavouriteCat《愛貓之死/愛貓之死頌》;TheBard《游吟詩人》;TheProgressofPoesy,《詩歌的進程》。OdeonaSpring《春之頌》;OdeonaDistantProspectofEtonCollege《伊頓遠(yuǎn)眺》;HymntoAdversity《逆境頌》4.TheRomanticPeriod—romanticismemphasizingpassion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.(18thand19th)Attheturnofthe18thand19thcenturiesRomanticismappearedinEnglandasanewtrendinliterature.Itbeganin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’sLyricalBalladsandendedin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicism,whichemphasizedreason,order,andelegantwit.Instead,romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.Inessenceitdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandallexperience.TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.浪漫主義始于1798年,標(biāo)志為華茲華斯與柯勒律治的《抒情歌謠集》的出版,終于1823年,標(biāo)志為沃特·司各特的去世和議會第一個改革提案的通過。英國浪漫主義文學(xué)分為三個時期:1,pre-romanticism:主要作家有:RobertBurns和WilliamBlake;2,thefirstgenerationofromantics,主要作家有:WilliamWordsworth和SamuelTaylorColeridge;3,theYoungergenerationofromantics,主要作家有:GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelley和johnKeats;CharacteristicsofRomanticism:(1)Thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings(2)Thecreationofaworldofimagination(3)Thereturntonatureformaterial(4)Sympathywiththehumbleandglorificationofthecommonplace(5)Emphasisupontheexpressionofindividualgenius(6)ThereturntoMiltonandtheElizabethansforliterarymodels(7)Theinterestinoldstoriesandmedievalromances(8)Asenseofmelancholyandloneliness(9)Therebelliousspirit1).RobertBurns羅伯特·彭斯1759~1796蘇格蘭歷史上最偉大的農(nóng)民詩人,是蘇格蘭的民族詩人(thenationalpoetofScotland),其優(yōu)秀詩篇都以蘇格蘭農(nóng)民的方言寫成PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩。AftonWater,《亞頓河水》;HolyWillie’sprayer,《威利長者的禱辭》;Toamouse,《致小老鼠》;ToaLause,《致虱子》;Scots,WhaHae,《蘇格蘭人》,1793,表達向往民主的熱情。ARed,RedRose《一朵紅紅的玫瑰》,1794,通過ballad(民歌)的形式顯示詩人對愛情的高度洞察力。JohnAnderson,MyJo《約翰·安德生,我的愛人》;AuldLongSyne《往昔時光》,或《友誼地久天長》1796;ForA“ThatandA”That,《不管那一套》,1795;TomeO’Shanter,《湯姆奧尚特》,敘事詩narrativepoem,方言的運用在音韻rhyme和節(jié)奏rhythm上都達到了新的藝術(shù)高度。MyHeart’sintheHighlands《我的心在那高原上》(1)Life:FrenchRevolution(2)Featuresofpoetrya.BurnsischieflyrememberedforhissongswrittenintheScottishdialect.b.Hispoemsareusuallydevoidofartificialornamentandhaveagreatcharmofsimplicity.c.Hispoemsareespeciallyappreciatedfortheirmusicaleffect.d.Hispoliticalandsatiricalpoemsarenotedforhispassionateloveforfreedomandfierysentimentsofhatredagainsttyranny.(3)SignificanceofhispoetryHispoetrymarksanepochinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.TheysuggestedthatthespiritoftheRomanticrevivalwasembodiedinthisobscureploughman.Love,humour,pathos,theresponsetonature–allthepoeticqualitiesthattouchthehumanheartareinhispoems,whichmarkedthesunriseofanotherday–thedayofRomanticism.2).WilliamBlake威廉·布萊克1757~1827英國文學(xué)史上最多才多藝和最注重精神生活的藝術(shù)家。SongsofInnocence《天真之歌》,1789;Thechimneysweeper,《掃煙囪的孩子》;TheLamb,《羊羔》,1789;Thetiger,《老虎》,以一種打鐵似的樂調(diào)著稱;London,《倫敦》;SongsofExperience《經(jīng)驗之歌》;America《亞美利加》;Europe《歐羅巴》;Milton《彌爾頓》;Jerusalem《耶路撒冷》;EverlastingGospel,《永久的福音》;TheMarriageofHeavenandHell《天堂與地獄的婚姻》。WilliamBlake(1)life:FrenchRevolution(2)works.(3)featuresa.sympathywiththeFrenchRevolutionb.hatredfor18thcenturyconformityandsocialinstitutionc.attitudeofrevoltagainstauthorityd.strongprotestagainstrestrictivecodes(4)hisinfluenceBlakeisoftenregardedasasymbolistandmystic,andhehasexertedagreatinfluenceontwentiethcenturywriters.Hispeculiaritiesofthoughtandimaginativevisionhaveinmanywaysprovedfarmorecongenialtothe20thcenturythantheyweretothe19th.3).WilliamWordsworth威廉·華茲華斯(1770-1850):ALakePoet英國浪漫派詩歌理論的創(chuàng)始人thechiefspokesmanofRomanticpoetry,與SamuelTaylorColeridge,RobertSouthey并稱為LakePoets湖畔詩人。他被稱為theNaturePoet自然詩人,于1843年被授予PoetLaureate桂冠詩人。WeAreSeven《我們是七個》,1798;TheTablesTurned《全局改變》,1798;TinternAbbey《丁登寺旁》,1798,采用無韻體形式blankverse,和五音步抑揚格IambicPentameter表達感情。MyHeartLeapsUp《彩虹》,1802;IWanderedLonelyasaCloud《我似一朵孤獨的流云》,1804;ThePrelude《序曲》,1805;LyricalBallads,《抒情歌謠集》,1805;TheSolitaryReaper《孤獨的割麥女》;ImitationsofImmortalityfromRecollectionsofEarlyChildhood《不朽頌》。4).SamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾·泰勒·科爾律治1772~1834浪漫主義先驅(qū)和文學(xué)批評家RomanticPoetofthefirstgeneration,andcriticMasterpieces:LyricalBallads《抒情歌謠集》(與柯勒律治合編)TheRimeoftheAncientMariner《古舟子頌/吟》或《老水手謠》,1798,以老水手恩將仇報射殺海鳥后的可怕災(zāi)難和懺悔探索了罪與罰的倫理問題,突出了愛的力量,含有深刻的道德寓意。KublaKhan《忽必烈汗》,1816,是詩人稱的心理描寫的奇品(psychologicalcuriosity)BiographiaLiteraria《文學(xué)傳記》,1817Christabel《柯里斯塔貝爾》,F(xiàn)rostatNight半夜冰霜,午夜寒霜,Dejection,anOde憂郁頌《沮喪:一曲頌歌》ThePrelude:abiographicalpoem《序曲》.1.Introduction2.WilliamWordsworth:representativepoet,chiefspokesmanofRomanticpoetry(1)Life:a.lovenature;b.Cambridge;c.tourtoFrance;d.Frenchrevolution;e.Dorathy;f.TheLakeDistrict;g.friendofColeridge;h.conservativeafterrevolution.(3)Featuresofhispoems.a.Theme:Aconstantthemeofhispoetrywasthegrowthofthehumanspiritthroughthenaturaldescriptionwithexpressionsofinwardstatesofmind.b.characteristicsofstyle:Hispoemsarecharacterizedbyasympathywiththepoor,simplepeasants,andapassionateloveofnature.(4)HiscriticismHewasoneofthefirstcriticstogiveclosecriticalattentiontolanguage.Inbothpoetryandcriticism,hisworkisoutstanding,butitistypicalofhimthathiscriticalworkisveryscatteredanddisorganized.5).RobertSouthey羅伯特騷塞(1774—1843)Lakepoet,湖畔詩人,poetlaureate桂冠詩人TheScholar,《學(xué)者》;TheHolyTree,《圣樹》;AVisionofJudgment,《審判的幻境》,1821;6).PercyByssheShelley波西·比希·雪萊(1792-1822):Thesecondgeneration,poetandcritic.英國文學(xué)史上最有才華的抒情詩人之一,“我們當(dāng)中最優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)家之一”oneofthebstartistsofusall—WilliamWordsworth,“我所認(rèn)識的人中最無私最優(yōu)秀的一個”withoutexceptionthebestandleastselfishmanIeverknew—GeorgeGordonByron,“詩人中的詩人”thepoet’spoet,柏拉圖主義者,偉大的理想主義者。QueenMab:APhilosophicalPoem《仙后麥布/麥步女王》,1813;RevoltofIslam《伊斯蘭的反叛》,1818;TheCenci《欽契一家/沉西》,1819;OdetotheWestWind《西風(fēng)頌》,1819,采用但丁的三行詩節(jié)terzerima與莎士比亞的十四行詩sonnet的為混合體,預(yù)言革命風(fēng)暴必將到來,表現(xiàn)了詩人的革命情懷。Asong:menofEngland,《致英國人民》,1819;Englandin1819,《1819年的英國》,1819;TheMasqueofAnarchy,Hellas《專制者的假面游行》,1819;ToaSkylark《

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