1、 10原子核、核子及相關(guān)術(shù)語質(zhì)子 proton 中子 neutron電子 electron核子 nucleon核nucleus pl.nuclei原子 atom光子 photon正電子 positron量子 quantum, quanta (pl.)電子伏特 electron-volt (eV)兆電子伏特 mega electron-volt (MeV)同位素 isotope原子序數(shù) atomic number質(zhì)量數(shù) mass number超鈾元素 transuranium element元素周期表 periodic table熱中子 thermal neutron 快中子 fast neut

2、ron復(fù)合核compound nucleus相關(guān)元素與材料核燃料與增殖材料鈾 uraniumU 钚 plutoniumPu氘，重氫 deuterium，heavy hydrogen氚 tritium混合氧化物燃料MOX燃料Mixed(Uranium and Plutonium) OXide fuel二氧化鈾 uranium dioxide濃縮鈾 enriched uranium 貧鈾 depleted uranium碳化鈾 uranium carbide釷 thorium鋰 lithium錒系元素 actinide element易裂變的 fissile可裂變的、可裂變物質(zhì) fissionab

3、le增殖同位素 fertile isotope 核嬗變 nuclear transmutation轉(zhuǎn)化 conversion其它核材料及核電廠用材料慢化劑 moderator輕水 light water 重水 heavy water石墨 graphite冷卻劑 coolant氦 helium液態(tài)金屬 liquid metal鈉 sodium包殼 cladding鋁 aluminium 鎂 magnesium鋯 zirconium2/4 合金 zircaloy-2/4不銹鋼 stainless steel 把握材料 control material通量展平flux-shaping銀 silver

4、銦 indium鎘 cadmium可燃毒物 burnable poison硼 boron硼酸 boric acid鋰 lithium鈹 beryllium乏燃料 spent fuel因科鎳，因康 INCONEL不銹鋼 stainless steel核反響及相關(guān)術(shù)語decay 衰變fission 裂變fusion 聚變nuclear reaction 核反響chain reaction 鏈?zhǔn)椒错慶ross section截面microscopic cross section 微觀截面macroscopic cross section 宏觀截面absorbing cross section吸取截面

5、scattering cross section散射截面barn 靶恩delayed neutron 緩發(fā)中子prompt neutron 瞬發(fā)中子prompt criticality 瞬發(fā)臨界fissile易裂變的fissionab可裂變的le morderate / slow down慢化breeding ratio增殖比burnup燃耗reactivity 反響性neutron cycle 中子循環(huán)fission product 裂變產(chǎn)物criticality臨界prompt critical 瞬發(fā)臨界flux通量xenon 氙iodine 碘actinide 錒系元素 reactivi

6、ty worth 反響性價值慢化劑溫度系數(shù) moderatortemperaturecoefficient反響性系數(shù) reactivitycoefficient剩余反響性 excessreactivity燃料比功率 fuelspecificpower倍增因子 multiplication factor有效增殖系數(shù) effectivemultiplicationfactor；effective multiplication constant無限介質(zhì)增殖系數(shù) infinite multiplicationfactor； infinite multiplication constant快中子增殖系數(shù)

7、 fast fission factor熱中子利用系數(shù)thermalutilizationfactor不泄漏幾率 nonleakageprobability逃脫共振俘獲幾率resonanceescapeprobability四因子公式 four-factorformula多普勒增寬 Doppler broadening*總集成中子通量 /總積分中子通量 TotalIntegrated Neutron Flux = Integrated Flux or Fluence (注量) = Neutron density VelocityTime 單位：n/m3 m/s s = n/m2反響堆壓水堆 P

8、ressurized Water Reactor (PWR)沸水堆 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)加拿大重水鈾反響堆坎杜堆 CANadian Deuterium and Uranium reactor (CANDU) /pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)英國氣冷堆美諾克斯堆British gas-cooled Magnox reactor高溫氣冷堆 high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR)快中子增殖反響堆 fast breeder reactor (FBR)輕水堆 Light Wate

9、r Reactor (LWR)先進(jìn)反響堆 advanced reactor超臨界水反響堆 supercritical water reactor歐洲壓水堆第三代反響堆之一 European Pressurized water Reactor (EPR)美國600/1000第三代(+)反響堆之一 AP(WR)600 / 1000核電廠部件、設(shè)備與系統(tǒng)燃料芯塊 fuel pellet 燃料元件 fuel element燃料棒 fuel rod燃料組件 fuel assembly定位格架 spacer grid 法蘭 flange密封環(huán) seal ring阻力塞 plug(上/下)腔室 (upper

10、 / lower ) plenum堆芯，活性區(qū) core反響堆壓力 容器 Reactor Pressure Vessel(RPV)上封頭 upper closure head液壓螺栓拉伸機(jī)張緊機(jī)) hydraulic studtensioner包覆層 clad(碳鋼外表的防腐蝕堆焊層)把握棒 control rod把握棒組件 ControlElementAssembly(CEA)可燃吸取棒 burnable absorber rod把握棒驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu) ControlElementDriveMechanism (CEDM)變送器 transmitter信號調(diào)理 signal regulation吊籃

11、 barrel進(jìn)/出口接收 inlet / outlet nozzle冷/熱端，冷/熱腿，冷/熱管段 cold / hot leg反響堆堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件 reactor vessel internals腫脹 swelling腐蝕 corrode, corrosion侵蝕 erode, erosion氧化 oxidation, oxidize完整性 integrity反響堆冷卻劑泵主泵 Reactor CoolantPump (RCP)屏蔽泵 canned (motor) pump軸封泵 shaft seal pump反響堆冷卻劑系統(tǒng)一回路系統(tǒng) ReactorCoolant System (RCS)核蒸

12、汽供給系統(tǒng) NuclearSteamSupplySystem (NSSS)一回路 primary loop/circuit一回路系統(tǒng)/主回路系統(tǒng) primary system二回路 secondary loop 穩(wěn)壓器 pressurizer (PRZ)波動管 surge line汽水分別器 moisture separator枯燥器二/三級汽水分別器steam dryer安全閥 safety valve卸壓閥 relief valve溢流閥 overflow valve主蒸汽隔離閥 main steam isolation valve單向閥 check valve止回閥 non-return

13、 valve主蒸汽聯(lián)箱 main steam header給水調(diào)整閥 feed regulating valve 蒸汽發(fā)生器 Steam Generator (SG)主蒸汽管 Main Steam Line (MSL)汽輪機(jī) steam turbine汽水分離再熱器MoistureSeparatorReheater (MSR)給水泵 feed (water) pump上充泵 charging pump凝汽器 condenser發(fā)電機(jī) (electric) generator安全殼 containment地基，根底 foundation煙道 stack貫穿件 penetration核島 nucl

14、ear island常規(guī)島 conventional island核電廠配套子項 Balance of Plant (BOP)回路輔助系統(tǒng) auxiliarysystemforprimary loop化容系統(tǒng) Chemicaland Volume Control System (CVCS)專設(shè)安全設(shè)施 Engineered Safety Feature(ESF)余熱排出系統(tǒng) ResidualHeat-RemovalSystem (RHRS)應(yīng)急堆芯冷卻系統(tǒng) Emergency Core CoolingSystem (ECCS),安注系統(tǒng)Safety Injection (SI) System直

15、接注射系統(tǒng) direct vessel injection (DVI) 換料水箱 RefuelingWater StorageTank(IRWST)(乏)燃料貯存水池 (spent) fuel storage pool燃料裝卸系統(tǒng) fuel handling system蓄壓箱 accumulator機(jī)組 unit關(guān)心噴淋 auxiliary spray柴油發(fā)電機(jī) Diesel generator自動保護(hù)系統(tǒng) Automatic Protective System(APS)自動降壓系統(tǒng) automatic depressurizationsystem (ADS)儀控系統(tǒng) Instrumenta

16、tionandControlSystem (I & C system)開關(guān)設(shè)備，開關(guān)柜 switch gear蒸汽軸封系統(tǒng)，壓蓋蒸汽密封系統(tǒng)glandsteam system汽輪機(jī)旁路管 turbine bypass line關(guān)心給水泵 auxiliary feedwater pump汽動給水泵 turbine driven feedwater pumpconduit冷凝水泵condensate pump冷凝水增壓泵 condensate booster pump水潤滑軸承 water lubricated bearing人孔 man way檢修孔 accessory port反響堆運(yùn)行運(yùn)行

17、operation運(yùn)行工況 operating condition操縱員 operator維護(hù) maintenance監(jiān)視、監(jiān)視surveillance監(jiān)視試樣 surveillance specimen輻照監(jiān)視管 irradiation surveillance capsule 輻照監(jiān)視試樣盒 surveillancespecimencompartment硼濃度 boron concentration稀釋 dilution / dilute 硼注入boroninjection停堆 shutdown緊急停堆 scram / trip停役 outage換料停堆 refuelingoutage/r

18、efuelingshutdown換料 refuel卸料 discharge倒料 shuffling滿功率運(yùn)行 full power operation負(fù)荷跟蹤 load following甩負(fù)荷 load shedding, load rejection(把握棒等的)插入 insertion(把握棒等的)抽出 withdrawal反響堆調(diào)整系統(tǒng) Reactor Regulating System(RRS)(蒸汽發(fā)生器)排污、下泄 blowdown規(guī)程 procedure技術(shù)規(guī)格 technical specification瞬態(tài)，瞬變 transient安裝調(diào)試 installation an

19、d commissioning冷態(tài)試驗 coldfunctionaltest熱態(tài)試驗 hotfunctionaltest(反響堆)啟動試驗 (reactor) start up test退役 decommissioning主控室 main control room方位角偏差 azimuthal tilt徑向功率分布 radial power distribution軸向功率分布 axial power distribution 燃料治理方案fuel management scheme燃料包殼交互作用 fuel-clad interactioneffect芯塊- 包殼交互作用 (PCI)pell

20、et-cladinteraction(燃料)柵格、晶格 lattice反響堆安全核安全 nuclear safety安全功能 safetyfunction衰變熱 decay heat余熱 residual heat空泡系數(shù) void coefficient法律 law法規(guī) regulation / code聯(lián)邦治理法規(guī) Code of Federal Regulations(CFR)法案美 Act導(dǎo)則 guidance1/2/3 safety class 1/2/3牢靠性 reliability容限，裕量，邊界margin堆芯熱裕量core thermal margin 堵管裕量 tube p

21、lugging margin 運(yùn)行安全裕量 operating margin標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，準(zhǔn)則 criterion，復(fù)數(shù)形式: criteria概率安全分析 Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA)概率風(fēng)險分析 Probabilistic Risk Analysis(PRA)deterministic safetyanalysis初步安全分析報告 PreliminarySafetyAnalysis Report (PSAR)最終安全分析報告Final Safety AnalysisReport (FSAR)安全評價報告 safety evaluation report大事

22、 incident事故 accident后果 consequence嚴(yán)峻事故 severe accident堆芯損毀 core damage 堆芯溶化 core meltdown全廠斷電 station blackout失水事故Loss-of-coolantAccident (LOCA)反應(yīng)性引入事故 ReactivityInsertionAccident (RIA)未能緊急停堆的估量瞬變 AnticipatedTransient Without Scram (ATWS)失電 Loss of Power失流 Loss of flow先漏后破leak before break (LBB)故障安全

23、，失效保護(hù) fail-safe單一故障準(zhǔn)則 single-failure criterion共因故障 common cause failure固有安全性 inherent safety非能動安全 passive safety 冗余性 redundancy多樣性 diversity多層屏障 multiple barrier縱深防范 defense in depth工作不正常，故障 malfunction失效 failure假設(shè)始發(fā)大事 postulated initiating events事故工況 accident condition嚴(yán)峻事故 severe accident事故處理 accid

24、ent management設(shè)計基準(zhǔn)事故 design basis accident負(fù)荷喪失事故lossofelectricalload潛熱latent heataccident焓，熱函 sensible heat, enthalpy主給水喪失事故lossofmain定期安全檢查 periodic safety inspectionwateraccident許可證 license卡棒事故 stuck rod accident監(jiān)管 regulation彈棒事故 rod ejection accident 核安全準(zhǔn)則 nuclear safety criteria堵管裕量 tube pluggin

25、g margin 三哩島事故 ThreeMileIsland(TMI)管道甩擺限制 pipe whip restraintaccident在役檢查 inservice inspection切爾諾貝利事故 Chernobyl accident承壓熱沖擊 pressurized thermal shock放射性與輻射防護(hù)radioactivity放射性shielding 屏蔽scatter 散射biological shield 生物屏蔽deflect, deflection 折射劑量 dose衍射 diffractiondose equivalent 劑量當(dāng)量穿透 penetrate, pene

26、trationcollective dose 集體劑量交互作用 interact, interactionindividual dose 個人劑量ionization 電離ingest, ingestion 攝入，攝取湮滅 annihilate (v.), annihilation (n.)inhale, inhalation吸入衰減 attenuate(v.), attenuation(n.)coma 昏迷projectile 入射離子cramp 絞痛radiation protection 輻射防護(hù)diarrhea 腹瀉radiation, ray輻射，射線tremor抖動irradiat

27、ion輻照向外輻射vomit嘔吐internal exposure 內(nèi)照耀somatic 身體的external exposure 外照耀somatic effect軀體反響occupational dose 職業(yè)照耀劑量radiation sickness 輻照病變fluence 注量symptom征兆cosmic ray宇宙射線therapy治療x-ray X 射線survivor 幸存者/ 射線 / rayactivation product 活化產(chǎn)物health physics保健物理effluent廢水feednatural background 自然本底sivert希弗spectr

28、um 譜雷姆 rem 氡 radonas low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) 合理可行盡量低radioactive waste disposal 放射性廢物處理high-level (radioactive) waste高放廢物low-level (radioactive) waste低放廢物有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 美國機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會Nuclear Regulatory Commi

29、ssion (NRC/USNRC) 美國核管會Department Of Energy (DOE) 美國能源部World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) 世界核電運(yùn)營者協(xié)會International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 國際輻射防護(hù)委員會China Atomic Energy Authority CAEA中國國家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)State Environment Protection Administration of China國家環(huán)?？偩制渌g(shù)語lateral橫向longitud

30、inal 縱向radial 徑向perpendicular to垂直于材料失效術(shù)語corrosion 腐蝕stress corrosion cracking 應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂rapture, fracture, break斷裂breach 破口腫脹 swelling cavitation 氣蝕pitting 點蝕/孔蝕crevice corrosion 縫隙腐蝕erosion沖蝕FAC flow accelerated corrosion 流淌加速腐蝕wastage 耗蝕(SG tube)dent 凹陷，凹痕fatigue疲乏ageing 老化vertically mounted 垂直/立式安裝c

31、ircumferential環(huán)向axial 軸向periphery 周邊degradation 降級wear 磨損fretting wear 微動磨損creep 蠕變stress 應(yīng)力strain 應(yīng)變creep strength 蠕變強(qiáng)度tensile strength 抗拉強(qiáng)度yield strength屈服強(qiáng)度rapture strength 斷裂強(qiáng)度nil-ductility transition temperature 零延性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度thermal stress熱應(yīng)力irradiation swelling 輻照腫脹deposit welding, overlaying, build

32、-up welding,surface welding 堆焊seal weld密封焊核電工程術(shù)語procurement 征購site廠址call for bid, call for tender招標(biāo)commercial offer商務(wù)標(biāo)technical offer技術(shù)標(biāo)commencement開工contract 合同firm contract 不行更改的合同subcontract分包合同commitment承諾，任務(wù)job site 工地，工作現(xiàn)場technical requirement技術(shù)要求其它compound 化合物mixture混合物mass質(zhì)量momentum動量energy能

33、量potential (energy) 勢能kinetic energy動能inertia慣性half-life半衰期mean free path 平均自由程fuel cycle燃料循環(huán)hot spot 熱點hot-channel factor熱管因子departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR)偏離泡核沸騰比heat transfer 傳熱heat exchanger 換熱器heat conduction 導(dǎo)熱convection對流熱輻射 thermal / heat radiation干度 quality蒸汽 steam預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼 筋混凝土 pre

34、stressed reinforcedheat affected zone (HAZ) 焊接熱影響區(qū)技術(shù)規(guī)格 technical specificationnon-conformance不符合項delivery交貨warehouse 倉庫construction schedule 施工打算Free on Board (FOB) 離岸價格Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) 到岸價格Engineering,Procurement&ConstructionEPC 合同-設(shè)計選購建筑power grid 電網(wǎng)distribution system輸變電系統(tǒng)concrete

35、 / prestressed concrete鋼筋混凝土 reinforced concrete 鐵鋼沙混凝土 Steel shot concret筋，鋼筋束 tendon流量安排 flow distribution電網(wǎng) power grid業(yè)主 utility承包商 contractor分包商 sub-contractor壓降 pressure dropdifferential pressure水位 (water) level規(guī)定，條款；保障；裝備 provision地震 earthquake地震的 seismic 颶風(fēng) tornado暖通空調(diào) Heating,Ventilation and

36、AirConditioning (HVAC)熱阱 heat sink惰轉(zhuǎn) coastdown惰轉(zhuǎn)流量coastdown flow功率失常激增，功率漂移 power excursion減輕，緩解 v. mitigate, n. mitigation公差、容差 allowance間隙，公差 clearance權(quán)重因子 weighting factor有必要了解的詞匯與短語as a rule of thumb依據(jù)閱歷by orders of magnitude以數(shù)量級incipient failure 早期故障, 初期故障eliminate, elimination消退derive, derivat

37、ion, deduce, deduction源mechanism, approach, principle, theory機(jī)理，原理susceptible 敏感的susceptibility 敏感性toxic有毒的acute 急劇的inherit遺傳hereditary 遺傳性的altitude高度postulate, postulation 假定，假設(shè)permeable 可滲透的, 有滲透性的impermeable不行滲透的brittle fracture 脆性裂開embrittlement脆化toughness 韌性ductility延展性第2章閱讀理解題練習(xí)Passage 1As a r

38、esult reactor designers have paid great attention to the inherent safety ofreactorswhichcanbeachievedbynegativetemperatureandpowercoefficients and fail-safe control systems. It can be said with some confidencethat present-day thermal reactors are safe in the sense that under no conceivable circumsta

39、nce can they explode like a bomb, and control systems have beendesignedwhichcan,intheeventofanymalfunctiononthepartofthereactoror its associated plant, automatically and rapidly shut down the reactor, i.e. make it subcriticalbyasubstantialamount,inaveryfewseconds.According to the paragraph, inherent

40、 safety of reactors can be achievedby. Ctheoperators;positive temperature and positive power coefficients;negative temperature and negative power coefficients;passive safety system and positive power coefficients.Thebesttitleofthepassagemayprobablybe. Dfail-safecontrolsystem；thermalreactorsafetyando

41、peration;automaticprotectivesystem;inherentsafetydesignofreactors.Passage IIThe biological shield should contain some hydrogen compound to slow downfast neutrons, and be dense enough to attenuate gamma radiation effectively.Concrete satisfies both these requirements fairly well and is suitable for l

42、andbase reactors. Barytes (重晶石) concrete, containing the heavy element barium, andsteel-shot concrete have been used for biological shields. They are more densethanordinaryconcrete,withimprovedshieldingproperties,howevertheirhigher cost offsets this advantage. The biological shield for a marine reac

43、tor,which is usually a fairly compact pressurized water reactor, must satisfy aminimum space and weight requirement. This leads to a shield design whichconsists typically of alternate layers of water (for fast neutron slowing) and steel (for gamma ray attenuation).Accordingtotheabovepassage,isnotpos

44、sibleconstructing biological shield? Csteel;C.graphite;B.concrete;D.paraffinwax.Whichofthefollowingsentencesisnottrue?DThe biological shield is designed mainly to slow down fast neutrons andattenuate gamma radiation.The marine reactor uses alternative steel and water layers as its biologicalshield.T

45、he combination of heavy element concrete and steel bars could improvethe shielding properties.The biological shield should use hydrogen element to slow down fastneutron and attenuate gamma radiations.Passage IIIInorder to mitigatetheeffectsoflargerelease of steam (an potentially of radioactivity) in

46、 the containment, two full capacity independent safety systemsareprovided;thereactorbuildingspraysystemandthereactorbuildingemergency coolers. The systems are designed to provide cool water to condense discharge steam and to prevent containment pressure from reaching its designlimit.Individualsystem

47、sdifferconsiderablybutatypicalsystemmaydescribed as follows; The initial capacity of the systems in removing heat from thecontainmentatmosphereistypically253GJ/hr.When a containment pressure of 4psig is reached, the emergency coolers of thereactor buildingare actuated.Intheir postaccidentmode, theco

48、nsists of three units each with a fan and an emergency cooler. As the reactor building air is circulated across a tubular heat exchanger, a portion of steam is condensed. These coolersalone would be capable of returning the containmentpressure to near atmospheric within 24 hr after an accident. When

49、 the pressure reaches a level of 10 psig, the second safety system, the reactor building spraysystem, is automatically actuated. It consists of a pump, piping, headers, andspray nozzles arranged uniformly under the containment dome. It can sprayborated water into the reactor building at a rate of 11

50、.35m3/min. A sodiumhydroxide additive is also provided in the spray water to increase the retention ofiodine, and hence, to reduce its concentration in the containment atmosphere in the event of a sizable breach of fuel cladding.Two full capacity independent safety systems are provided for the desig

51、npurposeof. Acondensingthesteamreleasedintothecontainmentwhenexceeds design limit.maintaining the high pressure in the containmentdischarginglargeamountofsteammitigatingtheeffectofradiationhazardtothecontainment.Thereactorbuildingspraysystemwillbeactuatedautomatically. Cafter24hoursaftertheaccident;

52、immediatelyaftertheaccident;when the containment pressure reaches a level of design limit;whentheairinthecontainmentiscirculatedthroughtheheatexchanger.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?BTheemergencycoolerconsistsoffansandheatexchangers.The emergency cooler system can spray borated water into

53、 containment.Allthetwosystemareappliedforreturningthecontainmentpressuretobe blow atmospheric after the accident.Sodium hydroxide additive is provided in the spray water to reduce theamount of radioactive fission produces.PassageIVMany reactor-years of operating experience have shown that it is not

54、the fission chain reaction in the reactor core that is the most likely source of malfunction and accidents, but the “conventional” components of the power plant such as pumps, valves, switches, relays and parts under stress such as pressure vessel or pipework. Human error on the part of operating an

55、d maintenance staff has also proved to be a rather frequent source of trouble in nuclear power plant.Thesefactorsarenotpeculiartonuclearpowerplant,buttheyassumegreatimportance because of the hazardous nature of nuclear reactors. Designers have to ensure that all systems should as far as possible be

56、fail-safe and redundant, i.e.if one system fails to function correctly, another is available to fulfill the samefunction.As stated above, nuclear reactors cannot explode like nuclear bombs. This primarily because of the fast acting negative thermal feedback due to Dopplerbroadening of the 238U absor

57、ption resonances. In addition in thermalreactorswhere neutrons are moderated, the prompt neutron lifetime Lp isthe order of10-4 second; in a bomb, since the neutrons are unmoderated, the prompt neuron lifetime is of the order of 10 -8 seconds. Finally, reactor fuel consists typically of 2 to 3 perce

58、nt 235U, where as nuclear weapons contain almost pure 239Pu. The neteffect of these difference is that, even in a reactor which is totally out of control andgonepromptcritical,thereactorperiodwillnotbemuchlessthanasecond orso.Inanuclearbomb,theperiodisoftheorderofnanoseconds.According to the text, t

59、he most likely source of troubles in a nuclear comes fromCore of the reactorConventional componentsParts under stressHuman errorThe first sentence of second paragraph “These factors are not peculiar to ”,what does“These factors”mean?Human errorMalfunction of conventional componentsFission chain reac

60、tion in the coreAll of the aboveWhat make the pressurized water reactors can not explode like a nuclear bomb?Doppler broadening of the 238U absorption resonancesThe neutrons are moderatedPWR fuel contains much less fissile isotopes than nuclear bombAll of the above“The net effect of is of the order