1、中國的能源狀況與政策China's Energy Conditions and Policies前言Preface能源是人類社會賴以生存和發(fā)展的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)?？v觀人類社會發(fā)展的歷史，人類文明的每一次重大進(jìn)步都伴隨著能源的改進(jìn)和更替。能源的開發(fā)利用極大地推進(jìn)了世界經(jīng)濟(jì)和人類社會的發(fā)展。Energy is an essential material basis for human survival and development. Over the entire history of mankind, each and every significant step in the progr

2、ess of human civilization has been accompanied by energy innovations and substitutions. The development and utilization of energy has enormously boosted the development of the world economy and human society.過去100多年里，發(fā)達(dá)國家先后完成了工業(yè)化，消耗了地球上大量的自然資源，特別是能源資源。當(dāng)前，一些發(fā)展中國家正在步入工業(yè)化階段，能源消費(fèi)增加是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的客觀必然。Over more

3、 than 100 years in the past, developed countries have completed their industrialization, consuming an enormous quantity of natural resources, especially energy resources, in the process. Today, some developing countries are ushering in their own era of industrialization, and an increase of energy co

4、nsumption is inevitable for their economic and social development.中國是當(dāng)今世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，擺脫貧困，是中國政府和中國人民在相當(dāng)長一段時期內(nèi)的主要任務(wù)。20世紀(jì)70年代末以來，中國作為世界上發(fā)展最快的發(fā)展中國家，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展取得了舉世矚目的輝煌成就，成功地開辟了中國特色社會主義道路，為世界的發(fā)展和繁榮作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。China is the largest developing country in the world, and developing its economy and eliminating po

5、verty will, for a long time to come, remain the main tasks for the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Since the late 1970s, China, as the fastest growing developing country, has scored brilliant achievements in its economy and society that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully bla

6、zed the trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and made significant contributions to world development and prosperity.中國是目前世界上第二位能源生產(chǎn)國和消費(fèi)國。能源供應(yīng)持續(xù)增長，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展提供了重要的支撐。能源消費(fèi)的快速增長，為世界能源市場創(chuàng)造了廣闊的發(fā)展空間。中國已經(jīng)成為世界能源市場不可或缺的重要組成部分，對維護(hù)全球能源安全，正在發(fā)揮著越來越重要的積極作用。China is now the world's second-largest ener

7、gy producer and consumer. The sustained growth of energy supply has provided an important support for the country's economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy consumption has created a vast scope for the global energy market. As an irreplaceable component of the wor

8、ld energy market, China plays an increasingly important role in maintaining global energy security.中國政府正在以科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為指導(dǎo)，加快發(fā)展現(xiàn)代能源產(chǎn)業(yè)，堅持節(jié)約資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境的基本國策，把建設(shè)資源節(jié)約型、環(huán)境友好型社會放在工業(yè)化、現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的突出位置，努力增強(qiáng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力，建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國家，繼續(xù)為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和繁榮作出更大貢獻(xiàn)。Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, the Chinese government is accelera

9、ting its development of a modern energy industry, taking resource conservation and environmental protection as two basic state policies, giving prominence to building a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society in the course of its industrialization and modernization, striving to enhance

10、its capability for sustainable development and making China an innovative country, so as to make greater contributions to the world's economy and prosperity.一、能源發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀I(lǐng). Current Situation of Energy Development能源資源是能源發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。新中國成立以來，不斷加大能源資源勘查力度，組織開展了多次資源評價。中國能源資源有以下特點(diǎn)：Energy resources are the basis

11、of energy development. Since New China was founded in 1949, it has made constant endeavors in energy resources prospecting, and conducted several resources assessments. China's energy resources have the following characteristics:能源資源總量比較豐富。中國擁有較為豐富的化石能源資源。其中，煤炭占主導(dǎo)地位。2006年，煤炭保有資源量10345億噸，剩余探明可采儲量

12、約占世界的13%，列世界第三位。已探明的石油、天然氣資源儲量相對不足，油頁巖、煤層氣等非常規(guī)化石能源儲量潛力較大。中國擁有較為豐富的可再生能源資源。水力資源理論蘊(yùn)藏量折合年發(fā)電量為6.19萬億千瓦時，經(jīng)濟(jì)可開發(fā)年發(fā)電量約1.76萬億千瓦時，相當(dāng)于世界水力資源量的12%，列世界首位。- Energy resources abound. China boasts fairly rich fossil energy resources, dominated by coal. By 2006, the reserves of coal stood at 1,034.5 billion tons, an

13、d the remaining verified reserves exploitable accounted for 13 percent of the world total, ranking China third in the world. The verified reserves of oil and natural gas are relatively small, while oil shale, coal-bed gas and other unconventional fossil energy resources have huge potential for explo

14、itation. China also boasts fairly abundant renewable energy resources. In 2006, the theoretical reserves of hydropower resources were equal to 6,190 billion kwh, and the economically exploitable annual power output was 1,760 billion kwh, equivalent to 12 percent of global hydropower resources, ranki

15、ng the country first in the world.人均能源資源擁有量較低。中國人口眾多，人均能源資源擁有量在世界上處于較低水平。煤炭和水力資源人均擁有量相當(dāng)于世界平均水平的50%，石油、天然氣人均資源量僅為世界平均水平的1/15左右。耕地資源不足世界人均水平的30%，制約了生物質(zhì)能源的開發(fā)。- China's per-capita average of energy resources is very low. China has a large population, resulting in a low per-capita average of energy r

16、esources in the world. The per-capita average of both coal and hydropower resources is 50 percent of the world's average, while the per-capita average of both oil and natural gas resources is only about one-fifteenth of the world's average. The per-capita average of arable land is less than

17、30 percent of the world's average, which has hindered the development of biomass energy.能源資源賦存分布不均衡。中國能源資源分布廣泛但不均衡。煤炭資源主要賦存在華北、西北地區(qū)，水力資源主要分布在西南地區(qū)，石油、天然氣資源主要賦存在東、中、西部地區(qū)和海域。中國主要的能源消費(fèi)地區(qū)集中在東南沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，資源賦存與能源消費(fèi)地域存在明顯差別。大規(guī)模、長距離的北煤南運(yùn)、北油南運(yùn)、西氣東輸、西電東送，是中國能源流向的顯著特征和能源運(yùn)輸?shù)幕靖窬帧? The distribution of energy re

18、sources is imbalanced. China's energy resources are scattered widely across the country, but the distribution is uneven. Coal is found mainly in the north and the northwest, hydropower in the southwest, and oil and natural gas in the eastern, central and western regions and along the coast. But,

19、 the consumers of energy resources are mainly in the southeast coastal areas, where the economy is the most developed. Such a great difference of location between the producers and the consumers has led to the following basic framework of China's energy flow: large-scale transportation over long

20、 distances of coal and oil from the north to the south, and transmission of natural gas and electricity from the west to the east.能源資源開發(fā)難度較大。與世界相比，中國煤炭資源地質(zhì)開采條件較差，大部分儲量需要井工開采，極少量可供露天開采。石油天然氣資源地質(zhì)條件復(fù)雜，埋藏深，勘探開發(fā)技術(shù)要求較高。未開發(fā)的水力資源多集中在西南部的高山深谷，遠(yuǎn)離負(fù)荷中心，開發(fā)難度和成本較大。非常規(guī)能源資源勘探程度低，經(jīng)濟(jì)性較差，缺乏競爭力。- The development of ene

21、rgy resources is fairly difficult. Compared with other parts of the world, China faces severe geological difficulties in tapping its coal resources, and has to get most of its coal by underground mining, as only a small amount can be mined by opencast methods. Oil and gas resources are located in ar

22、eas with complex geological conditions and at great depths, so advanced and expensive prospecting and tapping techniques are required. Untapped hydropower resources are mostly located in the high mountains and deep valleys of the southwest, far from the centers of consumption, entailing technical di

23、fficulties and high costs. Unconventional energy resources are insufficiently prospected, their development is neither economical nor competitive.改革開放以來，中國能源工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，為保障國民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)，主要表現(xiàn)在：Since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced in China in the late 1970s, the country's energy

24、 industry has witnessed swift growth and made great contributions to the sustained and rapid growth of the national economy, with the following demonstrations:供給能力明顯提高。經(jīng)過幾十年的努力，中國已經(jīng)初步形成了煤炭為主體、電力為中心、石油天然氣和可再生能源全面發(fā)展的能源供應(yīng)格局，基本建立了較為完善的能源供應(yīng)體系。建成了一批千萬噸級的特大型煤礦。2006年一次能源生產(chǎn)總量22.1億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，列世界第二位。其中，原煤產(chǎn)量23.7億噸，列世

25、界第一位。先后建成了大慶、勝利、遼河、塔里木等若干個大型石油生產(chǎn)基地，2006年原油產(chǎn)量1.85億噸，實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)步增長，列世界第五位。天然氣產(chǎn)量迅速提高，從1980年的143億立方米提高到2006年的586億立方米。商品化可再生能源量在一次能源結(jié)構(gòu)中的比例逐步提高。電力發(fā)展迅速，裝機(jī)容量和發(fā)電量分別達(dá)到6.22億千瓦和2.87萬億千瓦時，均列世界第二位。能源綜合運(yùn)輸體系發(fā)展較快，運(yùn)輸能力顯著增強(qiáng)，建設(shè)了西煤東運(yùn)鐵路專線及港口碼頭，形成了北油南運(yùn)管網(wǎng)，建成了西氣東輸大干線，實(shí)現(xiàn)了西電東送和區(qū)域電網(wǎng)互聯(lián)。- The energy supply capability has been remarkabl

26、y enhanced. Thanks to the efforts made over the past few decades, China has built an energy supply framework with coal as the main energy resource and electricity as the focus, featuring an overall development of oil, gas and renewable resources. A fairly complete energy supply system is now by and

27、large in place. China has built a group of extra-large coalmines each with an annual output of over ten million tons. In 2006, the output of primary energy equaled 2.21 billion tons of standard coal, ranking second in the world. Of this, raw coal accounted for 2.37 billion tons, ranking first in the

28、 world. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Tarim and other large oilfields have been successively built as oil production bases, and the output of crude oil has increased steadily, ranking China the world's fifth-largest oil producer in 2006, with 185 million tons in that year. The output of natural gas b

29、allooned from 14.3 billion cu m in 1980 to 58.6 billion cu m in 2006. The proportion of commercial renewable energy in the structure of primary energy keeps rising. The electricity sector also reported speedy growth in 2006. The installed capacity reached 622 million kw, and the amount of power gene

30、rated was 2,870 billion kwh, both ranking second in the world. A comprehensive energy transportation system has been developed quickly, with the transport capacity notably improved. Special railways transporting coal from the west to the east and relevant coal ports, and pipelines transporting oil f

31、rom the north to the south and conveying natural gas from the west to the east have all been built. Now, the power generated in the west can be carried to the east, and the regional power grids have all been connected up.能源節(jié)約效果顯著。19802006年，中國能源消費(fèi)以年均5.6%的增長支撐了國民經(jīng)濟(jì)年均9.8%的增長。按2005年不變價格，萬元國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能源消耗由198

32、0年的3.39噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤下降到2006年的1.21噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，年均節(jié)能率3.9%，扭轉(zhuǎn)了近年來單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能源消耗上升的勢頭。能源加工、轉(zhuǎn)換、貯運(yùn)和終端利用綜合效率為33%，比1980年提高了8個百分點(diǎn)。單位產(chǎn)品能耗明顯下降，其中鋼、水泥、大型合成氨等產(chǎn)品的綜合能耗及供電煤耗與國際先進(jìn)水平的差距不斷縮小。- Energy-saving effects are conspicuous. During the period 1980-2006, China's energy consumption increased by 5.6 percent annually, boosting th

33、e 9.8-percent annual growth of the national economy. Calculated at 2005 constant prices, the energy consumption for every 10,000 yuan of GDP dropped from 3.39 tons of standard coal in 1980 to 1.21 tons in 2006, making the annual energy-saving rate 3.9 percent, putting an end to the rising trend of p

34、er-unit GDP energy consumption. The comprehensive utilization efficiency in the processing, conversion, storage and end-use of energy was 33 percent in 2006, up eight percentage points over 1980. Per-unit product energy consumption has dropped noticeably, and the gaps between the overall energy cons

35、umption, the net energy consumption rate of electricity generation for steel and cement production as well as synthetic ammonia produced by plants with an annual output of 300,000 tons or more and the international levels are narrowing.消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)有所優(yōu)化。中國能源消費(fèi)已經(jīng)位居世界第二。2006年，一次能源消費(fèi)總量為24.6億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤。中國高度重視優(yōu)化能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)，

36、煤炭在一次能源消費(fèi)中的比重由1980年的72.2%下降到2006年的69.4%，其他能源比重由27.8%上升到30.6%。其中可再生能源和核電比重由4.0%提高到7.2%，石油和天然氣有所增長。終端能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化趨勢明顯，煤炭能源轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的比重由20.7%提高到49.6%，商品能源和清潔能源在居民生活用能中的比重明顯提高。- The consumption structure has been optimized. China is the world's second-largest energy consumer. In 2006, its total consumption

37、of primary energy was 2.46 billion tons of standard coal. China pays great attention to improving its energy consumption structure. The proportion of coal in primary energy consumption decreased from 72.2 percent in 1980 to 69.4 percent in 2006, and that of other forms of energy rose from 27.8 perce

38、nt to 30.6 percent, with that of renewable energy and nuclear power rising from 4.0 percent to 7.2 percent. The shares of oil and gas have increased. The end-use energy consumption structure is noticeably optimized, and the proportion of coal converted into power increased from 20.7 percent to 49.6

39、percent. More commercial energy and clean energy are being used in people's daily life.科技水平迅速提高。中國能源科技取得顯著成就，以“陸相成油理論與應(yīng)用”為標(biāo)志的基礎(chǔ)研究成果，極大地促進(jìn)了石油地質(zhì)科技理論的發(fā)展。石油天然氣工業(yè)已經(jīng)形成了比較完整的勘探開發(fā)技術(shù)體系，特別是復(fù)雜區(qū)塊勘探開發(fā)、提高油田采收率等技術(shù)在國際上處于領(lǐng)先地位。煤炭工業(yè)建成一批具有國際先進(jìn)水平的大型礦井，重點(diǎn)煤礦采煤綜合機(jī)械化程度顯著提高。在電力工業(yè)方面，先進(jìn)發(fā)電技術(shù)和大容量高參數(shù)機(jī)組得到普遍應(yīng)用，水電站設(shè)計、工程技術(shù)和設(shè)備制造等技

40、術(shù)達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平，核電初步具備百萬千瓦級壓水堆自主設(shè)計和工程建設(shè)能力，高溫氣冷堆、快中子增殖堆技術(shù)研發(fā)取得重大突破。煙氣脫硫等污染治理、可再生能源開發(fā)利用技術(shù)迅速提高。正負(fù)500千伏直流和750千伏交流輸電示范工程相繼建成投運(yùn)，正負(fù)800千伏直流、1000千伏交流特高壓輸電試驗(yàn)示范工程開始啟動。- The scientific and technological level has been rapidly enhanced. China has scored conspicuous scientific and technological achievements relating to

41、energy. The fundamental research findings, represented by the "continental hydrocarbon generation theory and its application," have greatly promoted the development of the scientific theory of oil geology. A fairly complete system of exploration and development technologies has taken shape

42、 in the oil and gas industry, with prospecting and development techniques in geologically complicated regions and the recovery ratio of oilfields leading the world. Large coalmines of the world's advanced level have been built, and the totally mechanized mining of key coalmines has been noticeab

43、ly improved. In the power industry, advanced generating technology and units with large capacity and high parameters are widely used, and the designing, engineering and equipment manufacturing of hydraulic power plants have reached the world's advanced level. China is now able to independently d

44、esign and build million-kw pressurized water reactors, and has made outstanding breakthroughs in the development of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and fast-neutron-breeder reactors. The technologies to deal with pollution such as flue gas desulphurization (FGD) and renewable energy development

45、 and utilization are quickly being improved. Models of ?à500 kv DC and 750 kv AC electricity transmission projects have been completed and put into operation, and pilot ?à800 kv DC and 1,000 kv AC extra-high-voltage electricity transmission projects are under way.環(huán)境保護(hù)取得進(jìn)展。中國政府高度重視環(huán)境保護(hù)，加強(qiáng)環(huán)境

46、保護(hù)已經(jīng)成為基本國策，社會各界的環(huán)保意識普遍提高。1992年聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會后，中國組織制定了中國21世紀(jì)議程，并綜合運(yùn)用法律、經(jīng)濟(jì)等手段全面加強(qiáng)環(huán)境保護(hù)，取得了積極進(jìn)展。中國的能源政策也把減少和有效治理能源開發(fā)利用過程中引起的環(huán)境破壞、環(huán)境污染作為其主要內(nèi)容。2006年，燃煤機(jī)組除塵設(shè)施安裝率和廢水排放達(dá)標(biāo)率達(dá)到近100%，煙塵排放總量與1980年基本相當(dāng)，單位電量煙塵排放減少了90%。2006年，全國建成并投入運(yùn)行的脫硫火電機(jī)組裝機(jī)容量達(dá)1.04億千瓦，超過前10年的總和，裝備脫硫設(shè)施的火電機(jī)組占火電總裝機(jī)的比例由2000年的2%提高到30%。- Progress has been m

47、ade in environmental protection. The Chinese government sets great store by environmental protection, and has made it a fundamental state policy to strengthen environmental protection. Public awareness of environmental protection has been raised. After the 1992 UN Conference on the Environment and D

48、evelopment, China worked out its "21st Century Agenda," and has reinforced environmental protection in an all-round way through legislative and economic means, making positive progress in this regard. China's energy policies give priority to the reduction and rehabilitation of environm

49、ental damage and pollution resulting from energy development and utilization. In 2006, coal-fueled generating units reported a nearly 100-percent installation rate of dust-cleaning facilities and a nearly 100-percent discharge of waste water up to relevant standards. The amount of smoke and dust dis

50、charged in 2006 was almost the same as that in 1980, and the dust emission per-unit electricity had decreased by 90 percent. The installation capacity of thermal power units with FGD built and put into operation in 2006 totaled 104 million kw, exceeding the combined total of the previous 10 years. S

51、uch thermal power units accounted for only 2 percent of all thermal power units in 2000, but the proportion had risen to 30 percent by 2006.市場環(huán)境逐步完善。中國能源市場環(huán)境逐步完善，能源工業(yè)改革穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。能源企業(yè)重組取得突破，現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度基本建立。投資主體實(shí)現(xiàn)多元化，能源投資快速增長，市場規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大。煤炭工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和流通基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了市場化。電力工業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)了政企分開、廠網(wǎng)分開，建立了監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)。石油天然氣工業(yè)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了上下游、內(nèi)外貿(mào)一體化。能源價格改革不斷深化，

52、價格機(jī)制不斷完善。- The environment of energy market is gradually improved. The environment of China's energy market is gradually improved, and the reform in the energy industry is proceeding steadily. Breakthroughs have been made in restructuring energy enterprises, and a modern enterprise system has by

53、 and large taken shape. The investors are diversified, energy investment is growing rapidly, and the market is expanding. Market competition has been introduced into the production and distribution of coal. In the power industry, government administrative functions and enterprises' management ha

54、ve been separated, so has power production from power transmission, and supervisory organizations have also been established. In the oil and gas industry, the upstream and downstream sectors have been integrated, so have the domestic and international trades. Energy pricing reform has been constantl

55、y deepened, and the pricing mechanism has been improved continuously.隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的較快發(fā)展和工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的加快，能源需求不斷增長，構(gòu)建穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)、清潔、安全的能源供應(yīng)體系面臨著重大挑戰(zhàn)，突出表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：Along with China's rapid economic development and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the demand for energy keeps increasing, and the

56、construction of a stable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system faces the following challenges:資源約束突出，能源效率偏低。中國優(yōu)質(zhì)能源資源相對不足，制約了供應(yīng)能力的提高；能源資源分布不均，也增加了持續(xù)穩(wěn)定供應(yīng)的難度；經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式粗放、能源結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、能源技術(shù)裝備水平低和管理水平相對落后，導(dǎo)致單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗和主要耗能產(chǎn)品能耗高于主要能源消費(fèi)國家平均水平，進(jìn)一步加劇了能源供需矛盾。單純依靠增加能源供應(yīng)，難以滿足持續(xù)增長的消費(fèi)需求。- Prominent resources re

57、straint and low energy efficiency. China's relative dearth of high-quality energy resources hinders its supply capability; its imbalanced distribution makes it difficult to secure a continued and steady supply; and the extensive pattern of economic growth, irrational energy structure, unsatisfac

58、tory energy technology and relatively poor management have resulted in higher energy consumption per-unit GDP and for the major energy-consuming products than the average level of major energy-consuming countries, thus further intensifying the energy supply-demand contradiction. Consequently, an inc

59、rease solely in supply is hard to meet the rising demand for energy.能源消費(fèi)以煤為主，環(huán)境壓力加大。煤炭是中國的主要能源，以煤為主的能源結(jié)構(gòu)在未來相當(dāng)長時期內(nèi)難以改變。相對落后的煤炭生產(chǎn)方式和消費(fèi)方式，加大了環(huán)境保護(hù)的壓力。煤炭消費(fèi)是造成煤煙型大氣污染的主要原因，也是溫室氣體排放的主要來源。隨著中國機(jī)動車保有量的迅速增加，部分城市大氣污染已經(jīng)變成煤煙與機(jī)動車尾氣混合型。這種狀況持續(xù)下去，將給生態(tài)環(huán)境帶來更大的壓力。- Increasing environmental pressure caused by the consumption of energy, mostly coal. Coal is the main energy consumed in China, and the energy structure with coal playing the main role will remain unchanged for a long time to come. The relatively backward methods of coal production and consumption have intensified the