1、2013年9月1日托福閱讀真題解析第一篇TOPIC 英國頒布法律對英國及其美國殖民地的影響講英國和美國殖民地出臺的一個法律，關(guān)于貿(mào)易的。這個法案限制美國對英國出口，進口也必須用到英國的船只等等，都是用來維護英國殖民者而限制美國的貿(mào)易的。解析：本文屬歷史類話題，是比較常出現(xiàn)的與歐美經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易相關(guān)的話題，但是考察美國作為英國殖民地時期的內(nèi)容相對較少，大家可結(jié)合下面的文段對該話題有更好的了解。Even before the first boatload of Englishmen landed at Jamestown, Virginia, European countries had experim

2、ented with empire-building, engaging in the system of mercantilism. Although it was never a cohesive system, and changed from nation to nation, its variations had similar characteristics and, most important, a shared economic philosophy. First and foremost was state control over human behavior: the

3、belief that many aspects of a nations economy had to be regulated. With the acquisition of colonies came the recognition that their purpose was to satisfy the needs of the mother country. The regulation of economic activities in the colonies, then, centered around the accumulation of wealth for the

4、European powers, at the colonies expense. The degree of control varied according to the nation. In the 1500s, Spain and Portugal exerted strict control over their colonial inhabitants. However, the British were more lax in governing their colonies.For the first 150 years after the initial settlement

5、 at Plymouth, in Massachusetts, English control over the colonies was minimal. With all her involvement with European nations in wars of conquest, little energy or time was available to dictate the colonies economic options. Three thousand miles of ocean made it difficult to monitor such a policy.Ne

6、vertheless, as the colonies grew and became more prosperous, the English realized that the colonies could provide increased trade, if competition could be eliminated. Americans had established profitable trade with other countries, notably the Dutch. In order to increase her wealth, Britain tightene

7、d the economic noose around the neck of the colonies by implementing regulatory policies, thus changing in degree her relationship with the colonies.From 1650 on, England instituted a series of laws of trade and navigation known as the Navigation Acts. Their purpose was to limit colonial trade to th

8、e British only. In order to accomplish this, all trade between colonists and the British was to be conducted on either English vessels or colonial-built vessels. If colonists intended to trade with any other nations, all goods had first to be shipped to England, giving her an opportunity to handle t

9、hem and collect revenue from taxation. In addition, there were certain products that could be traded only with Britain, such as tobacco, sugar and cotton. As time went on, the list of enumerated goods grew - continually decreasing merchandise that the colonists could sell to other nations.In keeping

10、 with the general policy of mercantilism, England encouraged the colonists to specialize in the production of raw materials. English factories converted raw goods to products which were then shipped back to the colonies. This provided the British with a profitable market, free from competition. In o

11、rder to discourage manufacturing, regulations governed certain industries that would have been competitive with the British, such as the woolen-garment industry, hat making, and the iron industry. Meeting domestic needs was permissible within the regulations; they were intended mainly to prevent exp

12、orts.Even though many of these restrictions were on the books, they did not cause havoc to the North American colonists, as was the case with those in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. In fact, there were many advantages that the colonists received from this system, such as having a built-in mark

13、et for their raw products. Also, trade regulations were not rigidly enforced.With the culmination of the French and Indian War in 1763, the British were victors in the world struggle for commercial supremacy and their policies of mercantilism changed. Now they began to enforce their mercantilist pol

14、icies, which led to intensified animosity between the English and their colonies.Having tasted economic independence for too long a period, the American colonists had no desire to return to the mercantilist policies endured by the colonies of other European nations.第二篇TOPIC 青蛙求偶的叫聲講青蛙尋找配偶時的叫聲，年齡大成熟的

15、男青蛙叫聲大，容易吸引配偶，年輕的叫聲小。因為叫很費體力，所以叫聲大的成熟男青蛙證明體力更好，容易生存。溫度也會影響男青蛙的叫聲，年輕青蛙會在低溫的地方叫模仿老青蛙的叫聲，吸引異性。女青蛙還可以通過叫聲分辨不同種類青蛙以保證后代質(zhì)量。最后說有些花俏的叫聲會更吸引異性，但也會招來捕食者。解析：本文屬生物類話題，是典型的考察某一生物的非常識性特征的文章。文章所涉話題內(nèi)容與TPO中Begging by Nestling一篇有較大相似性，都是在研究動物的叫聲，大家在復(fù)習(xí)時可以作為參考。The call or croak of a frog is unique to its species. Frogs

16、 create this sound by passing air through the larynx in the throat. In most calling frogs, the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs, membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth, that distend during the amplification of the call. In many frog species only males call. Each

17、 species has a distinct call, though even among the same species, different dialects are found in different regions. Although humans cannot detect the differences in dialects, frog distinguish between regional dialects. For example, male bullfrogs can recognize the calls of their direct territorial

18、neighbors. By ignoring the calls of these neighbors, they save energy, and only vocalize aggressively with to an intruders call. In this way, calls establish territories, but they also attract females.Males may have a solitary call for times when there is no competition that uses less energy. During

19、 other times, when a frog must compete with hundreds or thousands of other frogs to be heard, together they perform a chorus call where each frog calls in turn, successively. The most important feature of the chorus is the shared pattern. Through this pattern, few individuals calls are drowned out.

20、One frogs call may be dominant and trigger the calls of the responding frogs in symphony. Calling is linked to physical size and females may be attracted to more vigorous calls.Frogs in the same region chorus within their species and between different species. Frogs of the same species will retune t

21、heir frequency so it is distinct from other frogs of the same species. Different species of frogs living in the same region have more dramatically different call frequencies. The frequency and durations of different species calls vary similarly to the preference of that species females. The neural c

22、ircuity of females of different species varies.Like the males, females can distinguish the minute differences between individual frogs. However, males and females are attuned to different parts of the advertisement call. For example, males of the onomatopoeically named species Coqui are more attuned

23、 to the low frequency co part of the call, whereas females are more attuned to the high frequency qui. In fact, the order of the parts does not matter. Similarly, for females of the Tungara species, the female basilar papilla is biased towards a lower-than-average “chuck” portion of a male call. Exp

24、eriments that measure the vocal responses and approaches shows these attenuations.Calls are often sent through the air, but other mediums have been discovered. Some species call while they are under water and the sound travels through the water. This is adaptive in a region with many species competi

25、ng for air time. Narins has found female frog species that use solid surfaces, such as blades of grass and logs, upon which they tap rhythmically to attract mates. Also, Feng has found that some species of frogs use ultrasound第三篇TOPIC Navajo地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)講Navajo地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)，貌似是沙畫，在地上畫的。用于一個大型儀式，儀式完了就會毀掉。儀式上表演的人

26、通過沙畫可以記住表演的內(nèi)容。人們剛來這個地方時環(huán)境不好，就通過這種藝術(shù)表達對自然和諧的向往。主題主要是英雄的故事。然后女人們通過畫做一種紡織品，經(jīng)常創(chuàng)新圖案，這種傳統(tǒng)是由一個女性開創(chuàng)的。解析：本文屬藝術(shù)類話題，是托福閱讀中較少出現(xiàn)而在聽力中較多出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。這篇文章普遍同學(xué)反饋相對較難，主要原因從機經(jīng)來看是文章結(jié)構(gòu)不太清晰，寫得比較分散；另外，藝術(shù)類話題也是大家相對陌生的閱讀內(nèi)容。Native American sand paintings are a very beautiful and popular art form for collectors today. But traditiona

27、lly, the dry paintings are created to heal a person during a ceremony. The type of image and ceremony used is determined by the illness or disease from which the person is suffering. The sand painting may contain an image of the Holy People called yeibicheii. The tribe medicine man may ask the yeibi

28、cheii to help him paint the image and therefore help heal the person in need. The medicine man also checks the sand painting for accuracy as far as symmetry is concerned. The more accurate the sand painting, the more healing it can do. In some cases, more than one sand painting is used in a healing

29、ceremony. During the ceremony, the person who needs healing will sit on the Native American sand painting. The sand painting serves as a portal for the spirits and through the painting, the person can absorb the healing energies from these spirits. The sand paintings were not originally meant to be

30、sold or hung on the wall. Once the ceremony is complete, the sand painting must be destroyed, thus allowing the sand to return to the Earth. This is necessary because the sand painting is now seen as toxic, having absorbed the illness, and must be destroyed. The entire ceremony, from the painting to

31、 the destroying is usually completed within a twelve hour period. The medicine man never wrote down everything that needed to be known to perform the healing ceremony, but rather it was passed down from generation to generation.The Pueblo tribe was the first to create Native American sand paintings, but the art soon spread to the Navajos, Apaches, Tohono Oodhams, Zunis, and many tribes in Southern California. Today though, it is the Navajo who are most active in creating Native American sand paintings.It is belie