精選ppt,Unit2,Marrakech,精選ppt,Contents,1.Backgroundinformation2.Typeofwriting3.Organizationstructure4.Detailedstudy5.Exercises,精選ppt,1.Backgroundinformation,MarrakechAuthorandhisworks,精選ppt,Morocco(摩洛哥),精選ppt,Morocco,a.LocatedinNorthAfrica,ontheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanb.About2000B.C.settledbyBerbertribes,theninvadedbyArabsinthe7thcentury,bringingwiththemIslam.c.In1912,aFranco-SpanishagreementdividedMoroccointo4administrativezones-FrenchMorocco,Spanishprotectorate(保護(hù)國),asouthernprotectorateandaninternationalzone.,精選ppt,d.Gainedindependencein1956andbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy(君主國)in1957.MoroccoisamemberoftheUnitedNations,theLeagueofArabStates,andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.e.People:mostMuslims;Most(70%)Moroccansarefarmers,usingcamels,donkeysandmulestopullplows,tryingtogrowtheirownfood.IntheSouthafewtribesmenstillwanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert.f.Islam:thestatereligiong.Arabic-theofficiallanguage,FrenchandSpanishalsospoken.,精選ppt,NationalflagofMorocco,精選ppt,Marrakech,Marrakechisnotonlyafantasticcity,itisalsoasymboloftheMoroccothatoncewas,andwhichstillsurviveshere.Thestreetsoftheoldandpinkcityhavebeentoonarrowtoallowtheintroductionofcars,andtouristssearchingfortherealMoroccohaveturnedthemedievalstructuresofMarrakechintogoodbusiness.,精選ppt,Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofromthenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660.ItwascapturedbytheFrenchin1912.Ithasextremelyhotsummerbutmildwinters.Thecityrenownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorocco.,精選ppt,Themarket1,精選ppt,精選ppt,精選ppt,Themarket2,精選ppt,Marrakech,精選ppt,Authorandhisworks,GeorgeOrwell(1903-1950):thepseudonymofEricArthurBlairaBritishnovelistandessayistbetweenthesecondworldwarmuchpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti-communistpointofview.borninIndia,hisfather,asocalledempire-builder-servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad.,精選ppt,receivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool“Eden”.traveledwidely(includingMarrakech).Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism.Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism.,精選ppt,joinedSpanishwarandwasseriouslywounded.TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction.Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted.Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed,whichledhimtowardanti-communistattitude.,精選ppt,Hisworks,DownandOutinParisandLondon1933AClergymansDaughter1935KeeptheAspidistraFlying1936ComingupforAir1940動物農(nóng)莊AnimalFarm1945NineteenEighty-Four1949,精選ppt,動物農(nóng)莊AnimalFarm1945,asatiricalfantasyattackingcommunismhisreputationasananticommunistwriter,精選ppt,Allofhisworks:thesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime,notablywiththeproblemofhumanfreedomHisworksshowsharppowersofobservationanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople.Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency.TheuseofEnglishisclear,simpleanddirect,withnoformalityofembellishment.(Addition/decoration)hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane.,Inreadinghisworks,severalaspectsdrawourattention:,精選ppt,2.Typeofwriting,Description-dealswithappearancesandfeelingsNarration-dealswitheventsandexperienceExposition-dealswithprocessesandrelationshipsArgumentation-thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Argumentativeessaysshouldhaveadebatablepoint,sufficientevidence,andgoodandclearlogic.,精選ppt,2.Typeofwriting,Itisanexposition,apoliticalessay.Orwellleavesnodoubtabouthisfeelingsconcerningcolonialismanditsresults.Hehasshownthereaderhowmillionsofpeoplecanbeignoredandtreatedaslessthanhuman.,精選ppt,Exposition,Expositionmeansexplaining.Thewriterappealstoareadersunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation,explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation.Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying.,精選ppt,Exposition,Expositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.Exposition-expoundingexplaining,精選ppt,Exposition,Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.,精選ppt,Thesis:thecentralthoughtorpurposeThethesismaybesupportedanddeveloped:Comparisonandcontrast,analogy,classification,illustration,analysis,definition,etc.,精選ppt,Exposition,ThingscanbeexplainedbyDefinitionListingExamplesClassificationComparisonandcontrast,精選ppt,Definition,Thekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness.Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective.,精選ppt,2.Listing,Wemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted.Then,ifpossible,arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance.,精選ppt,3.Examples,Itsthesimplest,themostcommon,bestmethod.,精選ppt,4.Classification,Wehavetofollowasystemconsistently.Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive.Thereshouldbenooverlapping.Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone.,精選ppt,5.Comparisonandcontrast,Weliken(把比作)onethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities(comparison)Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo.(contrast),精選ppt,Organizationalpattern,Sect.1(para1-2)Sect.2(para3)Sect.3(para4-7)Sect.4(para8-15)Sect.5(para16-18)Sect.6(para19-21)Sect.7(para22-26),精選ppt,Organizationalpattern,Sect.1(para1-2)objectivepresentationofExample1Sect.2(para3)thethesis-“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”,精選ppt,Sect.3(para4-7)Ex.2TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.Sect.4(para8-15)Ex.31)thelivingconditionsoftheJews2)thehardworktheJewsdo3)prejudiceagainsttheJews,精選ppt,Sect.5(para16-18)Ex.41Thesoilsarepoor.2Everythingisdonebyhand.3Thefarmingtoolsarerough.4Thefarminganimalsareweakandthepeasantscalculatecarefully.5Thenaturalconditionsarepoor.Theyhadtodigdeepditches.,精選ppt,Sect.6(para19-21)Ex.5themiserablelifeofwomenSect.7(para22-26)conclusion,精選ppt,4.Detailedstudyofthetext,Sect.1(para1-2)objectivepresentationofExample1Asthecorpsewentpasttheflieslefttherestauranttableinacloudandrushedafterit,buttheycamebackafewminuteslater.wentpast:morevividthan“wascarriedpast”inacloud:alargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamass那些汽車在滾滾塵埃中啟動了。Thecarssetoffinacloudofdust.,精選ppt,Thelittlecrowdofmourners-allmenandboys,nowomen-threadedtheirwayacrossthemarketplacebetweenthepilesofpomegranatesandthetaxisandthecamels,wailingashortchantoverandoveragain.threadedtheirway-pickedtheirwaythroughthepilesofpomegranates,andtaxisandcamelschant-1.wordsrepeatedinamonotonoustoneofvoice;2.areligiousprayerorsongthatisspokenorsungononlyaveryfewnotessothatthereisnotmuchvariationinit.,精選ppt,allmenandboys,nowomen,AccordingtoMuslimlaw,Muslimsmustrespectwomen,andforthisreasongirlsandwomenusedtobekeptinthehouse,wheretheycouldbesafe.Whentheywentout,theyworetheveilstocovertheirfaces.Butthislawhasbecomeakindofexcusetodiscriminateagainstwomen.,精選ppt,“Whatreallyappealstothefliesisthatthecorpseshereareneverputintocoffins,theyaremerelywrappedinapieceofragandcarriedonaroughwoodenbierontheshouldersoffourfriends.”appealstotheflies-thefliesareattractedbythestenchoftheexposeddeadbody,精選ppt,Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.,derelict-fromtheLatinwordmeaning“toabandon”Theburyinggroundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.,精選ppt,Para.1-2:(Review)HowarepeopleburiedinMarrakech?wailashortchanthackanoblongholedumpthebodyflingoveritalittleofthedried-upearthThefactshowsthehumanlifehasnovalueatall.,精選ppt,Sect.2(para3)thethesis“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”,Para.3“ownliterallynothingexcepttheragstheystandupin”theragstheystandupin-theragswhichtheywerewearingastheystoodthereTheshabby,muchwornragstheyarewearingatthemomentaretheonlyclothestheyown.,精選ppt,Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact.,Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings)Thisthesisisgoingtobesupportedbymoreillustrationsandexamples.,精選ppt,Aretheyreallythesamefleshasyourself?Dotheyevenhavenames?Oraretheymerelyakindofundifferentiatedbrownstuff,aboutasindividualasbeesorcoralinsects?”flesh:-mankind,humanbeingsundifferentiatedbrownstuff:-sth.brownincolorwithnoindividualcharacteristics.,精選ppt,Theyriseoutoftheearth，theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyardTheyareborn.Thenforafewyears,theywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.,精選ppt,“Sometimes,outforawalkasyoubreakyourwaythroughthepricklypear,younoticethatitisratherbumpyunderfoot,andonlyacertainregularityinthebumpstellsyouthatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.”-forceyourwayorpickyourwayWhenoutforawalkpickingyourwaythroughthepricklypear,youmightfindthatthegroundisbumpy.Yourealizethatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.Youknowtheyaregravesonlybecausethebumpsappearinanevenpattern.,精選ppt,Pricklypear,精選ppt,Sect.3(para4-7)Ex.2TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.,精選ppt,Para.4Iwasfeedingoneofthegazellesinthepublicgardens.,精選ppt,Assoonasyoulookatthehindlegsofthegazelles,youwillthinkofthedeliciousmintsaucethatyouwouldwanttodipitinwheneatingit.Porkisdeliciousmeatbutthelivinganimal,thepig,doesntlookgoodtoeat.Totheauthor,theonlylivinganimalthatalsolooksgoodtoeatisthegazelle.,精選ppt,Para.6“AnArabnavvyworkingonthepathnearbyloweredhisheavyhoeandsidledslowlytowardsus.”-abbreviationof“navigator”,anunskilledlaborer,asoncanals,roadsetc.-tomoveslowlysideways,especiallyinashyorstealthymanner,精選ppt,Para.7andhestoweditgratefullyinsomesecretplaceunderhisrags.,toput,hideawayinsafeplaceIfyoustowsth.somewhere,youputitneatlyawayinaplacewhereitcanbekeptuntilitisneeded.=storestowaway=hide,精選ppt,精選ppt,精選ppt,Para.9darkfly-infestedboothsthatlooklikecaves.,Smallcell-likeroomsthatweredarklikecavesandfullofflies.,精選ppt,Para.9“Acarpentersitscrossleggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchairlegsatlightningspeed.”Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.,精選ppt,Para.9,hisleftlegiswarpedoutofshape.tocausetobend,curve,ortwistoutofshapeThehotsunwarpedtheboards.,精選ppt,Para.10Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews,-(transferredepithet.)theJewswereinafrenzy,notthe“rush”Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.,精選ppt,Para.10andeveryoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury.EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.,精選ppt,Para.11AgoodjobHitlerwasnthere.,(BrE.colloquial)afortunatestateofaffairsThisrestaurantisnotcheap,soitsagoodjobyouvebroughtplentyofmoney.ItwasluckyfortheJewsthatHitlerhadnotcometothisplace.Ifhehad,theJewswouldhavebeenexterminatedastheywereinPolandandotherEuropeancountries.,精選ppt,Para.15“Injustthesameway,acoupleofhundredyearsago,pooroldwomenusedtobeburnedforwitchcraftwhentheycouldnotevenworkenoughmagictogetthemselvesasquaremeal.squaremeal”.-theuseofsorceryormagic;communicationwiththedevil-adecentsubstantialmealJewswerenowbeingcondemnedbyprejudiceandignoranceassomepooroldwomenwhocouldnotevengetthemselvesadecentmealwerecondemnedandburnedforwitchcraft.,精選ppt,Sect.5(para16-18)Ex.4,精選ppt,Para.16Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.,(synecdoche)However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.,精選ppt,精選ppt,chancesare:itislikelythat;inallprobability;probably大概是,很可能是Chancesareshesalreadyheardthenews.可能她已經(jīng)知道這消息了。很可能她要來.Thechancesarethatshellbecoming.,精選ppt,Para.16Inatropicallandscapeoneseyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeings.-seeorhearwithinterest;paycloseattentiontoEg:Hedidnttakeinwhathereadbecausehismindwasonsomethingelse.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.,精選ppt,Para.17Whatdoes“this”inthesentence“Itisonlybecauseofthis.touristresorts.”standfor?,精選ppt,Para.17,Itisonlybecauseofthis“This”herestandsforthefactthatpeoplealwaysmissthepeasantslabouringinthefieldsbecausetheyhavethecolouroftheearth.Itisonlybecauseofthisreasonthatthesepoorstarvedcountriesareacceptedastouristresorts.,精選ppt,Para.17NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressedAreas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareas(forthesetripswouldntbeinteresting).,精選ppt,WhatdoesMoroccomeantoaFrenchman?Orangegroves,精選ppt,WhatdoesMoroccomeantoanEnglishman?ToanEnglishman,Moroccoisaromantic,mysteriouscountrywhichhehasreadinnovels.Camels,castles,etc.aretheromanticbitsplantedinhismindbythenovels.,精選ppt,ForeignLegion:Frenchvolunteerarmedforcecomposedchiefly,initsenlistedranks,offoreigners.ItsinternationalcharacterandthetraditionofnotrevealingenlisteesbackgroundshavehelpedtosurroundtheForeignLegionwithanauraofmysteryandromance.,精選ppt,“fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendlessback-breakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofansoil.”wringsthfrom/outofsb:toforceorpersuadesomeonetogiveyousomethingLifeisveryhardfor90%ofthepeople.Theycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoilonlywithhardbackbreakingtoil.,精選ppt,Whatkindofpeople,accordingtothewriter,arepartlyinvisible?Whydoeshestressthispoint?Thewhitepeopletaketheirownpresumedsuperioritysomuchforgrantedanditssodeepwithinthemthattheyliterallydontevenseethewretchedpeopleofthethirdworld.,精選ppt,Para.18“mostofMoroccoissodesolate,-barren;(ofaplace)inaruinedandneglectedstate1.Ifsthisdesolate,itisemptyofpeopleandlackingincomfort.2.Ifsb.isdesolate,hefeelsverysad,lonelyandwithouthope.Theforestwasleftdesolatebythefire.Afterthewarthetownwasadesolateplace.Shehasbeendesolatesincelosingherjob.,精選ppt,Longlinesofwomen,bentdoublelikeinvertedcapitalLs.,Para18,精選ppt,Theploughisawretchedwoodenthing,wretched-poorinquality,veryinferior,精選ppt,精選ppt,精選ppt,Para.18,ThisisasmuchequaltoTheanimalsyokedtotheploughhadjustenoughstrengthtoploughthesoiltoadepthofaboutfourinches.Theycouldnotmakedeeperfurrows.,精選ppt,精選ppt,getat,toreachMarrakechisverydry.Evenatadepthof30or40feetthereisonlybutatrickleofwater.,精選ppt,WhatdoesPara.18describe?Para.18describestheprimitivewayoffarminginMarrakech,anotherpictureofpovertyandbackwardnessoftheplace.,精選ppt,Sect.6(para19-21)themiserablelifeofwomen,Para.19Allofthemaremummifiedwithageandthesun,andallofthemaretiny.mummified-thinandwithered,lookinglikeamummyYearsofhardlifeandheatofthetropicalsunhavedriedupthewomenhere,sothattheylooklikemummies.Theyshrinktothesizeofchildren.,精選ppt,Para.19Istoppedherandputafive-soupiecewhichwaspartlygratitudebutmainlysurprise.Whywastheoldwomansurprisedwhenthewritergaveherafive-soupiece?,精選ppt,IsupposethatTheauthorgavetheoldwomanalittlemoney.Theresponsewasashrillwailforshewasgreatlysurprised.Theoldwomanwasfullyaccustomedtohermiserableexistenceandtonotbeingtakennoticeofbyanyone,soshealmostconsideredtheauthortobedoingsomethingunnaturalbygivingherthemoney.,精選ppt,Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosayasabeastofburden.Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity,thatshewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal.,精選ppt,St.Bernarddog圣伯納犬,alargestrongdog,originallyfromSwitzerland,whereitwastrainedtohelpfindpeoplewhowerelostinthesnow,精選ppt,Mule,精選ppt,精選ppt,精選ppt,para.20,Whydoestheauthorexpatiateonthemiserablefateofthedonkeys?Toarousethereaderssympathyandanger.Aretheiranysimilaritiesbetweenthedonkeysandtheoldwomen?Whatarethey?DonkeyandWomanBothareoverloaded.Botharewillingcreatures.Botharesmall.Bothareill-treated.Bothhaveanmiserableend.Comparison,精選ppt,Para.21Peoplewithbrownskinsarenextdoortoinvisible.,-almost,thesameassth;almostasgood/badassth;nearly;almostThesebrown-skinnedpeoplearealmostinvisible.,精選ppt,Contrast,DonkeyandWomanVisibleInvisibleImplication-Womenareworsetreated.,精選ppt,Sect.7(para22-26)Conclusion,Asymbolicconclusion:Thementalityofthecolonizedandthesecretfearofthewhitecolonialistsandimperialiststheauthorsviewofthementalityofthecolonialpeople;secretfearcherishedbythewhite;,精選ppt,Para.22,AsthestorksflewnorthwardtheNegroesweremarchingsouthward-along,dustycolumn,infantry,screw-gunbatteries,andthenmoreinfantry,fourorfivethousandmeninall,windinguptheroadwithaclumpingofbootsandaclatterofironwheels.-akindofsmallcannon-movingslowlyfollowingthetwistingandturningroad-2onomatopoeicwordsdescribingthesoundofbootsandironwheels(Onomatopoeiaisafigureofspeechinwhichwordsareusedtoimitatethenaturalsounds.)Acontrastbetweenglitteringwhitebirds(whitecolonialists)andearth-boundblacks,精選ppt,TheywereSenegaleseSenegal:RepublicofSenegal(塞內(nèi)加爾)CapitalDakar(達(dá)喀爾),精選