福建2025自考[工程造價(jià)]英語（二）高頻題(考點(diǎn))一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（每題1分，共20題）說明：以下題目涵蓋語法、詞匯及日常商務(wù)場景，結(jié)合工程造價(jià)行業(yè)特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。1.Theconstructioncostestimationrequires______accuracyandattentiontodetail.A)relativeB)comparativeC)absoluteD)relative→C(絕對精度，工程造價(jià)需精確到具體數(shù)值，而非相對或比較)2.The______isacriticaldocumentforcostcontrolinprojectmanagement.A)feasibilityreportB)tenderdocumentC)budgetproposalD)projectschedule→B(招投標(biāo)文件是成本控制的核心依據(jù)，工程造價(jià)需依據(jù)其條款核算)3.Ifthematerialpriceindexincreasesby5%,thecostoftheprojectwill______.A)decreaseB)remainunchangedC)increaseD)fluctuateunpredictably→C(材料價(jià)格上漲必然導(dǎo)致項(xiàng)目成本增加，行業(yè)常識(shí))4.The______methodisoftenusedforpreliminarycostapproximation.A)parametricB)analogousC)detailedengineeringD)unitprice→A(參數(shù)估算法適用于早期粗略估算，常見于工程造價(jià)前期階段)5.A______isresponsibleforpreparingcostreportsandanalyzingvariances.A)quantitysurveyorB)projectmanagerC)financialanalystD)constructionmanager→A(造價(jià)工程師的核心職責(zé)是成本核算與分析)6.Theterm______referstothecostoflaborandmaterialsovertime.A)escalationB)depreciationC)amortizationD)contingency→A(物價(jià)上漲或通貨膨脹稱為成本escalate，工程造價(jià)需考慮此因素)7.______isacontingencyreserveforunforeseenprojectcosts.A)ManagementreserveB)CostbaselineC)EarnedvalueD)Costvariance→A(管理儲(chǔ)備是工程造價(jià)中的常見概念，用于應(yīng)對突發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn))8.The______isadetailedbreakdownofprojectcostsbycategory.A)WBS(WorkBreakdownStructure)B)PERTchartC)GanttchartD)costschedule→A(WBS是工程造價(jià)成本分解的核心工具)9.A______isanagreementwherethecontractorguaranteesafixedpricefortheproject.A)lump-sumcontractB)time-and-materialscontractC)cost-pluscontractD)incentivecontract→A(固定總價(jià)合同在工程造價(jià)中常見，適用于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可控的項(xiàng)目)10.The______indextrackschangesinconstructionmaterialcosts.A)CPI(ConsumerPriceIndex)B)PPI(ProducerPriceIndex)C)GDPdeflatorD)ROI(ReturnonInvestment)→B(PPI反映生產(chǎn)者價(jià)格變動(dòng)，直接影響工程造價(jià)成本核算)11.______istheprocessofallocatingindirectcoststoprojects.A)CostallocationB)CostaccumulationC)CostapportionmentD)Costestimation→C(成本分?jǐn)偸菍㈤g接費(fèi)用按比例分配至各項(xiàng)目，工程造價(jià)需掌握此方法)12.The______methodassignscostsbasedonactualquantitiesandrates.A)lump-sumB)unitpriceC)parametricD)analogous→B(單價(jià)法在工程造價(jià)中廣泛用于工程量清單計(jì)價(jià))13.A______isafinancialdocumentdetailingprojectexpensesandpayments.A)cashflowstatementB)balancesheetC)incomestatementD)costbreakdownschedule→A(現(xiàn)金流量表是工程造價(jià)資金管理的重要工具)14.The______isthemaximumamountacontractorcanchargeforaproject.A)costceilingB)priceceilingC)budgetlimitD)contractmaximum→A(成本上限是工程造價(jià)合同的約束條件之一)15.______isthedifferencebetweenplannedandactualprojectcosts.A)SchedulevarianceB)CostvarianceC)PerformancevarianceD)Budgetvariance→B(成本偏差是工程造價(jià)控制的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo))16.The______scheduleoutlineswhenandhowfundswillbeallocated.A)costbaselineB)fundingscheduleC)paymentscheduleD)cashflowschedule→D(資金流計(jì)劃對工程造價(jià)的支付管理至關(guān)重要)17.A______isatemporarycostincreaseduetoexternalfactors.A)costoverrunB)costescalationC)costcontingencyD)costinflation→C(成本應(yīng)急費(fèi)是工程造價(jià)中的常見概念，用于應(yīng)對不確定性風(fēng)險(xiǎn))18.The______methoduseshistoricaldatatoestimatefuturecosts.A)bottom-upB)top-downC)analogousD)parametric→C(類比估算法常用于缺乏詳細(xì)資料的項(xiàng)目)19.______istheprocessofreviewingandapprovingprojectcosts.A)costcontrolB)costauditC)costapprovalD)costcertification→B(成本審計(jì)是工程造價(jià)監(jiān)管的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié))20.The______clausedefineshowcostchangeswillbehandledduringthecontract.A)changeorderB)priceadjustmentC)costescalationD)contingencyclause→A(變更指令是工程造價(jià)合同中常見的條款，用于調(diào)整成本)二、多項(xiàng)選擇題（每題2分，共10題）說明：題目涉及工程造價(jià)中的多個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)，需綜合判斷。1.Whichofthefollowingaremethodsofcostestimationinconstruction?A)ParametricestimationB)AnalogousestimationC)DetailedengineeringestimationD)Three-pointestimationE)Break-evenanalysis→A,B,C,D(參數(shù)估算法、類比估算法、詳細(xì)工程估算法、三點(diǎn)估算法均用于成本估算)2.Keydocumentsincostcontrolinclude:A)BudgetproposalB)ChangeorderC)CashflowstatementD)WBSE)Projectschedule→A,B,C,D,E(預(yù)算提案、變更指令、現(xiàn)金流量表、WBS、項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度表均與成本控制相關(guān))3.Whatfactorsinfluencecostescalationinconstruction?A)MaterialpriceincreasesB)LaborshortagesC)RegulatorychangesD)InflationE)Projectdelays→A,B,C,D,E(以上均可能導(dǎo)致成本上升)4.Commoncostcontroltechniquesinclude:A)EarnedvalueanalysisB)VarianceanalysisC)TrendanalysisD)Cost-benefitanalysisE)Benchmarking→A,B,C,E(掙值分析、偏差分析、趨勢分析、標(biāo)桿管理是成本控制方法)5.Whichofthefollowingaretypesofconstructioncontracts?A)Lump-sumcontractB)Cost-pluscontractC)Time-and-materialscontractD)IncentivecontractE)Fixed-pricecontract→A,B,C,D,E(以上均為常見合同類型)6.Costcontingencyreservesmaybeusedfor:A)UnforeseenmaterialpriceincreasesB)DesignchangesC)LabordisputesD)RegulatorycomplianceissuesE)Scopecreep→A,B,C,D,E(應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備可應(yīng)對各類風(fēng)險(xiǎn))7.Toolsusedincostallocationinclude:A)WBSB)CostcentersC)Activity-basedcostingD)DepreciationschedulesE)Annuitytables→A,B,C(WBS、成本中心、作業(yè)成本法用于成本分配)8.Factorsaffectingcostvariancesinclude:A)InaccurateinitialestimatesB)ScopechangesC)PoorlaborproductivityD)CurrencyfluctuationsE)Inflation→A,B,C,D,E(以上均可能導(dǎo)致成本偏差)9.Keycomponentsofacostbaselineinclude:A)PlannedexpendituresB)ContingencyreservesC)ManagementreservesD)ActualcostsE)Forecastedcosts→A,B,C,E(基準(zhǔn)成本包含計(jì)劃支出、應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備、預(yù)測成本)10.Whatisincludedinacostbreakdownschedule?A)DirectcostsB)IndirectcostsC)SubcontractorcostsD)LaborcostsE)Materialcosts→A,B,C,D,E(成本分解表涵蓋所有成本類別)三、判斷題（每題1分，共10題）說明：判斷正誤，考察對工程造價(jià)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的掌握程度。1.Acostauditismandatoryforallconstructionprojectsover$1million.→正確(大型項(xiàng)目需強(qiáng)制審計(jì)成本)2.Parametricestimationismoreaccuratethananalogousestimation.→錯(cuò)誤(準(zhǔn)確性取決于數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量，兩者無絕對優(yōu)劣)3.Themanagementreserveisthesameasthecontingencyreserve.→錯(cuò)誤(管理儲(chǔ)備更靈活，用于不可預(yù)見風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備用于已知風(fēng)險(xiǎn))4.Costvariancesarealwaysunfavorable.→錯(cuò)誤(正向偏差表示成本節(jié)省，負(fù)向偏差表示超支)5.Thecostbaselineisthesameasthebudget.→錯(cuò)誤(預(yù)算是靜態(tài)計(jì)劃，基準(zhǔn)成本是動(dòng)態(tài)跟蹤)6.Inflationdirectlyimpactsthecostofconstructionmaterials.→正確(物價(jià)上漲導(dǎo)致材料成本增加)7.Alump-sumcontracttransfersallconstructionriskstothecontractor.→正確(固定總價(jià)合同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要由承包商承擔(dān))8.Costallocationisthesameascostaccumulation.→錯(cuò)誤(分配是將成本分?jǐn)傊另?xiàng)目，積累是記錄總成本)9.Earnedvalueanalysiscombinesscope,time,andcostdata.→正確(掙值法綜合評(píng)估三要素績效)10.Acost-benefitanalysisisusedtodetermineifaprojectisfinanciallyviable.→正確(成本效益分析評(píng)估項(xiàng)目經(jīng)濟(jì)合理性)四、填空題（每題1分，共10題）說明：根據(jù)上下文填寫合適的單詞或短語。1.The______isthesumofalldirectandindirectcostsforaproject.→Totalcost2.A______isaformaldocumentthatoutlinescostchangestoacontract.→Changeorder3.The______methodestimatescostsbymultiplyingactivitydurationsbyunitcosts.→Bottom-up4.______istheprocessofcomparingactualcoststoplannedcosts.→Costcontrol5.The______indexmeasuresinflationanditsimpactonconstructioncosts.→CPI(ConsumerPriceIndex)6.A______isareservesetasideforunexpectedprojectcosts.→Contingencyreserve7.The______scheduletrackswhenpaymentswillbemadeduringtheproject.→Paymentschedule8.______isthedifferencebetweentheactualcostandtheplannedcost.→Costvariance9.The______isahierarchicalbreakdownofprojectdeliverablesandcosts.→WBS(WorkBreakdownStructure)10.A______contractpaysthecontractorbasedonactualcostsplusafee.→Cost-plus五、簡答題（每題5分，共4題）說明：結(jié)合工程造價(jià)實(shí)際場景回答問題。1.Whatisthepurposeofacostbaselineinprojectmanagement?→Purpose:Thecostbaselineservesasareferencepointtotrackandcompareactualprojectcostsagainstplannedcosts.Itincludesallapprovedbudgetcomponents,includingcontingencyandmanagementreserves.Effectivecostcontrolreliesonmonitoringvariancesagainstthisbaselinetoidentifydeviationsearly.2.Explainthedifferencebetweenalump-sumcontractandacost-pluscontract.→Lump-sumContract:Fixedtotalpriceforallwork;contractorbearsmostrisks.Suitableforwell-definedprojects.Cost-plusContract:Actualcostsarereimbursedplusafee;contractorsharesrisks.Idealforcomplexorevolvingprojects.3.Howdoesinflationaffectcostestimationinconstruction?→Inflationincreasesmaterialandlaborcosts,requiringadjustmentsinestimates.Methodsinclude:-Usingupdatedpriceindices(e.g.,CPI/PPI).-Addingcontingencyreservesforinflation.-Conductingperiodiccostreviewstoreviseforecasts.4.Whatarethekeystepsincostcontrolforaconstructionproject?→Steps:1.Establishacostbaseline.2.Trackactualcostsusingfinancialsystems.3.Performvarianceanalysis(e.g.,EVA).4.Identifyrootcausesofdeviations.5.Implementcorrectiveactions(e.g.,scopeadjustments).6.Documentandreportfindings.六、翻譯題（每題10分，共2題）說明：將英文段落翻譯成中文，考察語言能力與行業(yè)術(shù)語理解。1.English:"Costescalationisacommonchallengeinlong-termconstructionprojects.Tomitigateitsimpact,contractorsoftenincludeacontingencyreserveinthebudget,whichaccountsforpotentialincreasesinmaterialprices,laborcosts,orregulatorycompliancerequirements.Accurateforecastingandregularmarketanalysisareessentialtoensurethereserveremainsadequate."→中文:"成本上漲是長期建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中的常見挑戰(zhàn)。為降低影響，承包商常在預(yù)算中設(shè)置應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備，以應(yīng)對材料價(jià)格、人工成本或合規(guī)要求的潛在增加。準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測和定期市場分析對確保儲(chǔ)備充足至關(guān)重要。"2.English:"Theprocessofcostallocationinvolvesdistributingindirectcosts,suchasoverheadandadministrativeexpenses,acrossdifferentprojectsorcostcenters.Thisensuresthateachprojectisbilledfairlybasedonitsresourceconsumption.Commonmethodsincludedirectallocation,allocationbasedonsquarefootage,oractivity-basedcosting(ABC)."→中文:"成本分?jǐn)偸菍㈤g接費(fèi)用（如管理費(fèi)和行政開支）分配至不同項(xiàng)目或成本中心的過程。這確保各項(xiàng)目按資源消耗公平計(jì)費(fèi)。常見方法包括直接分配、按建筑面積分配或作業(yè)成本法（ABC）。"答案與解析一、單項(xiàng)選擇題答案1.C,2.B,3.C,4.A,5.A,6.A,7.A,8.A,9.A,10.B,11.C,12.B,13.A,14.A,15.B,16.D,17.C,18.C,19.B,20.A解析選例:-第3題:材料價(jià)格上漲直接導(dǎo)致成本增加，行業(yè)常識(shí)。-第10題:PPI反映生產(chǎn)者價(jià)格變動(dòng)，與工程造價(jià)成本核算直接相關(guān)。二、多項(xiàng)選擇