第4講題型突破——詞句猜測(cè)題詞句猜測(cè)題基本上是閱讀理解每年必考的題型。此類題型旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的本意或外延含義的能力，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新意，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。除了直接命題的生詞外，閱讀文章時(shí)，常常也會(huì)遇到一些過去未見過的詞，但這類生詞的詞義大都可以通過上下文推斷出來(lái)。設(shè)問方式1．Theword“...”inparagraph...means.2．Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“...”inparagraph...?3．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“...”probablymean?4．Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase“...”inparagraph...referto?5．Theunderlinedexpression“...”inparagraph...mostprobablymeans“”．技法一詞義猜測(cè)題——巧用線索猜詞義詞匯含義猜測(cè)是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測(cè)所指定的某一個(gè)單詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來(lái)，猜測(cè)詞句能力的高低，直接影響著閱讀理解題得分的高低，對(duì)能否取得好的高考成績(jī)有著舉足輕重的作用。下面介紹巧用邏輯關(guān)系、語(yǔ)法關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法和上下文語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞匯含義。一、4種邏輯關(guān)系助力詞義猜測(cè)(2021·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ·C片段)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica，theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately，ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations，greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地)．29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Acquire. B．Export.C．Destroy. D．Distribute.二、5種語(yǔ)法關(guān)系助力詞義猜測(cè)(2022·全國(guó)乙·C片段)Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.29．Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A．Personnelsafety.B．Assistancefromdrones.C．Inspectionandrepair.D．Constructionofinfrastructure.三、3種構(gòu)詞法助力詞義猜測(cè)例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，uneasiness，orworry.分析：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安；擔(dān)憂”之意。四、上下文語(yǔ)境助力詞義猜測(cè)有些詞義猜測(cè)題找不到以上標(biāo)志線索，這時(shí)我們可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義，這也是近幾年來(lái)高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。(2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ·C片段)Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely....WendyWilson，extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet，oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject，said：“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”30．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A．Improve. B．Oppose.C．Begin. D．Evaluate.技法二代詞指代題——“就近原則”判指代代詞指代題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多、動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語(yǔ)境中，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷人稱代詞、不定代詞和指示代詞的指代對(duì)象。有時(shí)也會(huì)考查定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞的指代內(nèi)容。設(shè)問方式1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this/it/them/which...”referto?2．Theunderlinedpart“it/that/they/which...”inparagraph...refersto“”．解此類試題常用“就近原則”巧判斷。解題流程如下：(2020·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ·C片段)Inthemid-1990s，TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths，physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater，stillattractedtothecountry，hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit，however，endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook，ChasingtheSea：LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia，whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan，wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland，andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway：Rustam，histranslator，alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia，OlegandNatasha，hishostsinTashkent，andastringofforeignaidworkers.29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A．Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B．TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C．WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D．WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.技法三句意猜測(cè)題——意義吻合推句意高考閱讀理解有時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)某一個(gè)句子的本意或外延含義進(jìn)行考查，因此要求考生準(zhǔn)確理解前后句所表達(dá)的含義，巧解句意猜測(cè)題。設(shè)問方式1．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph...mean?2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph...?句意猜測(cè)題要求考生通過閱讀文章，用合適的語(yǔ)句對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。其解題流程如下：(2019·浙江·B片段)Moneywithnostringsattached.It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth，aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread，“GiveWhatYouCan，TakeWhatYouNeed.”24．Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A．Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B．Moneynotlegallymade.C．Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D．Moneynottiedtogether.A(外刊閱讀·原創(chuàng)題)選自：USATodayRobotvacuumsareincrediblypopular，andthesehelpfulhouseholdgadgetsareconvenientlydesignedtopickupdust，hairandallmannerofgrimesoyoudon’thavetodoityourself.Ofallofthemodelsavailable，theiRobotRoombai7＋isthebestrobotvacuumwe’veevertested，andrightnow，youcangetitonsalefor$300offitsusualprice.ThankstothisdealatBedBath&Beyond，youcangetthisrobotvacuumonsalefor$699.99—itslowestpriceofalltime.We’veonlyeverseenitatthislowtwicebefore，backinDecember2019andApril2020.Whileit’struethatevenatitsdiscountedprice，theRoombai7＋isstillextremelyexpensive，thishandylittleguyisinaclassallitsownwhenitcomestorobotvacuums.Forstarters，itcanemptyitselfoutviaasecondarysuctionfeaturelocatedinitschargingbase.Thisuniquefunctionalityisabigpartofwhyitcostssomuchandwhyourtestersandonlinereviewersalikereallyloveit(youcanalsogetitwithoutthisfeaturerightnowwithyourpurchaseoftheregulari7，onsalefor$499.99—$200offits$699.99listprice)．Perfectforseniors，oranyonewhostrugglestovacuumhard-to-reachareas，thisroboticmachinemakesitsoyouneverhavetobenddownonyourhandsandkneestogetridofdirtordebrisfromthevacuum.Furthermore，whatsurprisedourtesterswasthattheRoombai7＋shouldpickup10gramsofdebris.Itactuallyscoredaperfect10inourlabtesting，whichisalmostunheardof.It’salsoasmartdevice，soyoucanconnectittoWi-FitocontrolitviaAlexaandGoogleHome.Evenbetter，youcanwatchasitcreatesamapofyourhome，allowingyoutotrackitsprogressorkeepitoutofspecificrooms.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“grime”inparagraph1mean?A．Object. B．Food.C．Dirt. D．Water.2．Howmuchisthisrobotvacuumifitdoesn’tdiscount?A．$300. B．$699.99.C．$499.99. D．$999.99.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraphmean?A．ThepriceoftheRoombai7＋istotallydifferentfromalltheothervacuumsofthesamekind.B．TheRoombai7＋islikealittleguyinaclass.C．Whenwerefertorobotvacuums，theRoombai7＋belongstotheguyofhisown.D．TheRoombai7＋istooexpensiveforthecustomerstobuy.4．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“which”inthelastparagraphreferto?A．TheRoombai7＋.B．Ourlab.C．Itactuallyscoredaperfect10inourlabtesting.D．Thelabtesting.BInFebruaryof1942，MexicanfarmerDionisioPulidothoughtheheardthundercomingfromhiscornfield.However，thesoundwasn’tcomingfromthesky.Thesourcewasalargesmokingbreaksendingoutgasandpushingoutrocks.ThisopeningwouldcometobeknownasthevolcanoParicutin，andoverthenext9years，itslavaandashwouldcoverover200squarekm.Butwheredidthisnewvolcanocomefrom，andwhatcauseditsunpredictableeruption?Oneofthemostcommoncausesofaneruptionisanincreaseinmagmastaticpressure.Magma(巖漿)containsvariouselementsandcompounds.Athighenoughconcentrations，compoundslikewaterorsulfur(硫)formhigh-pressuregasbubbles.Whentheseballsofgasreachthesurface，theycanburstwiththeforceofagunshot.Andwhenmillionsofbubblesexplode，theenergycansendashintotheair.Butbeforetheypoporburst，theyactlikebubblesofCO2inashakensoda.Notalleruptionsareduetorisingmagmastaticpressure—sometimestheweightoftherockabovecanbecomedangerouslylow.Landslidescanremovemassivequantitiesofrockfromatopamagmachamberorroom，droppingthepressureandinstantlytouchingoffaneruption.Thisprocessisknownas“unloading”andit’sbeenresponsiblefornumerouseruptions，includingthesuddenexplosionofMountSt.Helensin1980.Butunloadingcanalsohappenoverlongerperiodsoftimedueheatingiceormeltingglaciers.Infact，manygeologistsareworriedthatglacialmeltcausedbyclimatechangecouldincreasevolcanicactivity.Unfortunately，knowingwhatcauseseruptionsdoesn’tmakethemeasytopredict.WhilescientistscanroughlydeterminethestrengthandweightoftheEarth’scrust(地殼)，thedepthandheatofmagmachambersmakesmeasuringchangesinmagmastaticpressureverydifficult.Butvolcanologistsareconstantlyexploringnewtechnologytoovercomethisrockyfield.Advancesinthermalimaging(熱成像)haveallowedscientiststodetectundergroundhotspots.Spectrometerscananalyzegasesescapingmagma.Hopefully，thesetoolswillhelpus