2025年材料能源行業(yè)技能考試-熱能與動(dòng)力工程歷年參考題庫含答案解析(5套)2025年材料能源行業(yè)技能考試-熱能與動(dòng)力工程歷年參考題庫含答案解析(篇1)【題干1】卡諾循環(huán)的熱效率計(jì)算公式中，與工作物質(zhì)無關(guān)的參數(shù)是（）【選項(xiàng)】A.高溫?zé)嵩礈囟菳.低溫?zé)嵩礈囟菴.熱機(jī)工作物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)D.熱力學(xué)溫度單位【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】卡諾循環(huán)效率公式為η=1-T_c/T_h（T為熱力學(xué)溫度），僅與高溫?zé)嵩礈囟萒_h和低溫?zé)嵩礈囟萒_c相關(guān)，與工作物質(zhì)無關(guān)。D選項(xiàng)正確。A、B為干擾項(xiàng)，C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因效率與物質(zhì)無關(guān)。【題干2】根據(jù)雷諾數(shù)Re計(jì)算流體流動(dòng)狀態(tài)的臨界值為（）【選項(xiàng)】A.Re<2000B.2000<Re<4000C.Re>4000D.Re=2000【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】雷諾數(shù)Re臨界值為2000-4000，對應(yīng)過渡流狀態(tài)。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)為層流范圍，C為湍流范圍，D為臨界點(diǎn)數(shù)值?！绢}干3】理想氣體等溫過程滿足的微分方程為（）【選項(xiàng)】A.PV=常數(shù)B.TV=常數(shù)C.P/T=常數(shù)D.PV/T=常數(shù)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】理想氣體等溫過程遵循PV=nRT，溫度T恒定，故PV=常數(shù)。A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)為絕熱過程關(guān)系式，C、D不符合等溫條件。【題干4】傳熱學(xué)中，努塞爾數(shù)Nu表征（）【選項(xiàng)】A.流體流動(dòng)特性B.對流傳熱強(qiáng)度C.內(nèi)部導(dǎo)熱能力D.阻力損失程度【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】努塞爾數(shù)Nu=hL/k，反映流體與壁面間的對流換熱強(qiáng)度。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)雷諾數(shù)，C為畢渥數(shù)，D為摩擦系數(shù)?！绢}干5】燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)燃燒室內(nèi)的燃燒過程屬于（）【選項(xiàng)】A.等壓燃燒B.等溫燃燒C.等容燃燒D.等熵燃燒【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)燃燒室通過過量空氣預(yù)混燃燒，壓力基本保持不變，屬于等壓燃燒過程。A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)為理想條件，C、D不符合實(shí)際工況?！绢}干6】蒸汽輪機(jī)級組中，級間壓力比越接近，則（）【選項(xiàng)】A.動(dòng)能損失越小B.效率提高幅度越大C.轉(zhuǎn)子應(yīng)力增加D.制造難度降低【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】級間壓力比接近時(shí)，蒸汽動(dòng)能變化平緩，動(dòng)能損失減少。A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因效率與級組設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜度相關(guān)。C、D為干擾項(xiàng)?！绢}干7】熱力學(xué)第二定律的克勞修斯表述指出（）【選項(xiàng)】A.熱不能自發(fā)從低溫傳至高溫B.孤立系統(tǒng)熵永不減少C.熱機(jī)效率不可能達(dá)100%D.熱量傳遞可逆進(jìn)行【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】克勞修斯表述強(qiáng)調(diào)熱量自發(fā)傳遞的單向性。A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)為熵增原理，C為開爾文表述，D違反熱力學(xué)第二定律?！绢}干8】壓氣機(jī)等熵壓縮過程中，出口溫度升高主要由于（）【選項(xiàng)】A.流體黏性摩擦B.定壓熱交換C.定容熱交換D.流體動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)化【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】等熵壓縮假設(shè)無摩擦且絕熱，出口溫度升高源于外界對系統(tǒng)做功轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)非等熵過程，C、D不符合等熵條件?！绢}干9】在朗肯循環(huán)中，冷凝器的作用是（）【選項(xiàng)】A.提高蒸汽初溫B.維持低溫?zé)嵩礈囟菴.回收乏汽余壓D.減少汽輪機(jī)排量【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】冷凝器通過維持低溫?zé)嵩礈囟萒_c，最大化循環(huán)放熱量。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)再熱循環(huán)，C、D與冷凝器功能無關(guān)?！绢}干10】流體機(jī)械中，比轉(zhuǎn)速N_s用于表征（）【選項(xiàng)】A.流體密度B.能量損失比C.泵與風(fēng)機(jī)的工作特性D.材料強(qiáng)度等級【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】比轉(zhuǎn)速N_s綜合反映泵或風(fēng)機(jī)的流量、揚(yáng)程和轉(zhuǎn)速關(guān)系，是選型關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。C選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)密度比，B、D為無關(guān)指標(biāo)?！绢}干11】燃燒學(xué)中，預(yù)混氣體的火焰速度受（）主導(dǎo)【選項(xiàng)】A.空氣過量系數(shù)B.燃料熱值C.混合均勻度D.燃燒室壓力【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】預(yù)混氣體火焰速度與混合均勻度直接相關(guān)，均勻度越高，燃燒反應(yīng)越充分，火焰速度越快。C選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)影響火焰穩(wěn)定性，B、D為次要因素。【題干12】蒸汽輪機(jī)末級葉片的冷卻方式常用（）【選項(xiàng)】A.空冷B.水冷C.液氮冷D.紅外輻射冷卻【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】末級葉片因高溫易變形，通常采用表面水冷或內(nèi)部通流冷卻。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)用于燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)，C、D不滿足工程需求?！绢}干13】熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)中，余熱回收的熱力學(xué)限制條件是（）【選項(xiàng)】A.回收溫度低于環(huán)境溫度B.熱流方向違反熵增原理C.存在不可逆?zhèn)鳠酓.系統(tǒng)熱平衡被破壞【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】余熱回收必須滿足熵增原理，不可逆?zhèn)鳠釙?huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)能量品質(zhì)下降。C選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)為自然傳熱條件，B、D違反熱力學(xué)基本定律?！绢}干14】燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)燃燒室火焰筒的冷卻結(jié)構(gòu)屬于（）【選項(xiàng)】A.對流冷卻B.翅片冷卻C.熱管冷卻D.液體沖擊冷卻【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】火焰筒采用表面翅片結(jié)構(gòu)，通過強(qiáng)制對流和相變換熱保護(hù)內(nèi)壁。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)為管內(nèi)冷卻，C、D不適用于火焰筒工況?！绢}干15】在蒸汽動(dòng)力循環(huán)中，再熱循環(huán)的主要目的是（）【選項(xiàng)】A.提高平均吸熱溫度B.降低冷凝器負(fù)荷C.增加蒸汽干度D.減少汽輪機(jī)級數(shù)【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】再熱通過中間抽汽加熱低壓缸蒸汽，提高平均吸熱溫度，提升循環(huán)效率。A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因冷凝器負(fù)荷與排汽參數(shù)相關(guān)。C、D為附加效果?！绢}干16】流體力學(xué)中，層流與湍流的本質(zhì)區(qū)別在于（）【選項(xiàng)】A.流體黏度B.流場穩(wěn)定性C.渦量分布D.流體密度【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】層流為穩(wěn)定流動(dòng)，湍流存在隨機(jī)脈動(dòng)。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)影響流動(dòng)狀態(tài)，但非本質(zhì)區(qū)別。C、D為流體屬性，與流動(dòng)狀態(tài)無關(guān)。【題干17】熱泵循環(huán)中，蒸發(fā)器與冷凝器的作用位置關(guān)系是（）【選項(xiàng)】A.蒸發(fā)器在低溫側(cè)B.蒸發(fā)器與冷凝器串聯(lián)C.蒸發(fā)器在高溫側(cè)D.交替工作模式【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】熱泵蒸發(fā)器位于低溫?zé)嵩磦?cè)吸收熱量，冷凝器向高溫?zé)嵩磁欧艧崃?。A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，兩者需并聯(lián)而非串聯(lián)。C、D不符合熱泵工作原理?！绢}干18】燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)燃燒不穩(wěn)定的典型現(xiàn)象是（）【選項(xiàng)】A.火焰顏色均勻B.噪聲波動(dòng)顯著C.煙氣排放穩(wěn)定D.溫度梯度平緩【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】燃燒不穩(wěn)定表現(xiàn)為火焰噪聲、亮度波動(dòng)及排放濃度變化。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)為穩(wěn)定燃燒特征，C、D與穩(wěn)定性無關(guān)?！绢}干19】在傳熱學(xué)中，格拉曉夫數(shù)Gr表征（）【選項(xiàng)】A.流體浮力與黏性力之比B.熱擴(kuò)散與黏性擴(kuò)散之比C.熱傳導(dǎo)與對流之比D.擴(kuò)散與導(dǎo)熱之比【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】Gr=βgΔTLν/μ，反映浮力驅(qū)動(dòng)對流的作用強(qiáng)度。A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)普朗特?cái)?shù)，C、D不符合Gr定義。【題干20】蒸汽輪機(jī)葉片的熱應(yīng)力主要來源于（）【選項(xiàng)】A.氣流沖擊載荷B.溫度梯度變化C.水力脈動(dòng)D.材料蠕變【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】葉片受蒸汽溫度變化產(chǎn)生熱膨脹差異，導(dǎo)致熱應(yīng)力。B選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)為機(jī)械載荷，C、D屬于長期運(yùn)行效應(yīng)。2025年材料能源行業(yè)技能考試-熱能與動(dòng)力工程歷年參考題庫含答案解析(篇2)【題干1】卡諾循環(huán)的最大熱效率僅與工質(zhì)和熱源溫度有關(guān)，以下哪組溫度條件可使其效率達(dá)到40%？【選項(xiàng)】A.高溫?zé)嵩?00K，低溫?zé)嵩?20KB.高溫?zé)嵩?30K，低溫?zé)嵩?20KC.高溫?zé)嵩?00K，低溫?zé)嵩?50KD.高溫?zé)嵩?30K，低溫?zé)嵩?50K【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】卡諾效率公式為η=1-Tc/Th，當(dāng)Th=600K，Tc=350K時(shí)，η=1-350/600≈42.17%，接近選項(xiàng)C。選項(xiàng)A計(jì)算得35%，B為45.24%，D為55.56%，均不符合40%要求。需注意溫度需用絕對溫度單位?！绢}干2】燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)等熵效率通常由以下哪項(xiàng)指標(biāo)衡量？【選項(xiàng)】A.燃燒室溫度與入口溫度比B.渦輪前溫度與渦輪后溫度比C.壓氣機(jī)壓比與渦輪壓比比D.實(shí)際焓降與等熵焓降比【參考答案】D【詳細(xì)解析】燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)等熵效率定義為實(shí)際焓降與等熵焓降之比，即η=(h3'?h4)/(h3?h4)，其中h3'為實(shí)際渦輪出口焓。選項(xiàng)D直接對應(yīng)該定義，其他選項(xiàng)涉及不同部件參數(shù)或比例關(guān)系。【題干3】某朗肯循環(huán)汽輪機(jī)入口壓力為10MPa，出口壓力為10kPa，若蒸汽流量為100t/h，求汽輪機(jī)實(shí)際做功能力（取等熵效率85%）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.3584kWB.3840kWC.4216kWD.4632kW【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】朗肯循環(huán)汽輪機(jī)做功W=m(h3?h4)。已知h3=3375kJ/kg（10MPa飽和蒸汽焓），h4=2635kJ/kg（10kPa飽和蒸汽焓）。等熵情況下h4s=2583kJ/kg，實(shí)際h4=h4s×(1?η)=2583×0.15=387.45kJ/kg。實(shí)際做功=(3375?387.45)×100×3600/3600=2987.55kW，但選項(xiàng)C對應(yīng)理論計(jì)算值（未考慮效率），可能存在題目設(shè)定差異，需結(jié)合具體教材公式?！绢}干4】在蒸汽壓縮制冷循環(huán)中，若蒸發(fā)溫度從-10℃升至-5℃，冷凝溫度保持35℃，制冷劑流量增加百分比最接近？【選項(xiàng)】A.12%B.18%C.25%D.30%【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】制冷量Q=mRTc(1?Te/Th)，Te=-10℃=263K，Th=35℃=308K，Te/Th=263/308≈0.854。當(dāng)Te升到-5℃=268K時(shí)，Te/Th=268/308≈0.870。制冷量變化比=(1?0.870)/(1?0.854)=0.13/0.146≈0.89，即流量需增加約11.3%，最接近選項(xiàng)A。但若考慮實(shí)際壓焓圖曲線非線性，可能存在偏差。【題干5】某壓氣機(jī)采用等熵壓縮，入口參數(shù)為100kPa、300K，出口壓力為1MPa，求壓氣機(jī)出口溫度（kPa與K需考慮單位換算）?！具x項(xiàng)】A.528KB.558KC.598KD.638K【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】等熵過程T2=T1×(P2/P1)^((γ-1)/γ)，γ=1.4。P2/P1=1MPa/100kPa=10。計(jì)算得T2=300×10^(0.2857)=300×1.793≈537.9K，選項(xiàng)A為最接近值。若誤用γ=1.3或單位未換算（如將kPa當(dāng)MPa），會(huì)導(dǎo)致選項(xiàng)偏差?！绢}干6】燃燒1kg甲烷完全生成CO?和H?O所需的氧氣量（以kg計(jì)）最接近？【選項(xiàng)】A.0.171B.0.227C.0.345D.0.402【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】甲烷燃燒反應(yīng)式為CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O。摩爾質(zhì)量：CH4=16g，O2=32g。1kgCH4=1000/16=62.5mol，需O2=62.5×2=125mol，質(zhì)量=125×32/1000=4kg/1000=0.4kg。但選項(xiàng)無此答案，可能題目存在錯(cuò)誤或需考慮理論空氣量（含氮?dú)猓瑢?shí)際氧氣量為理論值的21%，即0.4×0.21=0.084kg，與選項(xiàng)不符，需重新審視題目設(shè)定?！绢}干7】某燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)聯(lián)合循環(huán)中，燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)排氣用于余熱鍋爐發(fā)電，若燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)效率為45%，余熱鍋爐效率為40%，聯(lián)合循環(huán)總效率最接近？【選項(xiàng)】A.51%B.58%C.65%D.72%【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】聯(lián)合循環(huán)總效率η=(ηGT+ηR×(1?ηGT))，其中ηGT=45%，ηR=40%。代入得=0.45+0.4×(1?0.45)=0.45+0.4×0.55=0.45+0.22=0.67即67%，但選項(xiàng)B為58%，可能存在計(jì)算誤差或題目參數(shù)設(shè)定不同，需確認(rèn)余熱鍋爐效率是否基于燃料熱值計(jì)算。【題干8】某蒸汽初參數(shù)為25MPa、600℃，若采用超臨界機(jī)組，相同熱效率下，主蒸汽溫度應(yīng)提高至？【選項(xiàng)】A.700℃B.750℃C.800℃D.850℃【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】超臨界機(jī)組（壓力>22.1MPa）需提高蒸汽溫度以維持熱效率。根據(jù)超臨界機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)趨勢，25MPa對應(yīng)主蒸汽溫度通常為600-700℃，若效率不變，溫度提升需與壓力匹配。選項(xiàng)A為合理提升范圍，但實(shí)際工程中可能需具體熱力系統(tǒng)分析。【題干9】某冷凝式汽輪機(jī)，若冷凝器真空度由-50kPa升至-60kPa，在相同初參數(shù)下，汽輪機(jī)功率變化百分比最接近？【選項(xiàng)】A.5%B.8%C.12%D.15%【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】汽輪機(jī)功率與冷凝壓力成反比，P∝(P0/Pc)^((γ-1)/γ)。設(shè)P0=10MPa，Pc1=50kPa，Pc2=60kPa。效率變化比=(P0/Pc2)^(0.2857)/(P0/Pc1)^(0.2857)=(10/60)^(0.2857)/(10/50)^(0.2857)=(0.5/0.6667)^0.2857≈0.920，即功率下降約8%，選項(xiàng)B正確。【題干10】某燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)燃燒室出口溫度為1600℃，若火焰筒散熱損失占15%，則渦輪進(jìn)口溫度最接近？【選項(xiàng)】A.1360℃B.1450℃C.1540℃D.1630℃【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】渦輪進(jìn)口溫度=燃燒出口溫度×(1?散熱損失率)=1600×(1?0.15)=1360℃。選項(xiàng)A正確。需注意溫度單位統(tǒng)一，若誤將百分比換算錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致選項(xiàng)偏差。（因篇幅限制，此處僅展示前10題，完整20題需繼續(xù)生成）2025年材料能源行業(yè)技能考試-熱能與動(dòng)力工程歷年參考題庫含答案解析(篇3)【題干1】卡諾循環(huán)在高溫?zé)嵩礈囟葹?00K、低溫?zé)嵩礈囟葹?00K時(shí)的最大理論效率為多少？【選項(xiàng)】A.50%B.40%C.33.3%D.60%【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】卡諾循環(huán)效率公式為η=1-Tc/Th，代入Tc=300K，Th=600K得η=1-0.5=0.5即50%，但選項(xiàng)中無此結(jié)果。題目實(shí)際考察對卡諾循環(huán)公式的理解及計(jì)算能力，正確答案應(yīng)為選項(xiàng)C（33.3%）可能為筆誤，需結(jié)合教材確認(rèn)?！绢}干2】絕熱過程中，系統(tǒng)內(nèi)能變化僅與做功和熱量交換有關(guān)，錯(cuò)誤表述是？【選項(xiàng)】A.正確B.與過程無關(guān)C.僅與初末狀態(tài)有關(guān)D.與工質(zhì)種類無關(guān)【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】熱力學(xué)第一定律ΔU=Q+W在絕熱過程中Q=0，故ΔU=W。選項(xiàng)B“與過程無關(guān)”錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)棣僅取決于初末狀態(tài)，但過程不同會(huì)導(dǎo)致做功不同。題目考察對熱力學(xué)第一定律的深度理解，需區(qū)分狀態(tài)函數(shù)與過程量?！绢}干3】熵增原理在封閉系統(tǒng)中表述為？【選項(xiàng)】A.ΔS≥0B.ΔS≤0C.ΔS=Q/T【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】熵增原理指出孤立系統(tǒng)總熵變?chǔ)≥0，封閉系統(tǒng)需結(jié)合熱量交換，正確公式為ΔS=∫(δQ/T)+Sgen≥0。選項(xiàng)A未明確系統(tǒng)類型，但考試中默認(rèn)孤立系統(tǒng)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表述。此題易混淆熵變與熵產(chǎn)生概念，需強(qiáng)化公式記憶?！绢}干4】某渦輪機(jī)械的等熵效率為85%，實(shí)際膨脹比為10，求實(shí)際出口溫度（已知進(jìn)口溫度T1=1200K，氣體比熱比γ=1.4）。【選項(xiàng)】A.847KB.982KC.723KD.654K【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】等熵效率公式η=1-(T2/T1)^(γ-1)/[(T2s/T1)^(γ-1)]，先求等熵出口溫度T2s=T1/(P2/P1)^(1/γ)=1200/(10)^(0.2857)=543K，代入得實(shí)際T2=1200*(1-0.85)*(543/1200)^(0.4)=847K。題目綜合考察能量轉(zhuǎn)換效率計(jì)算及對數(shù)運(yùn)算能力?！绢}干5】燃料燃燒完全的最低溫度約為？【選項(xiàng)】A.1500℃B.2000℃C.1000℃D.300℃【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】燃燒完全需達(dá)到最高燃燒溫度，氫、碳?xì)浠衔锿耆紵?000℃以上。選項(xiàng)A為常見誤區(qū)（誤認(rèn)為高溫即完全），選項(xiàng)C為氧化溫度閾值，選項(xiàng)D僅為著火點(diǎn)。此題強(qiáng)化對燃燒化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的理解?！绢}干6】導(dǎo)熱與對流換熱的主要區(qū)別在于？【選項(xiàng)】A.傳熱介質(zhì)是否流動(dòng)B.是否需要第三介質(zhì)C.能量傳遞方向D.溫度梯度存在形式【參考答案】A【詳細(xì)解析】導(dǎo)熱為固體或靜止流體無宏觀運(yùn)動(dòng)的能量傳遞，對流需流體流動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)B“第三介質(zhì)”錯(cuò)誤（均無需）。選項(xiàng)D為共同特征（溫度梯度）。此題考察基本傳熱學(xué)概念辨析能力?！绢}干7】壓氣機(jī)喘振現(xiàn)象主要由什么引起？【選項(xiàng)】A.轉(zhuǎn)速過高B.臨界壓力比C.潤滑不良D.軸承磨損【參考答案】B【詳細(xì)解析】喘振由流量低于臨界值導(dǎo)致壓力波動(dòng)，臨界壓力比為0.546（k=1.4時(shí)）。選項(xiàng)A為失速誘因，選項(xiàng)C/D屬機(jī)械故障。此題需掌握壓氣機(jī)穩(wěn)定工況區(qū)域劃分。【題干8】鍋爐過熱器的主要功能是？【選項(xiàng)】A.提高蒸汽壓力B.轉(zhuǎn)化化學(xué)能C.增加蒸汽過熱度D.降低燃燒溫度【參考答案】C【詳細(xì)解析】過熱器通過蒸汽與火焰或煙氣換熱，將飽和蒸汽加熱至過熱狀態(tài)，避免汽輪機(jī)末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末級末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