(2019)人教版必修三Unit4SpaceExploration單元檢測(cè)(考試時(shí)間：100分鐘試卷滿(mǎn)分：120分)注意事項(xiàng)：1．本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題)兩部分。答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)填寫(xiě)在答題卡上。2．回答第Ⅰ卷時(shí)，選出每小題答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng)，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號(hào)。寫(xiě)在本試卷上無(wú)效。3．回答第Ⅱ卷時(shí)，將答案寫(xiě)在答題卡上。寫(xiě)在本試卷上無(wú)效。4．考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分聽(tīng)力(共30分，略)第二部分閱讀(共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分50分)第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分37.5分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。ABigSpaceEventsToPutInYourCalendarFor2022MAY—CHINA’SSPACESTATIONGETSBIGGERMaywillseethelaunchofanewmodulefortheTiangongspacestation,China’s“Palaceinthesky”.Itsfirstcoremodule,TianhewaslaunchedlastApril.ThenextmodulewillbeWentian,alaboratoryexpectedtolaunchbetweenMayandJune.Itwillalsoserveasabackupcoremoduleandtheplacewherefuturespacewalksfromthetaikonautswilltakeplace.Itwillbefollowedbyasecondlaboratorymodule,Mengtian,inAugust-September.JUNE—INDIA’SSPACECRAFTTAKESITSFIRSTFLIGHTISRO,theIndianSpaceResearchOrganization,hasannouncedthatGaganyaan(whichtranslatestoSkyCraft)willhaveisfirstunscrewedfightinJune.ThecraftispannedtobeakeyvehicleintheIndianHumanSpaceflightProgramand,allgoingwellinthistest;itwillbefollowedbyacrewedtestnextyear.JULY—RUSSIAEYESTHEMOONAGAINRussia’sLunaprogramhadmanysuccesseswithlanders,rovers,andevensamplereturns,andLuna25isexpectedtofollowinthattraditionaccordingtoRussianSpaceAgency,Roscomos.ThemissionthisfineisjustalanderexpectedtotouchdownneartheLunarSouthPolewithinstrumentsdesignedtostudythesoil.ThelocationmightbeapossibleareaofinterestforapermanentbaseontheMoon.AUGUST—MORELUNARMISSIONSAugustwillseethelaunchoftheKoreaPathfinderLunarOrbiter,apannedlunarorbiterbytheKoreaAerospaceResearchInstitute(KARI).ThiswillbethefirstKoreanLunarMission,atechnologydemonstrationforKARI.1.Whichcountrywillcarryoutmultiplespacetasksthisyear?A.China. B.India. C.Russia. D.Korea.2WhatdoweknowaboutLuna25?A.Itwilloperateinlowlunarorbit. B.ItwilltakealandontheMoon.C.Itwillserveasapermanentbase. D.Itwilltakeitsfirstcrewedflight.3.WhenisthefirstKoreanLunarMissionscheduled?A.InMay. B.InJune. C.InJuly. D.InAugust.【答案】1.A2.B3.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道，主要內(nèi)容是2022年大型太空活動(dòng)的日歷。日歷中，主要介紹了中國(guó)、韓國(guó)、俄羅斯和印度四國(guó)在2022年間的太空計(jì)劃。【1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一個(gè)板塊“MaywillseethelaunchofanewmodulefortheTiangongspacestation,China’s“Palaceinthesky”.Itsfirstcoremodule,TianhewaslaunchedlastApril.ThenextmodulewillbeWentian,alaboratoryexpectedtolaunchbetweenMayandJune.Itwillalsoserveasabackupcoremoduleandtheplacewherefuturespacewalksfromthetaikonautswilltakeplace.Itwillbefollowedbyasecondlaboratorymodule,Mengtian,inAugust-September.”(5月將看到中國(guó)“空中宮殿”天宮空間站新模塊的發(fā)射。它的第一個(gè)核心模塊天河于去年四月推出。下一個(gè)模塊將是問(wèn)天，這是一個(gè)預(yù)計(jì)在5月至6月之間啟動(dòng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。它還將作為備用核心模塊，也是未來(lái)宇航員太空行走的地方。緊隨其后的是第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室模塊，夢(mèng)天，在8月至9月。)可知，中國(guó)將進(jìn)行空中宮殿、問(wèn)天、夢(mèng)天等系列的航天任務(wù)。A項(xiàng)“China”(中國(guó))符合題意，故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第三個(gè)版塊“Russia’sLunaprogramhadmanysuccesseswithlanders,rovers,andevensamplereturns,andLuna25isexpectedtofollowinthattraditionaccordingtoRussianSpaceAgency,Roscomos.ThemissionthisfineisjustalanderexpectedtotouchdownneartheLunarSouthPolewithinstrumentsdesignedtostudythesoil.ThelocationmightbeapossibleareaofinterestforapermanentbaseontheMoon.”(俄羅斯的Luna計(jì)劃在著陸器、探月車(chē)甚至樣本返回方面取得了許多成功，據(jù)俄羅斯航天局Roscomos稱(chēng)，預(yù)計(jì)Luna25將遵循這一傳統(tǒng)。這項(xiàng)任務(wù)只是一個(gè)著陸器，預(yù)計(jì)將在月球南極附近著陸，配備用于研究土壤的儀器。該位置可能是在月球上建立永久基地的一個(gè)可能感興趣的區(qū)域。)可知Luna25將在月球南極附近著陸。B項(xiàng)“ItwilltakealandontheMoon.”(它將登陸月球。)符合原文表述，故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一個(gè)版塊“AugustwillseethelaunchoftheKoreaPathfinderLunarOrbiter,apannedlunarorbiterbytheKoreaAerospaceResearchInstitute(KARI).ThiswillbethefirstKoreanLunarMission,atechnologydemonstrationforKARI.”(8月將看到韓國(guó)探路者月球軌道器的發(fā)射，這是一個(gè)由韓國(guó)航空航天研究所(KARI)制造的平移月球軌道器。這將是韓國(guó)首次登月任務(wù)，是KARI的技術(shù)演示。)可知，韓國(guó)計(jì)劃在8月實(shí)施第一次登月任務(wù)。D項(xiàng)“InAugust”(在8月)符合題意，故選D項(xiàng)。BTwohighschoolstudentshaveidentifiedfournewplanetsindistantspaceabout200-light-yearsfromEarth,makingthem“theyoungestastronomers”tomakesuchadiscovery.KartikPingle,16,andJasmineWright.18,whobothattendschoolsinMassachusetts,participatedintheStudentResearchMentoringProgram(SRMP).WiththehelpofTansuDaylan,anMITdoctorforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearch,thestudentsstudiedandanalyzeddatafromtheTransitingExoplanctSurveySatellite(TESS).TogethertheyfocusedonTessObjectofInterest(TOI)1233,anearby,brightsun-likestarandheretheyfoundfourplanetsrotating（旋轉(zhuǎn)）aroundthestar.“Wewerelookingtoseechangesinlightovertime,”P(pán)ingleexplained,“theideaisthatiftheplanettransitsthestar,orpassesinfrontofit,itwouldperiodicallycoverupthestaranddecreaseitsbrightness.”Whilestudying1233,PingleandWrighthadatleasthopedtofindoneplanetbutwereoverwhelmedwithjoywhenatotaloffourwerespotted.“Iwasveryexcitedandveryshocked.”Wrightsaid.“WeknewthiswasthegoalofDaylan’sresearch,buttoactuallyfindamulti-planetarysystem,andbepartofthediscoveringteam,wasreallycool.”Threeofthenewlydiscoveredplanetsareconsideredas“sub-Neptunes”,whicharegaseous,butsmallerthantheNeptunethatlivesinoursolarsystem.Whileobservingtheplanets,theteamdeterminedeachonecompletestheirorbitaround1233everysixto19.5days.However,thefourthplanetiscalleda“super-Earth”foritslargesizeandrockinessthisoneorbitsaroundthestarinjustunderfourdays.“Wehavelongbeenstudyingplanetsbeyondoursolarsystemandwithmulti-planetarysystems,thetwoyoungstudentsarekindofhittingthejackpot.Theyarereallyblessed.”Daylansaid.“Theplanetsoriginatedfromthesamediskofmatteraroundthesamestar,buttheyendedupbeingdifferentplanetswithdifferentatmospheresanddifferentclimatesduetotheirdifferentorbits.So,wewouldliketounderstandthebasicprocessesofplanetformationandevolutionusingthisplanetarysystem.”Daylanaddedthatitwasa“win-win”toworkwithPingleandWrightonthestudy.“Asaresearcher,Ireallyenjoyinteractingwithyoungbrainsthatareopentoexperimentationandlearningandhaveslightestbias（偏見(jiàn)）.”hesaid,“Ialsothinkitisverybeneficialtohighschoolstudents,sincetheygetexposuretocutting-edgeresearch,andthispreparesthemquicklyforaresearchcareer.”4.Howdidthetwostudentsidentifythefourplanets？A.ByhelpingprofessorTansuDaylanwiththedata.B.Byanalyzingthechangeofbrightnessofstar1233.C.BystudyingNeptunethatlivesinoursolarsystem.D.Byinteractingwithotheryoungtalentedbrains.5.Whatisspecialaboutthediscovery？AItwasmadebytwohighschoolstudents.B.Itwasmadewithaninnovativeapproach.C.ItwasmeanttobemadebyTansuDaylan.D.Itfoundthelargestnumberofplanetsatatime.6.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“hittingthejackpot”inparagraph5？A.Makingadiscoverydifficultly. B.Achievingthegoaleasily.C.Succeedinginsomethingluckily. D.Performingataskcarefully.7.Accordingtothearticle,whatbenefitsdoesthestudybring？A.Itallowsthescientiststoworkwithyoungpeoplewithoutprejudice.B.Itequipsfutureastronomerswithbetterresearchingabilities.C.Itprovidesmoreperspectivesandthusboostsmorediscoveries.D.Itarousesstudents’interestinexploringtheunknownuniverse.【答案】4.B5.D6.C7.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。16歲的KartikPingle和18歲的JasmineWright兩名高中生在距離地球約200光年的遙遠(yuǎn)太空中發(fā)現(xiàn)了四顆新行星，這使他們成為進(jìn)行此類(lèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的“最年輕的天文學(xué)家”。文章介紹了他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些行星的經(jīng)過(guò)和對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)新行星的看法。【4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“TogethertheyfocusedonTessObjectofInterest(TOI)1233,anearby,brightsun-likestarandheretheyfoundfourplanetsrotatingaroundthestar.“Wewerelookingtoseechangesinlightovertime,”P(pán)ingleexplained.“Theideaisthatiftheplanettransitsthestar,orpassesinfrontofit,itwouldperiodicallycoverupthestaranddecreaseitsbrightness.”(他們共同關(guān)注了附近一顆明亮的類(lèi)似太陽(yáng)的恒星TessObject1233，在這里他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了四顆圍繞該恒星旋轉(zhuǎn)的行星。Pingle解釋說(shuō)：“我們希望看到光線隨時(shí)間的變化。這種想法是，如果行星經(jīng)過(guò)恒星，或在它前面經(jīng)過(guò)，它會(huì)周期性地掩蓋恒星，降低其亮度?！?”可知，這兩位學(xué)生是通過(guò)分析1233恒星亮度的變化來(lái)識(shí)別這四顆行星的。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Whilestudying1233,PingleandWrighthadatleasthopedtofindoneplanetbutwereoverwhelmedwithjoywhenatotaloffourwerespotted.(當(dāng)研究恒星1233時(shí)，Pingle和Wright曾希望至少能發(fā)現(xiàn)一顆行星，但是當(dāng)一下子發(fā)現(xiàn)四顆行星時(shí)，他們也欣喜若狂)”可知，這次的天文發(fā)現(xiàn)的獨(dú)特之處在于一次發(fā)現(xiàn)了最多數(shù)量的行星。故選D項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Wehavelongbeenstudyingplanetsbeyondoursolarsystemandwithmulti-planetarysystems,(我們一直在研究太陽(yáng)系以外以及多行星系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的行星)”以及后文“Theyarereallyblessed.(他們真的是運(yùn)氣很好)”可知，Daylan認(rèn)為這兩位年輕學(xué)生真的很幸運(yùn)，取得了成功。所以hittingthejackpot意思是“幸運(yùn)地成功了”。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“hesaid,“Ialsothinkitisverybeneficialtohighschoolstudents,sincetheygetexposuretocutting-edgeresearchandthispreparesthemquicklyforaresearchcareer.”(他說(shuō)：“我也覺(jué)得這對(duì)于高中生而言也是有益的，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢越佑|到頂尖的研究而這也使他們很快為以后的研究生涯做好準(zhǔn)備”)”可知，這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)高中生有好處，可以使得他們研究能力得到提升。故選B項(xiàng)。CThedevelopmentofChina’sspaceprogramwasfirstsuggestedin1956bythefatherofChineserocketscience,QianXuesen(1911-2009).Asaresultofextensivepreparationandplanning,theShenzhoucrewedprogrambeganin1992,andthefirstChineseastronaut,YangLiwei,wentintospacein2003.Chang’e-1,alunarorbiterwaslaunchedin2007,whileTiangong-1,anexperimentalcrewedspacestationwaslaunchedin2011.In2019,Chang’e-4madeasoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.Itwasmankind’sfirstsuccessfulsoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.A“soft”landingisonewherethespacecraftlandsinacontrolledway,andgetsnodamage.Twelvehourslater,thesmallYutu-2rover12wasreleased.TounderstandwhyChang’e-4’ssoftlandingwassuchanachievement,considerthedifficultyofanyspacemission,especiallyonetothefarsideofthemoon.Whilethefarsideofthemoonisoftencalledthedarksideofthemoon,itisnotreallydark.Themainproblemwithlandingonthefarsideofthemooniscommunication.ThereisnoclearlineofsightbetweenthefarsideofthemoonandtheEarth.Thisnormallymakesradiocommunicationwithspacecraftonthefarsideofthemoonimpossible.Chineseengineerscameupwithauniquesolution.BeforeChang’e-4’smission(任務(wù)),theysenttheQueqiaocommunicationssatelliteintospace.WhenengineersneededtocommunicatewithChang’e-4andYutu-2,theycouldsendradiomessagestoQueqiao.ThemessageswouldthenbesentfromthesatellitedowntotheLanderandrover.ThisallowedforcontactbetweenEarthandthefarsideofthemoon.OneoftheexperimentsofChang’e-4’smissionwasdesignedtotestaclosedecological(生態(tài)的)systemthatcouldbeextremelyimportantforlong-termspacemissions:Theplantsproducefoodandoxygenforthefruitflies,whilethefruitfliesproducecarbondioxidefortheplants.Thisexperimentworkedforninedays,butithadtobestoppedwhenthetemperaturesdroppedbelow-52°C.8.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.ThefirstChineseastronaut,YangLiwei,wentintospacein2007.B.QianXuesenisconsideredthefatheroftheChinesespaceprogram.C.ThedevelopmentofspaceprograminChinastartedinancienttimes.D.TheChinesespaceprogramhasbeenadvancingwithpreparationandplanning.9.WhywasChang’e-4’slandingonthemoonsuchanachievement?A.BecauseChang’e-4landedonthemoonsuccessfully.B.BecauseChang’e-4madeasoftlandingonthedarksideofthemoon.C.Becausemanhadneverlandedonthemoonwiththedifficultyofspacemission.D.Becauseitwasthefirsttimethathumanshadlandedonthemoonwithoutanydamage.10.WhywastheecologicalexperimentonChang’e-4stopped?A.Itgottoodarktocontinue.B.TheLandernolongerhadpower.C.Itgottoocoldfortheexperimenttowork.D.Therewasnotenoughoxygenonthemoon.11.Whereisthispassageprobablyfrom?A.Astorybook B.AtextbookC.Asciencefiction D.Amagazine【答案】8.D9.B10.C11.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，中國(guó)“嫦娥四號(hào)”實(shí)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)首次在月球背面軟著陸，文章主要介紹了其意義及中國(guó)工程師是如何解決主要的通信問(wèn)題的?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Asaresultofextensivepreparationandplanning,theShenzhoucrewedprogrambeganin1992,andthefirstChineseastronaut,YangLiwei,wentintospacein2003.Chang’e-1,alunarorbiterwaslaunchedin2007,whileTiangong-1,anexperimentalcrewedspacestationwaslaunchedin2011.(經(jīng)過(guò)廣泛的準(zhǔn)備和規(guī)劃，神舟載人計(jì)劃于1992年開(kāi)始，第一位中國(guó)宇航員楊利偉于2003年進(jìn)入太空。2007年，中國(guó)發(fā)射了月球軌道飛行器‘嫦娥一號(hào)’，2011年發(fā)射了實(shí)驗(yàn)載人空間站‘天宮一號(hào)’)”可知，在準(zhǔn)備和規(guī)劃中，中國(guó)的太空計(jì)劃一直在進(jìn)步。故選D?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“In2019,Chang’e-4madeasoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.(2019年，嫦娥四號(hào)在月球背面實(shí)現(xiàn)軟著陸)”及“TounderstandwhyChang’e-4’ssoftlandingwassuchanachievement,considerthedifficultyofanyspacemission,especiallyonetothefarsideofthemoon.(要理解為什么嫦娥四號(hào)的軟著陸是一個(gè)如此大的成就，考慮一下任何太空任務(wù)的難度，尤其是前往月球背面的任務(wù))”可知，嫦娥四號(hào)在月球著陸是一個(gè)很大的成就，這是因?yàn)榍巴虑虮趁娴娜蝿?wù)難度極大，而嫦娥四號(hào)在月球背面實(shí)現(xiàn)了軟著陸。故選B?！?0題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Thisexperimentworkedforninedays,butithadtobestoppedwhenthetemperaturesdroppedbelow-52°C.(這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)持續(xù)了9天，但當(dāng)溫度降到-52°C以下時(shí)，它不得不停止)”可知，嫦娥四號(hào)停止生態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)是因?yàn)闇囟忍?，無(wú)法繼續(xù)。故選C?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，結(jié)合第二段中“In2019,Chang’e-4madeasoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.Itwasmankind’sfirstsuccessfulsoftlandingonthefarsideofthemoon.(2019年，嫦娥四號(hào)在月球背面實(shí)現(xiàn)軟著陸。這是人類(lèi)首次在月球背面成功軟著陸)”可知，文章主要介紹了嫦娥四號(hào)在月球背面實(shí)現(xiàn)軟著陸的意義及中國(guó)工程師是如何解決主要的通信問(wèn)題的。由此推知，本文可能出自一本雜志。故選D。DImaginehowyou’dfeelifyouhadtogetmorethan9,000tonsofjunkouttothesidewalk.That’showmuchtrashisfloatingaroundinspace.Infact,there’sabout4millionpoundsflyingoverourheadsinlow-Earthorbit.Daan,aDutchartist,andhisteamatSpaceWasteLabhavecomeupwithacreativeplanthatcouldclearupspacejunkinaspectacularfashion.①M(fèi)ostspacewastecomesfromdeadsatellitesandrockets.Functioningsatellitesarethebackboneoftheinformationsystemsthatkeepourworldrunningsmoothly.Butallthesatelliteseventuallybecomeobsoletewithinjustafewdecades.Whentheydieout,there’stheproblemofthemdriftinginouterspace,collectinginwhatscientistscallthe“graveyardorbit”.Maybeyou’rethinking,“WhyshouldIcareaboutgarbage12,500milesaboveme?”Well,allthatfunstuffthatsatelliteshelpbeamdowntous—mobilegames,Instagram,catvideos—couldbeshutdownbyspacewaste.Lotsofoldjunkfloatingaroundupthere,plusnewsatellitesaddedeachyear,meansmoreandmorehigh-speedcollisions(碰撞).Andwhenchunksofjunkcrashintooneanother,theybreakapartintomillionsofpieces,quicklybuildingupspeedandturningintofast-movingobjects,whicharedangeroustooperationalsatellitesaswellasastronautsworkingontheInternationalSpaceStation.②Spacewasteisaproblemthat’sescalatedsomuchthatsomescientistssaythatby2050we’llbeforcedtostoplaunchingnewspacecraftaltogether,includingnewsatellites.Thinkaboutthatforaminute.Whenthelastsatellitesfinallybecomedisused,GPS,cellphones,andtheInternetwillnolongerfunction.③Sowehavetofindawaytodealwiththisspacegarbage,andDaanpicturesasortoftrashpickup,whichinvolvesgroupsofsmallspacecraftcastinglargenetsintoorbitthatwouldcollectspacedebris(碎片)andsenditbacktowardEarthattopspeed.Here’sthebestpart—whilereenteringEarth’satmosphere,thepiecesofjunkwouldburnupallatonce,creatingalightshowsimilartohundredsofshootingstarsfallinginthenightsky.Aspectacleindeed!Togetreadyforsuchanamazingeffort,SpaceWasteLabhasbeentravelingtomajorcitiesacrossEuropeandenlighteningthepublicontheproblemofthejunkinspace.④ButDaandoesn’tjusttalkaboutwaystorelievetheproblem—he’screatedsomethingalittlegranderthanthat.InOctober2018,histeamlaunchedSpaceWasteLabPerformance,anoutdoorartexhibitionthatshowsthelocationofeachpieceofspacetrashusinglargelasersthatmakeeachdebrislookabitlikeastarwanderingslowlyandsilentlyoverthesky,allowingviewerstowaveandsay,“Hello,spacetrash!”12.Accordingtothepassage,whichsentencebestreplacesthequestionmarkinthediagram?A.Thereismorejunkfloatinginspaceeachyearasnewsatellitesareadded.B.Satellitescanhelppeopletracktheweatherandfindnewlocations.C.Workingsatellitescanbedamagedandastronautscanbehurt.D.TheSpaceWasteLabPerformancecanshowpeoplewheresatellitesarelocated.13.Whichofthefollowingbestsupportstheideathatspacewasteshouldbedealtwithverysoon?A.Sentence① B.Sentence②C.Sentence③ D.Sentence④14.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.SpaceJunkHarmsDigitalSystemsB.TestofWasteCollectionNetsC.ANewGlimpseintoOuterSpaceD.Artists’ProposaltoSaveSpace15.What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsDaan’sproject?A.Critical. B.Indifferent. C.Neutral. D.Approving.【答案】12.C13.B14.D15.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了荷蘭藝術(shù)家Daan和他在太空垃圾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的團(tuán)隊(duì)提出了一個(gè)創(chuàng)意計(jì)劃，可以以壯觀的方式清理太空垃圾?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。本題是考查太空垃圾的危害，根據(jù)第三段中“Andwhenchunksofjunkcrashintooneanother,theybreakapartintomillionsofpieces,quicklybuildingupspeedandturningintofast-movingobjects,whicharedangeroustooperationalsatellitesaswellasastronautsworkingontheInternationalSpaceStation.(當(dāng)大塊的垃圾相互碰撞時(shí)，它們會(huì)分解成數(shù)百萬(wàn)塊碎片，迅速提高速度，變成快速移動(dòng)的物體，這對(duì)運(yùn)行中的衛(wèi)星和國(guó)際空間站上的宇航員都是危險(xiǎn)的)”可知，太空垃圾會(huì)損害工作中的衛(wèi)星，宇航員也會(huì)受到傷害，故選C項(xiàng)。【13題詳解】推理判斷題。①處劃線句意思是：大多數(shù)太空垃圾來(lái)自于廢棄的衛(wèi)星和火箭。運(yùn)行正常的衛(wèi)星是信息系統(tǒng)的骨干，這些系統(tǒng)使我們的世界保持平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行；②處劃線句意思是：太空垃圾是一個(gè)日益嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題，一些科學(xué)家說(shuō)，到2050年，我們將被迫完全停止發(fā)射新的航天器，包括新的衛(wèi)星；③處劃線句意思是：因此，我們必須找到一種方法來(lái)處理這些太空垃圾，Daan拍攝了一種垃圾收集裝置，其中包括一組小型航天器將大網(wǎng)撒入軌道，收集太空垃圾并以最高速度將其送回地球；④處劃線句意思是：但Dann不僅僅是在談?wù)撊绾谓鉀Q問(wèn)題，他創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)比這更偉大的東西。根據(jù)②處劃線句句意再結(jié)合其下一句“Thinkaboutthatforaminute.Whenthelastsatellitesfinallybecomedisused,GPS,cellphones,andtheInternetwillnolongerfunction.(花一分鐘思考下。當(dāng)最后一顆衛(wèi)星最終報(bào)廢時(shí)，全球定位系統(tǒng)、手機(jī)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將不再發(fā)揮作用)”可知，此處突出了處理太空垃圾的緊迫性，因此②處劃線句最能支持太空垃圾應(yīng)該很快處理的觀點(diǎn)，故選B項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，特別是根據(jù)第一段中的“Daan,aDutchartist,andhisteamatSpaceWasteLabhavecomeupwithacreativeplanthatcouldclearupspacejunkinaspectacularfashion.(荷蘭藝術(shù)家Daan和他在太空垃圾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的團(tuán)隊(duì)想出了一個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的計(jì)劃，可以以一種壯觀的方式清理太空垃圾)”可知，本文主要介紹了荷蘭藝術(shù)家Daan和他在太空垃圾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的團(tuán)隊(duì)提出了一個(gè)創(chuàng)意計(jì)劃，可以以壯觀的方式清理太空垃圾，故D項(xiàng)“藝術(shù)家拯救太空的建議”適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Here’sthebestpart—whilereenteringEarth’satmosphere,thepiecesofjunkwouldburnupallatonce,creatingalightshowsimilartohundredsofshootingstarsfallinginthenightsky.Aspectacleindeed!(這是最精彩的部分——當(dāng)這些垃圾重新進(jìn)入地球大氣層時(shí)，它們會(huì)立刻燃燒起來(lái)，創(chuàng)造出一場(chǎng)類(lèi)似于夜空中數(shù)百顆流星墜落的燈光秀。確實(shí)壯觀！)”可知，作者肯定了Daan的計(jì)劃，持贊成態(tài)度。故選D項(xiàng)。第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分12.5分)閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。MarsistrulyafascinatingplanetforthoseofushereonEarth.____16____ItisabouthalfasbigasEarthandisoftenreferredtoastheRedPlanetbecauseofitsredsurface.TheRedPlanethasthelargestvolcanointhesolarsystem-OlympusMons.____17____That’saboutthreetimestheheightofMountQomolangma.Marsalsohasanatmosphere,butitisverythinandmadeupmostlyofcarbondioxide.BecauseofitsthinatmosphereandgreaterdistancefromtheSun,MarsismuchcolderthanEarth.____18____TheduststormsofMarscangrowsobigthatsometimestheyblankettheentireplanetandlastformonths.ThepolesonMarsarealotlikeAntarctica,cappedbyice,butmuchofMars’siceismadefromcarbondioxide,notwater.ScientistsbelievethatstudyingMarscanhelpanswersomeofthekeyquestionsaboutourplanetEarth,oreventheuniverse.____19____Since1960,morethanhalfofallattemptedMarsmissionshavefailed.TheUSA,Russia,theEuropeanSpaceAgency,andseveralothercountrieshavelostmanyspacecraftintheirquesttoexploretheRedPlanet.Nevertheless,theywillstillcontinuetheirexplorations.ChineseexpertsareconfidentabouttheirplantoexploreMars,inspiteofthemanychallenges.ThefirstMarsunmannedspacecraftwaslaunchedfromWenchangaround2020.Butitisonlythebeginningofdeepvoyagesintoouterspace.____20____A.Itisroughly27kilometreshigh.B.MissionstoMarshaveneverbeeneasy.C.Mars,however,todayhasnoactivevolcanoes.D.Thetemperatureattheplanet’ssurfacevarieswidely.E.However,Marsdoeshaveweather,withcloudsandwinds.F.Chinawillcontinuetoexplorethemysteriesoftheuniverse.G.Itisoneofthefewplanetsthatwecanseewithourowneyes.【答案】16.G17.A18.E19.B20.F【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了火星的自然環(huán)境以及火星任務(wù)的實(shí)施難度。16題詳解】根據(jù)上文“MarsistrulyafascinatingplanetforthoseofushereonEarth.(對(duì)于我們地球上的人來(lái)說(shuō)，火星確實(shí)是一個(gè)迷人的星球)”以及后文“ItisabouthalfasbigasEarthandisoftenreferredtoastheRedPlanetbecauseofitsredsurface.(它大約有地球的一半大，經(jīng)常被稱(chēng)為紅色星球，因?yàn)樗谋砻媸羌t色的)”可知，本句與后文并列，都是在介紹火星，G選項(xiàng)中it指代Mars。故G選項(xiàng)“它是少數(shù)幾個(gè)我們能用肉眼看到的行星之一”符合語(yǔ)境，故選G?！?7題詳解】根據(jù)上文“TheRedPlanethasthelargestvolcanointhesolarsystem-OlympusMons.(這顆紅色星球上有太陽(yáng)系中最大的火山——奧林匹斯山)”以及后文“That’saboutthreetimestheheightofMountQomolangma.(這大約是珠穆朗瑪峰高度的三倍)”可知，本句是在說(shuō)明奧林匹斯山的高度。故A選項(xiàng)“大約27千米高”符合語(yǔ)境，故選A?！?8題詳解】根據(jù)上文“Marsalsohasanatmosphere,butitisverythinandmadeupmostlyofcarbondioxide.BecauseofitsthinatmosphereandgreaterdistancefromtheSun,MarsismuchcolderthanEarth.(火星也有大氣層，但大氣層很薄，主要由二氧化碳組成。由于火星大氣層稀薄，距離太陽(yáng)更遠(yuǎn)，所以它比地球冷得多)”以及后文“TheduststormsofMarscangrowsobigthatsometimestheyblankettheentireplanetandlastformonths.ThepolesonMarsarealotlikeAntarctica,cappedbyice,butmuchofMars’siceismadefromcarbondioxide,notwater.(火星上的沙塵暴會(huì)變得非常大，有時(shí)會(huì)覆蓋整個(gè)星球，持續(xù)數(shù)月之久火星的兩極很像南極洲，被冰覆蓋，但火星的大部分冰是由二氧化碳而不是水構(gòu)成的)”可知，本句是在說(shuō)明火星上的氣候，后文提到了沙塵暴，可見(jiàn)火星上有風(fēng)，故E選項(xiàng)“然而，火星確實(shí)有天氣，有云和風(fēng)”符合語(yǔ)境，故選E?！?9題詳解】根據(jù)后文“Since1960,morethanhalfofallattemptedMarsmissionshavefailed.(自1960年以來(lái)，超過(guò)一半的火星任務(wù)都失敗了)”可知，后文提到很多火星任務(wù)都失敗了，可見(jiàn)火星任務(wù)并不容易實(shí)施。故B選項(xiàng)“火星任務(wù)從來(lái)都不容易”符合語(yǔ)境，故選B。【20題詳解】根據(jù)上文“ChineseexpertsareconfidentabouttheirplantoexploreMars,inspiteofthemanychallenges.ThefirstMarsunmannedspacecraftwaslaunchedfromWenchangaround2020.Butitisonlythebeginningofdeepvoyagesintoouterspace.(盡管面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)，中國(guó)專(zhuān)家對(duì)他們的火星探測(cè)計(jì)劃充滿(mǎn)信心。第一艘火星無(wú)人飛船于2020年前后在文昌發(fā)射升空。但這只是外太空深度航行的開(kāi)始)”可知，本句為本段最后一句，應(yīng)承接上文繼續(xù)說(shuō)明中國(guó)對(duì)宇宙的探索方向，故F選項(xiàng)“中國(guó)將繼續(xù)探索宇宙的奧秘”符合語(yǔ)境，故選F。第三部分語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分30分)第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1分，滿(mǎn)分15分)完形填空閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。InSeptember2016,sixpeoplecameoutfromasmallsolar-poweredbuildingonthesideofavolcanoinHawaii.Theywere____21____ofasimulated(模擬的)missiontoMars,andtheyhadbeenlivinginthebuildingfornearlyoneyear,____22____fromtherestoftheworld.ThismissiontoMarswaspartofanongoing____23____toseehowpeoplewoulddealwiththechallengesoflivingonanotherplanet.Basedonthe____24____oftheexperimentsofar,herearefourabilitiesyouwouldneedto____25____onMars.ThefirstisResourcefulness(足智多謀).Whenthewatersystembroke,thegrouphadtwo____26____.Theycouldfigureouthowtofixitortheycould____27____monthsforsuppliestobedeliveredfrom“Earth”—bywhichpointtheywouldbedead.Sothey____28____itthemselves.ThesecondisImagination.Thegroupmembershavesaidboredomwasamajor____29____.OnMars,youwouldn’thaveNetflixorXbox,soyou’dhaveto_____30_____otherformsofentertainment(娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)).ThethirdisTolerance(寬容).Thebuildingisonlyaquarterofthesizeofabasketballcourt.Ifyou’re_____31_____annoyedbypeople,lifeonMarsmightnotbeforyou.Whethereating,working,exercising,orrelaxing,youwouldhardlybe_____32_____.ThelastisIndependence.Duringamission,thereisnoreal-time_____33_____betweenthegroupandanyoneon“Earth.”Theyhaveemail,_____34_____messagesareona20-minutedelay(延遲),simulatinghowlongitwouldtakemessagesto_____35_____betweenEarthandMars.SoyouwouldberemovedfromthelivesofyourlovedonesbackonEarth.21.A.captains B.members C.astronauts D.directors22.A.pulled B.keptfree C.protected D.cutoff23.A.explanation B.holiday C.experiment D.game24.A.results B.origins C.wishes D.requirements25.A.refuse B.copy C.argue D.survive26.A.tasks B.choices C.dreams D.conditions27.A.spread B.prepare C.wait D.leave28.A.fixed B.watered C.called D.planted29.A.desire B.habit C.ability D.challenge30.A.limit B.forget C.find D.leap31.A.hardly B.easily C.secretly D.suddenly32.A.alone B.polite C.successful D.normal33.A.communication B.system C.teaching D.meeting34.A.so B.but C.if D.unless35.A.escape B.walk C.travel D.change【答案】21.B22.D23.C24.A25.D26.B27.C28.A29.D30.C31.B32.A33.A34.B35.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，六名成員經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)達(dá)近一年與世隔絕的“火星生活”體驗(yàn)，總結(jié)了人類(lèi)移居火星前應(yīng)該具備的四種能力?！?1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他們是模擬火星任務(wù)成員，在這座建筑物里生活了將近一年，與世界其他地方隔絕。A.captains隊(duì)長(zhǎng)；B.members成員；C.astronauts宇航員；D.directors導(dǎo)演。根據(jù)上文的“sixpeople”和文章第四段中的“groupmembers”可知，句中的“They”代指的是上文提到的從建筑物中出來(lái)的六個(gè)人，他們是這次任務(wù)的小組成員。故選B項(xiàng)。【22題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)詞義辨析。句意：他們是模擬火星任務(wù)的成員，在這座建筑物里生活了將近一年，與世界其他地方隔絕。A.pulled拉；B.keptfree保持自由；C.protected保護(hù)；D.cutoff隔離，阻斷。根據(jù)句中“asimulated(模擬的)missiontoMars”可知，他們?cè)谶M(jìn)行一個(gè)模擬火星的任務(wù)，由此可知，他們模擬在火星上的生活，待在建筑物里不出來(lái)，與世界其他地方隔絕了，“cutofffrom…”意為“與……隔絕”。故選D項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這次火星任務(wù)是一項(xiàng)正在進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)的一部分，旨在探索人類(lèi)如何應(yīng)對(duì)生活在另一個(gè)星球上的挑戰(zhàn)。A.explanation解釋?zhuān)籅.holiday假期；C.experiment實(shí)驗(yàn)；D.game游戲。根據(jù)下文“Basedonthe_____oftheexperimentsofar”中的“experiment”可知，句中的火星任務(wù)是一項(xiàng)正在進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)的一部分。故選C項(xiàng)。【24題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：根據(jù)目前為止的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，以下是你在火星上生存所需的四種能力。A.results結(jié)果；B.origins起源；C.wishes愿望；D.requirements要求。根據(jù)句中“herearefourabilitiesyouwouldneedto_____onMars”可知，下文介紹了在火星上生存所需的四種能力，這四種能力應(yīng)該是通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果總結(jié)出來(lái)的，由此可知，句中指根據(jù)目前為止的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。故選A項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：根據(jù)目前為止的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，以下是你在火星上生存所需的四種能力。A.refuse拒絕；B.copy復(fù)制；C.argue爭(zhēng)論；D.survive生存。根據(jù)上文“howpeoplewoulddealwiththechallengesoflivingonanotherplanet”可知，這次實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在探索人類(lèi)如何生活在另一個(gè)星球上，由此可知，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果展示的是在另一個(gè)星球上生存所需的能力。故選D項(xiàng)?！?6題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：當(dāng)供水系統(tǒng)中斷時(shí)，該小組有兩個(gè)選擇。A.tasks任務(wù)；B.choices選擇；C.dreams夢(mèng)想；D.conditions條件。根據(jù)下文“Theycouldfigureouthowtofixitortheycould_____monthsforsuppliestobedeliveredfrom“Earth””可知，當(dāng)供水系統(tǒng)中斷時(shí)，他們可以想辦法解決問(wèn)題，也可以等從“地球”運(yùn)送來(lái)的物資，由此可知，這是該小組面臨的兩個(gè)選擇。故選B項(xiàng)?！?7題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：他們可以想辦法修理它，也可以等幾個(gè)月再?gòu)摹暗厍颉边\(yùn)來(lái)物資——到那時(shí)他們就死定了。所以他們自己修好了。A.spread傳播；B.prepare準(zhǔn)備；C.wait等待；D.leave離開(kāi)。根據(jù)句中“bywhichpointtheywouldbedead”可知，等從“地球”運(yùn)來(lái)物資時(shí)，他們就死定了，由此可知，要想獲得從地球運(yùn)送來(lái)的物資，需要等待幾個(gè)月。故選C項(xiàng)?！?8題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：所以他們自己修好了。A.fixed修理；B.watered給……澆水；C.called呼叫；D.planted種植。根據(jù)上文“Theycouldfigureouthowtofixit”中的“fix”可知，他們可以選擇想辦法修理它，由此可知，他們沒(méi)有等待“地球”運(yùn)來(lái)的物資，而是自己修好了供水系統(tǒng)。故選A項(xiàng)?！?9題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：小組成員表示，無(wú)聊是一個(gè)重大挑戰(zhàn)。A.desire渴望；B.habit習(xí)慣；C.ability能力；D.challenge挑戰(zhàn)。根據(jù)下文“OnMars,youwouldn’thaveNetflixorXbox”可知，在火星上，你不會(huì)有Netflix或Xbox等娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)，你會(huì)感到無(wú)聊，由此可知，無(wú)聊對(duì)小組成員來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)重大挑戰(zhàn)。故選D項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：在火星上，你不會(huì)有Netflix或Xbox，所以你必須找到其他形式的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)。A.limit限制；B.