Chapter1

IntroductiontoIndustrialEngineering

Unit1IntroductiontoIEUnit2HistoryofIEUnit3AcademicDisciplinesofIEUnit4DevelopmentofIEOriginandDefinitionofIndustrialEngineering

ManufacturingServicesOriginofIEDefinitionofIEManufacturingManufacturingisdefinedasmakingofarticlesbyphysicallaborormachinery,especiallyonalargescale.byphysicallabor:apersonwithhandtoolsusedcraftskillstomakeobjects.bymachinery:ithasplayedanincreasingrole.onalargescale:withthemassproductionServicesHealth-caredeliverysystemsTransportationsystemsGovernmentsBanksDepartmentsandsupermarketsCharacteristicsofServicesProductsareintangibleCloselycontactwithcustomersHighintensive-laborDifficulttoevaluateperformanceDifficulttocontrolqualityofservicesOriginalofIndustrialEngineeringEngineeringScienceIndustryEngineering

Engineeringisconcernedwiththeapplicationofscientificknowledgetothesolutionofproblemsandtothequestfora“betterlife.”

e.g.:theEgyptPyramids,theGreatWall,theRomanconstructionCivil ChemicalElectrical IndustrialMechanical MilitaryManufacturing NuclearElectronic ComputerAeronautical AstronauticalBioengineering Agricultural/OceanScienceScienceisconcernedwiththequestforbasicknowledge.e.g.:MathematicsPhysicsChemistryBiologySocialscience(Behaviorscience,psychology,philosophy,sociology)EngineeringandScienceEngineeringandsciencehavedevelopedinaparallel,complementaryfashion,althoughnotalwaysatthesamepace.Obviously,knowledgecannotbeapplieduntilitisdiscovered,andoncediscovered,itwillsoonbeputtouse.Initseffortstosolveproblems,engineeringprovidesfeedbacktoscienceinareaswherenewknowledgeisneeded.Thus,scienceandengineeringworkhandinhand.ModerneraofengineeringBeginningin1750,EngineeringschoolsappearedinFranceintheeighteenthcentury.Thetermcivilengineerwasfirstusedin1750militaryengineering

civilengineering

mechanicalengineering:steamengineelectricalscience:electricityandmagnetismDefinitionofIndustrialEngineering

Industrialengineeringisconcernedwiththedesign,improvement,andinstallationofintegratedsystemsofpeople,materials,information,equipment,andenergy.Itdrawsuponspecializedknowledgeandskillinthemechanical,physical,andsocialsciencestogetherwiththeprinciplesandmethodsofengineeringanalysisanddesigntospecify,predict,andevaluate,theresultstobeobtainedfromsuchsystemsUnderstandingthedefinitionofIEIndustrial:anyorganizationintegratedsystems:afactory,acityspecializedknowledge:mechanical,physical,andsocialsciences,theprinciplesandmethodsofengineeringanalysisObjectives:tospecify,predict,andevaluate,theresultstobeobtainedfromsuchsystemsUnderstandingthedefinitionofIEDisciplinecharacter:Engineeringtech.Researchobject:systems(macro/micro)Theory&methods:mathematics,naturalsciencesandsocialsciencesObjectives&tasks:effectiveness&efficiency

Unit2HistoryofIndustrialEngineering

FormulationofIndustrialEngineering

CharlesBabbage(巴貝奇，1792-1871)Britishmathematicianandinventorofananalyticalmachinebasedonprinciplessimilartothoseusedinmoderndigitalcomputers.Divisionoflabor,laborrelationsFormulationofIndustrialEngineeringEliWhitney(1765-1825)Americaninventorandmanufacturerwhoseinventionofthecottongin(1793)revolutionizedthecottonindustry.Healsoestablishedthefirstfactorytoassemblemusketswithinterchangeableparts,markingtheadventofmodernmassproduction.Massproductionsystem,interchangeablemanufacture;thedesignandconstructionofnewmachines

FormulationofIndustrialEngineeringFrederickWinslowTaylor(泰勒，1856-1915)Americaninventor,engineer,andefficiencyexpertnotedforhisinnovationsinindustrialengineeringandmanagement.Analyzeandimprovethemethodofperformingwork,reducethetimesrequired,andsetstandards(timestudy)ThePrinciplesofScientificManagement(1911)FormulationofIndustrialEngineeringFrankB.Gilbreth(吉爾布雷斯，1868-1924)theidentification,analysis,andmeasurementoffundamentalmotionsinvolvedinperformingwork（motionstudy)Thiswasafundamentalstepinthedevelopmentofindustrialengineeringasprofessionbasedon“science”ratherthan“art.”

FormulationofIndustrialEngineering

Dr.LillianGilbreth(1878-1972),wifeofFrank.Shewitnessedandcontributedtothebirth,growth,andmaturationoftheIEprofession.thefirstladyofengineeringthefirstwomantobeelectedtotheNationalAcademyofEngineeringFormulationofIndustrialEngineeringHenryLaurenceGantt(1861-1919)AmericanengineerGanttchart

TheGanttchartwasasignificantcontributioninthatitprovidedasystematicgraphicalprocedureforpreplanningandschedulingworkactivities,reviewingprogress,andupdatingtheschedule.Ganttchartsarestillinwidespreadusetoday.FormulationofIndustrialEngineeringW.A.ShewhartDevelopedthefundamentalprinciplesofstatisticalqualitycontrolin1924.Thiswasanotherimportantdevelopmentinprovidingascientificbasetoindustrialengineeringpractice.FormulationofIndustrialEngineering

Manyotherindustrialengineeringpioneerscontributedtotheearlydevelopmentoftheprofession.Duringthe1920sand1930smuchfundamentalworkwasdoneoneconomicaspectsofmanagerialdecisions,inventoryproblems,incentiveplans,factorylayoutproblems,materialhandlingproblems,andprinciplesoforganization.

ScientificmanagementPeterDruckersystematicworkstudyChronologyofIECharacteristicsandFunctionsofIndustrialEngineeringFeaturesofacademicdisciplineIndustrialengineeringasaprofessionProfessionalethicsIEfunctionsFeaturesofacademicdiscipline(1)

Engineering(2)Cross-disciplines(3)

ManufacturingandservicesorientedIndustrialengineeringasaprofession(1)

Associatedwithaprofessionisasignificantbodyofspecialknowledge.(2)Preparationforaprofessionincludesaninternship-liketrainingperiodfollowingtheformaleducation.(3)

Thestandardsofaprofession,includingacodeofethics,aremaintainedatahighlevelthroughaself-policingsystemofcontrolsoverthosepracticingtheprofession.(4)Eachmemberofaprofessionrecognizeshisresponsibilitiestosocietyoverandaboveresponsibilitiestohisclientortoothermembersoftheprofession.ProfessionalethicsEngineersarefrequentlyinvolvedindecisionsthathaveaprofoundeffectonsociety.Thedesignofparticulardevicesalmostalwaysinvolvesthesafetyoftheuser.Thedesignoftheprocessesfrequentlyaffectstheenvironment.Thedesignandlocationofafactoryaffectthecommunityanditscitizens.Thedesignofamanagementsystemgreatlyaffectstheindividualsworkingfortheorganization–theircomfort,theirsenseofworth,theirfinancialstatus,andsoon.IEfunctionsProductionoperationsManagementsystemsCorporateServices

Unit3AcademicDisciplinesof

IndustrialEngineeringBigfivedisciplinesManagementScienceEconomicsStatisticsOperationsResearchErgonomicsSystemsEngineering

ManufacturingEngineeringBigfivedisciplinesBigfive:civil,chemical,electrical,industrial,andmechanicalengineeringOthers:nuclearengineering,electronicengineering,aeronauticalengineering,computerengineering,astronauticalengineering,environmentalengineering,bioengineering,agriculturalengineeringandoceanengineeringBigfivedisciplinesItisthesamesituationofUnitedStatesthatindustrialengineeringbelongstothefirst-classdisciplinesinChinasince2013.However,itmaybelongtodifferentcolleges,suchasengineeringcollege,managementcollege,orothercollege.ManagementScienceProductionmanagement--conceptsandtechniquesspecifictotheanalysisandmanagementofproductionactivity;howtoanalyzeanddesignproductivesystemsandthecontrolproceduresforefficientlyoperatingsuchsystemsThetrainingofaracecardriverisanalogoustomanagementeducation:thedesignofthecarisanalogoustoindustrialengineeringeducation.ManagementFunctionsPlanningOrganizingCoordinatingControllingencouragingCommunicatingEconomicsmicroeconomicsmacroeconomicsEconomicsmicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsisthestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets.Itfocusesonthebehavioroftheunits—thefirms,households,andindividuals—thatmakeuptheeconomy.Itisconcernedwithhowtheindividualunitsmakedecisionsandwhataffectsthosedecisions.EconomicsmacroeconomicsMacroeconomicsisthestudyofeconomywidephenomena.Itlooksatthebehavioroftheeconomyasawhole,inparticularthebehaviorofsuchaggregatemeasuresastheoverallratesofunemployment,inflation,andeconomicgrowthandthebalanceoftrade.Theaggregatenumbersdonottelluswhatanyonefirmorhouseholdisdoing.Theytelluswhatishappeningintotal,oronaverageStatisticsStatisticshasbeenandwillcontinuetobedistinctfromindustrialengineering.However,theapproachofindustrialengineeringhaschangedsignificantly;theworldaroundusisviewedasprobabilisticinnatureratherthandeterministic.Bydeterministicitismeantthatallactionsunderconsiderationinaparticularstudysituationareassumedtobecertain.ProbabilisticimpliesthatatleastoneaspectofthestudysituationhasaprobabilityofoccurrenceassociatedwithitthatmustbeconsideredStatisticsTheprobabilisticviewoftheworldhassopervadedindustrialengineeringpracticeandeducationthatabeginningcourseinprobabilityandstatisticshasnowbecomethemostimportantprerequisiteinatypicalindustrialengineeringdegreeprogram.OperationsresearchDefinitionofO.R.SimilaritytoIENatureofO.R.CategorizationofO.R.OperationsresearchDefinitionofO.R.Theattackofmodernscienceoncomplexproblemsarisinginthedirectionandmanagementoflargesystemsofmen,machines,materials,andmoneyinindustry,business,government,anddefense.Thedistinctiveapproachistodevelopascientificmodelofthesystem,incorporatingmeasurementoffactorssuchaschanceandrisk,withwhichtopredictandcomparetheoutcomesofalterativedecisions,strategies,orcontrols.Thepurposeistohelpmanagementdetermineitspoliciesandactionsscientifically.OperationsresearchSimilaritytoIEIEandO.R.havecommonalities.O.R.andIEindeeddohavemanyofthesameobjectivesandworkonmanyofthesameproblems.TheprimarydifferenceisthatO.R.hasahigherleveloftheoreticalandmathematicalorientation,providingamajorportionofthesciencebaseofIE.OperationsresearchOperationsresearchNatureofO.R.Mathematicalinvolvemente.g.:economicorderquantity（經濟訂貨量）

Plantlocation（工廠選址）

JobevaluationQualitycontrolTransportationprogrammingproblemsOperationsresearchCategorizationofO.R.DeterministicApproach—AnytimerandomvariationisnotallowedProbabilisticApproach—AnytimerandomvariationisallowedErgonomicsErgonomicspreviouslycalledhumanfactors,isAsubdisciplineofindustrialengineering,closelyassociatedwithbothindustrialandexperimentpsychology.Human-machinesystemdesign:PhysiologicalaspectsofhumanperformancePsychologicalaspectsofhumanactivitiesHumaninterfacewiththeworldofworkSystemsEngineeringSystemconceptCyberneticsAgeneralsystemstheoryThedifferencesbetweensystemsengineeringandoperationsresearchSystemsEngineeringSystemconceptAsystemmaybedefinedasasetofcomponentswhicharerelatedbysomeformofinteraction,andwhichacttogethertoachievesomeobjectiveorpurpose.SystemsEngineeringClassificationsofsystemsNaturalvs.Man-MadeSystemsStaticvs.DynamicSystemsPhysicalvs.AbstractSystemsOpenvs.ClosedSystemsSystemsEngineeringSystemsofIEIndustrialengineersdesignsystemsattwolevels.Thefirstleveliscalledhumanactivitysystemsandisconcernedwiththephysicalworkplaceatwhichhumanactivityoccurs.Thesecondleveliscalledmanagementcontrolsystemsandisconcernedwithproceduresforplanning,measuring,andcontrollingallactivitieswithintheorganization.SystemsEngineeringCyberneticsNorbertWiener(1894-1964),Americanmathematicianwhofoundedthefieldofcybernetics.controlandCommunicationintheAnimalandtheMachine

ClaudeShannon(香農),InformationtheoryTheMathematicalTheoryofCommunicationSystemsEngineeringCyberneticsNegativefeedbacke.g.:Themostcommonlyusedexampleofnegativefeedbackisthethermostat.Whenthetemperaturedropssufficientlybelowsomedesiredvalue,thethermostatinitiatestheheatingportionofthecycle,andtheheatisaddeduntilatemperatureisreachedthatisgreaterthanthedesiredtemperature.Heatingisthenstoppedtopermitcoolingtonegatetheoverheating.Negativefeedbackmeansthatsomeactionistakentoopposeornegateanunacceptabledifference.SystemsEngineeringCyberneticsNegativefeedbacke.g.:aconceptualmodelofnegativefeedbackinmanagementsystemsSystemsEngineeringAgeneralsystemstheoryWiener’sworkisgenerallyconsideredtobethestartingpointofwhatisnowcommonlyreferredtoasgeneralsystemstheory.In1946thenewlycreatedRANDCorporationdevelopedamethodologythattheylabeled

systemsanalysis.SystemsEngineeringThedifferencesbetweensystemsengineeringandoperationsresearchSomeoperationsresearchproblemsinvolvealargenumberofequations–somelinearprogrammingsolutions,forexample–butthecomplexitiesofrepresentationinanyoneofthemanyequationsmay,andoftendo,maketheentiresetofequationsunsolvable.SystemsEngineeringThedifferencesbetweensystemsengineeringandoperationsresearchSystemsengineeringseemstohavedevelopedwithlessdependenceon“hard”mathematicalrepresentationofallaspectsofasystem.Digitalsimulationisamuchmorefrequentlyemployedtechniqueinsystemsengineering,particularlyifthesystemcannotbetightlyrepresentedandsolvedanalyticallybecausethereisnoappropriateanalyticaltechniqueorthedataarenotintheformrequiredforaspecificoperationsresearchtechnique.SystemsEngineeringThedifferencesbetweensystemsengineeringandoperationsresearchSystemsdemandthatamacroperspectivebeattainedineffectivelydealingwithanysignificantproblem.Thereisaconsiderabledangertoattemptingtosolveaproblemwithoutfirstgettingthebigpictureofthetotalsysteminwhichtheproblemisembedded.Youmaymessupthesystemintheprocessoffixingtheproblem–itiscommonlycalled“winningthebattle,butlosingthewar.”ManufacturingEngineeringManufacturingEngineeringmaybedefinedasdesigningtheproductionprocessforaproduct.Industrialengineeringandmanufacturingengineeringaredistinctandtypicalcomplementaryfunctionsinamanufacturingorganization.Mostfirmsneedbothfunctionsrepresentedintheirorganizationstobetrulyeffective.Ifonetriestosubstituteonefunctionfortheother,thefunctionomittedtypicallyrepresentsaweaknessinthatmanufacturingorganizationthatwilllikelylimittheoverallcapacityofthetechnicaleffortinthatorganization.ManufacturingEngineeringAtypicalmanufacturingengineeringdepartmentiscomposedofnumeroustechnicalprofessionals(mechanicalengineers,thermodynamicists,materialengineers,computerscientists,etc.).Eachprofessionalrepresentssomepartofthetechnicalprocessesinuseatthatmanufacturingplant.ManufacturingEngineeringThemachinetoanindustrialengineerisablackboxthathasaproductionrate,yieldrate,requiredoperatorskills,processcapabilities,andotherproductionsystemattributes.Theindustrialengineerisconcernedwithdevelopingaproductionsystemthatproducestherequiredquantityofproductsatanappropriatecostandquality.ManufacturingEngineeringTheindustrialengineeringresponsibilityinvolvestheintegrationofworkers,machines,materials,information,capital,andmanagerialknow-howintoaproducingsystemthatwillproducetherightproduct,attherightcost,attherighttime.Manufacturingengineeringtechnicaltalentisoneoftheunderlyingtechnicalplant-supportingresourcesthatguaranteesuccessofthatproductionsystem.ManufacturingEngineeringInsummary,itisnecessarytoknowthetechnicaldetailsofeachoftheprocesses(i.e.,manufacturingengineering)andthenintegratealltheelementsofaproducingsystem(workers,materials,equipment,information,etc.)sothataqualityproductismadeattherighttimeandcost(i.e.,industrialengineering).----IndustrialEngineeringTasksLogisticEngineeringLogisticsengineeringisafieldofengineeringdedicatedtothescientificorganizationofthe

purchase,

transport,storage,

distribution,andwarehousing

ofmaterialsandfinishedgoods.Logisticsisthatpartofthesupplychainprocessthatplans,implements,andcontrolstheefficient,effectiveflowandstorageofgoods,services,andrelatedinformationfromthepointoforigintothepointofconsumptioninordertomeetcustomers’requirements.LogisticEngineeringLogisticsengineeringinvolvesplanningandanalysisoflogisticsystems,facilitieslocationandlayoutdesign,logisticequipment,designofmaterialhandlingsystems,planninganddesignofwarehouses,transport,anddistribution.ComputerandinformationscienceItisinformationage—atimewhenknowledgeispower.Today,morethanever,businessesareusinginformationtechnologytogainandsustainacompetitiveadvantage.Informationtechnology(IT)addingindustrialengineering(IE)becomescontemporaryindustrialengineering(CIE),whichiseffectivetoolforthereformandbusinessoffirms.ComputerandinformationscienceITisanycomputer-basedtoolthatpeopleusetoworkwithinformationandsupporttheinformationandinformationprocessingneedsofanorganization.ComputerandinformationscienceInformationisakeyresourceinanorganization.Datacomefromequipment,production,inventory,procurement,sales,productdesign,andafterservice.Thedatathroughprocessingbecomeusefulinformationwhichsupportsdecisionmaking.Finallytheinformationintegratedformsthebusinessintelligenceandhelpsmakedecisionsautomatically.ComputerandinformationscienceIndustrialengineeringparticularlytakesITasitsmajortoolsintheprocessofenterprisemanagementandimprovementfromstrategic,tactical,tooperationallevels.Unit4

DevelopmentofIndustrialEngineeringIndustrialengineeringresponsibilityTheeffortsofindustrialengineeringTheproblemsfacingU.S.industriesTheproblemsandopportunitiesfacingChinaUnit4

DevelopmentofIndustrialEngineeringIndustrialengineeringresponsibilityTheindustrialengineeringresponsibilityinvolvestheintegrationofworkers,machines,materials,information,capital,andmanagerialknow-howintoaproducingsystemthatwillproducetherightproduct,attherightcost,attherighttime.Unit4

DevelopmentofIndustrialEngineeringIndustrialengineeringresponsibilityIndustrialengineeringstudents,morethananyotherengineeringstudents,areinclassesinotherdepartmentsinothercollegesinvariousremotecornersofacampus.Industrialengineershaveafarbroadertrainingthanstudentsinotherengineeringdisciplines.Thattrainingisprobablytheirgreatestassetwhenitcomestimetoleavecampus,asmoststudentsmustsoonerorlater,andgotowork.Unit4

DevelopmentofIndustrialEngineeringChallengesforindustrialengineeringTolearntoaccomplishtheengineer’smissioninrecognitionoftheseconstraintsandhowtosavetheexistingresourcesduringproductionandservicesactivities.Todesignsystemsandprocessesthatarecompatiblewithournaturalenvironment.Dumpingwastesintoariverorallowingharmfulgasestoescapeintotheatmospherearenolongerpermissibledesignstrategies.Unit4

DevelopmentofIndustrialEngin